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Laozi (Chinese: 老子, Pinyin:Lǎozǐ; also transliterated as Lao Tzu, Lao Tse, Laotze, and in others) is a major figure in Chinese philosophy whose historical existence is still being debated. According to Chinese traditional legend, he lived in the 6th century BCE. However, many historians placed his life in the 4th century BCE, which was the period of Hundred Schools of Thought,(諸子百家; Pinyin: zhū zǐ bǎi jiā) and Warring States Period,(战国时代; Pinyin: Zhànguó Shídài). Laozi was credited by writing the seminal of Taoist work, named Daode Jing (道德經; Pinyin:Dàodé Jīng), and he was recognized as the founder of Taoism (道祖).

His life

Little is known about Laozi's life. His historical existence is still being strongly debated, as is his authorship of the Daode Jing . Laozi became an important culture hero to subsequent generations of Chinese people. legendary said he was born in Ku Prefecture (苦縣 Kǔ Xiàn) of the state of Chǔ (楚), which today is known as Lùyì County (鹿邑) of Henan province, in the later years of Spring and Autumn Period (春秋時代; Pinyin: Chūnqiū Shídài). Some legends said that he was born in white hair and had spent eight or eighty years in his mother's womb, which gave an explanation for his title, which were both read as "the old master" and "the old child".

According to the legend and the biography included in Sima Qian's work, Laozi was an older contemporary of Confucius and worked as an archivist in the Imperial Library of the Zhou Dynasty,周朝, (1122 - 256 BC). Confucius intentionally or accidentally met him in Zhou, near the location of modern Luoyang, where Confucius was going to browse the library scrolls. According to this story, Confucius, over the following months, discussed ritual and propriety, cornerstones of Confucianism, with Laozi. The latter strongly opposed what he felt to be hollow practices. Taoist legend claims that these discussions proved more educational for Confucius than the contents of the libraries.

Laozi quit his work, perhaps because of the Zhou Dynasty was under chaos. Some claimed that he travelled to the west with his water buffalo through the state of Qin and disappeared to the vast desert. When Laozi arrived to the Hangu Custom (函谷关), one of the officers named Yixi (尹喜), convinced Laozi to leave his philosophy in writing before heading to the desert. That was the only occurence. where Laozi left his philosophy in writing else in spoken method, as were also in the cases like Jesus, the Buddha, and Confucius (whose Analects were compiled by his disciples). Laozi's response to the officer's request was the Daode Jing. The image of Laozi exists today in scrolls and paintings, depicting him as a bald elderly man with a vary length of black or white beard and riding on a water buffalo.

Some of the controversies about Laozi are:

• The discussion with Confucius might have been fabricated by Taoists to make their school of philosophy sound more superior to Confucianism.

• The actual author(s) of the Daode Jing might have created a fictitious character so the origin of the text would look more mysterious, thus making it easier to be popularized.

• Arguments about "Laozi" was a pseudonym of "Dan", Prefect of the Grand Scribes (太史儋; Pinyin:Tài Shǐ Dàn); or of an old man from Lai, a prefecture in the state of Qí (齊); or of some other historical persons.

• It is also believed that the Daode Jing was written as a guideline for emperors as how to rule their empire in a more natural way; "Ruling by not ruling". This can be found in the numerous referings in the Daode Jing which stated: "Not exalting man of worth, prevents people from competing" and "Not putting high value on rare goods, prevents people from being bandit" and "Human hunger is the result of overtaxation. For this reason, there is hunger".

Taoism

Laozi's work, the Daode Jing, is one of the most significant treatises in Chinese philosophy. It is Laozi's magnum opus, covering large areas of philosophy from individual spirituality and inter-personal dynamics to political techniques.

Laozi developed the concept of "Tao"(道), often translated as "the Way", and widened its meaning to an inherent order or property of the universe: "The way Nature is". He highlighted the concept of Wei wuwei (为无为; Pinyin: Wēi Wǔwēi), or "action without action". This does not mean that one should hang around and do nothing, but that one should avoid explicit intentions, strong wills or proactive actions; one would arrive to his real efficiency by following the movement of spontaneously. Actions should be taken in accordance with "Tao" are easier and more productive than actively attempting to counter it. Laozi believed that violence should be avoided as possible, and that the victory of military victory rather to be mourning; due to the necessity of force against another livinghood; than an occasion of triumphant celebrations.

