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| A '''period 9 element''' is any one of 50 hypothetical ]s (] through ]) belonging to an eighth ] of the ]. They may be referred to using ] ]s. None of these elements have been ],<ref group="note">The heaviest element that has been synthesized to date is ] with atomic number 118, which is the last ].</ref> and it is possible that none have isotopes with stable enough nuclei to receive significant attention in the near future. It is also probable that, due to ],none of the period 9 elements are physically possible and the periodic table may end soon after the ] at ] with atomic number 126.<ref name=EB/> Period 9 is likely to be the last period in the periodic table. | |||
| {{R with possibilities}} | |||
| If it were possible to produce sufficient quantities of these elements that would allow the study of their chemistry, these elements may well behave very differently from those of previous periods. This is because their ]s may be altered by ] and ] effects, as the energy levels of the 6g, 7f and 8d ] are so close to each other that they may well exchange electrons with each other. This would result in a large number of elements in the ] series that would have extremely similar chemical properties that would be quite unrelated to elements of lower atomic number. | |||
| The names given to these unattested elements are all ]. | |||
| ==History== | |||
| There are currently seven ]s in the ] of ], culminating with ] 118. If further elements with higher atomic numbers than this are discovered, they will be placed in additional periods (likely 8 and 9), laid out (as with the existing periods) to illustrate periodically recurring trends in the properties of the elements concerned. Any additional periods are expected to contain a larger number of elements than the seventh period, as they are calculated to have an additional so-called ], containing 18 elements with partially filled g-]s in each period. An eight-period table containing this block was suggested by ] in 1969. While Seaborg's version of the extended period had the heavier elements following the pattern set by lighter elements, other models do not. ], for example, used computer modeling to calculate the positions of elements up to '']'' = 172, and found that several were displaced from the Madelung rule.<ref name="rsc.org">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/ChemScience/Volume/2010/11/Extended_elements.asp |title=Extended elements: new periodic table |year=2010}}</ref> | |||
| ==Elements== | |||
| Period 9 is divided into five ], and it is the second period that includes the g-block; however, ] effects reduce the validity of the orbital approximation substantially for elements of high ].<ref name="rsc.org"/> | |||
| {| | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#FBD" | 169<br>Uhe | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#FBD" | 170<br>Usn | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#FDA" | 171<br>Usu | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#FDA" | 172<br>Usb | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#FDA" | 173<br>] | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#FDA" | 174<br>Usq | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#FDA" | 175<br>Usp | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#FDA" | 176<br>Ush | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#FDA" | 177<br>Uss | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#FDA" | 178<br>Uso | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#FDA" | 179<br>Use | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#FDA" | 180<br>Uon | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#FDA" | 181<br>Uou | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#FDA" | 182<br>Uob | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#FDA" | 183<br>Uot | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#FDA" | 184<br>Uoq | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#FDA" | 185<br>Uop | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#FDA" | 186<br>Uoh | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#FDA" | 187<br>Uos | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#FDA" | 188<br>Uoo | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#BFC" | 189<br>Uoe | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#BFC" | 190<br>Uen | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#BFC" | 191<br>Ueu | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#BFC" | 192<br>Ueb | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#BFC" | 193<br>Uet | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#BFC" | 194<br>Ueq | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#BFC" | 195<br>Uep | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#BFC" | 196<br>Ueh | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#BFC" | 197<br>Ues | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#BFC" | 198<br>Ueo | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#BFC" | 199<br>Uee | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#BFC" | 200<br>Bnn | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#BFC" | 201<br>Bnu | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#BFC" | 202<br>Bnb | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#DF9" | 203<br>Bnt | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#DF9" | 204<br>Bnq | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#DF9" | 205<br>Bnp | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#DF9" | 206<br>Bnh | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#DF9" | 207<br>Bns | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#DF9" | 208<br>Bno | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#DF9" | 209<br>Bne | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#DF9" | 210<br>Bun | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#DF9" | 211<br>Buu | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#DF9" | 212<br>Bub | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#CEF" | 213<br>But | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#CEF" | 214<br>Buq | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#CEF" | 215<br>Bup | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#CEF" | 216<br>Buh | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#CEF" | 217<br>Bus | |||
| | style="width:2%; background-color:#CEF" | 218<br>Buo | |||
| |- | |||
| |} | |||
| ===Attempts at synthesis=== | |||
| No synthesis has been attempted for period 9 elements. | |||
| ==Groups of elements== | |||
| {{main|Eka-Superactinide|g-block}} | |||