Similarily to the arguments fowarded by Plato in the Republic on various form of governing; Laozi said that the codification of laws and rules into the society created difficulty and complexity in managing or governing.

As with most other ancient Chinese philosophers, his way of explaining his ideas often uses paradox, analogy, appropriation of ancient sayings, repetition, symmetry, rhyme, and rhythm. The writings attributed to him were poetical and dense. They served as a starting point for cosmological or introspective meditations. Many of the aesthetic theories of Chinese art are widely grounded in his ideas and those of his most famous follower Zhuangzi.

Some people found that the closest parallel to Taoist philosophy in the west is the Traditionalist School, specifically the works of Ananda Coomaraswamy and Rene Guenon.

Influences

Laozi's most famous follower, Zhuangzi, wrote a book that had a great deal of influence on Chinese Literati, through the ideas of individualism, freedom, carefreeness, and, even if the author never speaks about it, art, which may well be the cornerstone of Chinese aesthetic.

Addresses

The name "Laozi" is an honorific. Lao (老) means "venerable" or "old". Zi or Tsu (子) translates literally as "boy", but it was also a term for a rank of nobleman equivalent to viscount, as well as a term of respect attached to the names of revered masters. Thus, "Laozi" can be translated roughly as "the old master".

Laozi's personal name may have been Li Er (李耳, Lǐ Ěr or Li Ehr), his courtesy name may have been Boyang (伯陽; Pinyin: Bóyáng), and also Dan, (聃; Pinyin:Dān), which means "Mysterious" too.

There are a few Laozi is also known as:

• Laodan (老聃; Pinyin: Lǎodān))
• Great Lord (老君; Pinyin: Lǎojūn)
  • Li The Great Lord (李老君; Pinyin: Lǐ Lǎojūn)
  • Lao The Great Lord (太上老君; Pinyin: Tàishàng Lǎojūn)
• Laozi The Lord of Tao (老子道君; Pinyin: Lǎozǐ Dàojūn)

In the Li Tang Dynasty, in order to create a connection to Laozi as the ancestor of the imperial family, he was honoured as The Emperor of Xuanyuan (玄元皇帝), meaning "Profoundly Elementary;" with a temple name of Shengzu (聖祖), meaning "Saintly/Sagely Progenitor".

External links

• A reconstructed portrait of Laozi, based on historical sources, in a contemporary style.
• Lao Tzu Page that provides teachings on Laozi, his life and philosophical concepts.
• A collection of resources on Laozi by Patrick Jennings: Critical Thinkers: Lao Tse & Daoism.
• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
• "The Philosophers: Lao-Tzu" - a poem that criticized Laozi by Po Chu-I, translated by Arthur Waley
• Works by Lao Zi at Project Gutenberg

The Tao Te Ching

• Dàodé Jīng — Hilmar KLAUS's new trilingual: Pīnyīn/Chinese, English, and German on-line translations (literal and verse)
• Dao De Jing — Chinese text arrayed with English translations by Arthur Waley and D.C. Lau
• Tao te Ching — an English translation by James Legge
• Tao Te ching — an English translation by Tolbert McCarroll, photography by Jane English.
• Dao De Jing — an English translation by Sonja Elen Kisa

Bibliography

• Lau, D. C. Lao Tzu: Tao Te Ching. London: Penguin Classics, 1963. ISBN 0-140-44131-X
• Wing-tsit Chan, "The Natural Way of Lao Tzu". Chapter 6, A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963. ISBN 0-691-01964-9
• Henricks, Robert (translator). Lao-Tzu, Te-Tao Ching: A New Translation Based on the Recently Discovered Ma-wang-tui Texts. New York: Ballantine Books, 1989. ISBN 0-345-37099-6
• Waley, Arthur (translator). The Way and Its Power: A Study of the Tao Te Ching and Its Place in Chinese Thought. New York: Grove Press, 1958. ISBN 0-394-17207-8
• Welch, Holmes. Taoism: the Parting of the Way. Boston: Beacon Press, 1965. ISBN 0-8070-5973-0

• Chinese philosophers
• Chinese thinkers
• Historical figures of unknown birthdates
• Mysterious people
• Taoism
• Taoists