| Period 9 is the second period to have ] elements, which have atomic numbers from 171 onwards, but it is not clear when the filling of the 6g subshell ends. These elements belong to the ] of ]s, characterised by the filling of the 6g and 7f subshells, and they could therefore have different chemical properties that are reminiscent of the ]s; however, the proximity of the 6g and 7f subshells and the small gap between them and the 8d and 9p subshells could lead to a large number of elements whose properties are independent of their position in the periodic table.<ref name="EB"/> | |||
| The period 9 elements are likely to be too unstable to be detected. | |||
| ====Unsepttrium==== | |||
| {{main|Unsepttrium}} | |||
| The ] ] also has problems for ''Z'' > 137, for the ground state energy is | |||
| :<math>E=m c^2 \sqrt{1-Z^2 \alpha^2}</math> | |||
| where ''m'' is the rest mass of the electron. For ''Z'' > 137, the wave function of the Dirac ground state is oscillatory, rather than bound, and there is no gap between the positive and negative energy spectra, as in the ].<ref> | |||
| {{cite book | |||
| |author=J.D. Bjorken, S.D. Drell | |||
| |year=1964 | |||
| |title=Relativistic Quantum Mechanics | |||
| |publisher=] | |||
| |isbn= | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| More accurate calculations including the effects of the finite size of the nucleus indicate that the binding energy first exceeds 2''mc''<sup>2</sup> for ''Z'' > ''Z''<sub>cr</sub> ≈ 173. For ''Z'' > ''Z''<sub>cr</sub>, if the innermost orbital is not filled, the electric field of the nucleus will pull an electron out of the vacuum, resulting in the spontaneous emission of a positron.<ref> | |||
| {{cite journal | |||
| |author=W. Greiner, S. Schramm | |||
| |year=2008 | |||
| |title=] | |||
| |volume=76 |pages=509 | |||
| |doi= | |||
| }}, and references therein.</ref> | |||
| ====f-block elements==== | |||
| {{main|Superactinide}} | |||
| The ] and ] for the electron clouds of these elements are expected to be even greater than those for the g-block elements, because these elements have higher atomic number. If these elements could actually be observed, they would likely be observed to have similar chemical properties, but the effect of the closeness of the 6g and 7f (and possibly also the 8d and 9p) subshells is unclear and difficult to predict because of the relativistic and quantum effects. These orbitals, being so close in energy, may fill together all at the same time, resulting in a series of very similar elements with many barely distinguishable ]s. The basis of ] based on ]s may thus no longer hold.<ref name=EB>{{cite web|author=Seaborg|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603220/transuranium-element|title=transuranium element (chemical element)|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=ca. 2006|accessdate=2010-03-16}}</ref> | |||
| The existence of such atoms is probably theoretically possible as the upper limit for atomic number is likely ''Z'' = 173 due to the ],<ref name=Greiner>{{cite journal |author=Walter Greiner and Stefan Schramm |title=Resource Letter QEDV-1: The QED vacuum |journal=American Journal of Physics |volume=76 |page=509 |year=2008 |doi=10.1119/1.2820395 |bibcode = 2008AmJPh..76..509G |issue=6 }}, and references therein.</ref> after which assigning electron shells would be nonsensical and elements would only be able to exist as ions, but it is not clear if our technology will ever be enough to synthesise them.<ref name="LBNL"/> | |||
| ====d-block and p-block elements==== | |||
| Although element 203 would likely be taken to be the last eka-superactinide based on previous periods, the electron configurations for the d-block and p-block period 9 elements would likely be nothing more than mathematical extrapolation because of the extreme ] and ] the electron clouds will experience. In the unlikely case that their chemical properties may eventually be studied, it is likely that all existing classifications will be inadequate to describe them. Due to the breakdown of periodic trends expected in this region due to the closeness of energy of the 6g, 7f, 8d and 9p orbitals and other ], it seems likely that the properties and placement in the periodic table of these elements may be of only formal significance.<ref name=EB /> | |||
| ==Characteristics== | |||
| No period 9 element has been synthesized. | |||
| ===Chemical=== | |||
| ]s may not continue to hold at such high atomic number, and in fact may already break down in the late ]. For example, chemical studies performed in 2007 indicate that ] may possess some non-] properties and may behave as the first superheavy element that portrays some ]-like properties due to ].<ref name="tanm">, lecture by Heinz W. Gäggeler, Nov. 2007. Last accessed on Dec. 12, 2008.</ref> | |||
| ===Physical and atomic=== | |||
| ====Isotopes==== | |||
| Isotopes of period 9 elements may contain more than 220 neutrons, such as <sup>440</sup>Ust. Mass numbers will be in the 400s (and probably also the 500s). | |||
| ====Electron configurations==== | |||
| {| | |||
| | colspan="3" | ''']''' || ''']''' || '''] | |||
| |-bgcolor="#ff6666" | |||
| || 169 || '''Uhe''' || Unhexennium || ] || 9s<sup>1</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#ffdead" | |||
| || 170 || '''Usn''' || Unseptnilium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 171 || '''Usu''' || Unseptunium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 6g<sup>1</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 172 || '''Usb''' || Unseptbium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 6g<sup>2</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 173 || '''Ust''' || ] || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 6g<sup>3</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 174 || '''Usq''' || Unseptquadium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 6g<sup>4</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 175 || '''Usp''' || Unseptpentium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 6g<sup>5</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 176 || '''Ush''' || Unsepthexium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 6g<sup>6</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 177 || '''Uss''' || Unseptseptium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 6g<sup>7</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 178 || '''Uso''' || Unseptoctium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 6g<sup>8</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 179 || '''Use''' || Unseptennium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 6g<sup>9</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 180 || '''Uon''' || Unoctnilium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 6g<sup>10</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 181 || '''Uou''' || Unoctunium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 6g<sup>11</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 182 || '''Uob''' || Unoctbium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 6g<sup>12</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 183 || '''Uot''' || Unocttrium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 6g<sup>13</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 184 || '''Uoq''' || Unoctquadium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 6g<sup>14</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 185 || '''Uop''' || Unoctpentium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 6g<sup>15</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 186 || '''Uoh''' || Unocthexium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 6g<sup>16</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 187 || '''Uos''' || Unoctseptium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 6g<sup>17</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 188 || '''Uoo''' || Unoctoctium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 189 || '''Uoe''' || Unoctennium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 7f<sup>1</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 190 || '''Uen''' || Unennilium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 7f<sup>2</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 191 || '''Ueu''' || Unennunium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 7f<sup>3</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 192 || '''Ueb''' || Unennbium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 7f<sup>4</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 193 || '''Uet''' || Unenntrium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 7f<sup>5</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 194 || '''Ueq''' || Unennquadium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 7f<sup>6</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 195 || '''Uep''' || Unennpentium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 7f<sup>7</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 196 || '''Ueh''' || Unennhexium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 7f<sup>8</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 197 || '''Ues''' || Unennseptium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 7f<sup>9</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 198 || '''Ueo''' || Unennoctium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 7f<sup>10</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 199 || '''Uee''' || Unennennium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 7f<sup>11</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 200 || '''Bnn''' || Binilnilium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 7f<sup>12</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 201 || '''Bnu''' || Binilunium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 6f<sup>13</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 202 || '''Bnb''' || Binilbium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 6f<sup>14</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#80a0e9" | |||
| || 203 || '''Bnt''' || Biniltrium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 8d<sup>1</sup> 7f<sup>14</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | |||
| || 204 || '''Bnq''' || Binilquadium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 8d<sup>2</sup> 7f<sup>14</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | |||
| || 205 || '''Bnp''' || Binilpentium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 8d<sup>3</sup> 7f<sup>14</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | |||
| || 206 || '''Bnh''' || Binilhexium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 8d<sup>4</sup> 7f<sup>14</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | |||
| || 207 || '''Bns''' || Binilseptium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 8d<sup>5</sup> 7f<sup>14</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | |||
| || 208 || '''Bno''' || Biniloctium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 8d<sup>6</sup> 7f<sup>14</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | |||
| || 209 || '''Bne''' || Binilennium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 8d<sup>7</sup> 7f<sup>14</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | |||
| || 210 || '''Bun''' || Biunnilium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 8d<sup>8</sup> 7f<sup>14</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | |||
| || 211 || '''Buu''' || Biununium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 8d<sup>9</sup> 7f<sup>14</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | |||
| || 212 || '''Bub''' || Biunbium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 8d<sup>10</sup> 7f<sup>14</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#cccccc" | |||
| || 213 || '''But''' || Biuntrium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 9p<sup>1</sup> 8d<sup>10</sup> 7f<sup>14</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#cccccc" | |||
| || 214 || '''Buq''' || Biunquadium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 9p<sup>2</sup> 8d<sup>10</sup> 7f<sup>14</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#cccccc" | |||
| || 215 || '''Bup''' || Biunpentium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 9p<sup>3</sup> 8d<sup>10</sup> 7f<sup>14</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#cccccc" | |||
| || 216 || '''Buh''' || Biunhexium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 9p<sup>4</sup> 8d<sup>10</sup> 7f<sup>14</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#ffff99" | |||
| || 217 || '''Bus''' || Biunseptium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 9p<sup>5</sup> 8d<sup>10</sup> 7f<sup>14</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |-bgcolor="#c0ffff" | |||
| || 218 || '''Buo''' || Biunoctium || ] || 9s<sup>2</sup> 9p<sup>6</sup> 8d<sup>10</sup> 7f<sup>14</sup> 6g<sup>18</sup> | |||
| |} | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| {{reflist|group=note}} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| <!-- footers --> | |||
| {{PeriodicTablesFooter}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Period 9 Element}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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