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| image= | image=
| caption =Tomb of Jam Nizamuddin II (built 1509) at Makli Hills (UNESCO world's heritage site) | caption =Tomb of Jam Nizamuddin II (built 1509) at Makli Hills (UNESCO world's heritage site)
| reign =1461-1509 C.E | reign =1461-1508 C.E
| full name =Jam Nizamuddin bin Sadr udin nick name Jam Nianda | full name =Jam Nizamuddin bin Sadr udin, nick name Jam Nianda
| predecessor =Jam Sanjar( Sadr al-Din) | predecessor =Jam Sanjar( Sadr al-Din)
| successor =]udin bin Jam Nizamudin | successor =]udin bin Jam Nizamudin
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|}} |}}


'''Jám Nizámuddín II ({{lang-sd|'''ڄام نظام الدين عرف ڄام نندو'''}}),(]) جام نظام الدين ثاني ''') was the most famous Ruler of the ], which ruled in ] and parts of ] and ] from 1351-1551 C.E. He was known by the nickname of Jám Nindó. His capital was at ] in modern ]. '''Jám Nizámuddín II''' (also '''Jam Nizam al-Din''') ('''{{lang-sd|'''ڄام نظام الدين عرف ڄام نندو'''}}),(] جام نظام الدين ثاني ''') reigned between 1461-1508. He was the most famous Ruler of the ], which ruled in ] and parts of ] and ] from 1351-1551 C.E. He was known by the nickname of Jám Nindó. His capital was ] in modern south ].


The Samma Dynasty reached the height of its power during the reign of Jam Nizamuddin II, who is still recalled as a hero, and his rule as a golden age. The Samma Dynasty reached the height of its power during the reign of Jam Nizamuddin II, who is still recalled as a hero, and his rule as a golden age of Sindh.


His grave is located at ] near Thatta. The tomb is a stone structure with fine ornamental carving similar to 15th century Gujrat style.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/weekly/dmag/archive/011111/dmag10.htm |title=Dawn: The necropolis of Sindh by Omar Mukhtar Khan|accessdate=2009 03 12}} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> After his death, his dilettante son ]udin lost the Sultanate in 1525 C.E. to the invading army of Shah Beg Arghun,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/04/11/stories/2004041100590800.htm |publisher=The Hindu|date=2004-04-11|title=Grave Tales|accessdate=2009-03-12}}</ref> who had been thrown out of Kandahar by ]. His grave is located at ] near Thatta. The tomb is an impressive stone structure with fine ornamental carving similar to 15th century Gujrat style.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/weekly/dmag/archive/011111/dmag10.htm |title=Dawn: The necropolis of Sindh by Omar Mukhtar Khan|accessdate=2009 03 12}} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> It has been restored but unfortunately suffers from cracks and wall distortions caused by weathering and erosion of the slope on which it stands.<ref>''The Tomb of Jam Nizam al-Din, documentation and condition survey''. Heritage foundation, Karachi, Pakistan.2011.</ref> After his death, his weak son ]udin lost the Sultanate in 1525 C.E. to the invading army of Shah Beg Arghun,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/04/11/stories/2004041100590800.htm |publisher=The Hindu|date=2004-04-11|title=Grave Tales|accessdate=2009-03-12}}</ref> who had been thrown out of Kandahar by ].


==History== ==History==
Jám Nizámuddín Shah was elected to the throne of the Kingdom by the joint counsels of all the wise and pious men of Thatta, as well as of the military people on the 25th of ], 866 (A. D. 1461), after the death of ]. Jám Nizámuddín Shah was elected to the throne of the Kingdom by joint councils of wise and pious men of Thatta, as well as of the military on the 25th of ], 866 (A. D. 1461), after the death of his father ].


Shortly after his accession, he went with a large force to ], where he spent about a year, during which time he extirpated the freebooters and robbers who annoyed the people in that part of the country. He filled the fort of Bukkur with provisions and then left the place in charge of his house-born slave Dilshád, returning to the capital. Shortly after his accession he went with a large force to ], where he spent about a year, fighting ] tribes. He strengthened the fort of Bukkur and left the place in charge of his house-born slave Dilshád, after returning to the capital.


For a period of forty-eight years he reigned at ] with absolute power. In his kingdom, men of piety and learning, and the ]s, spent their time in happiness, and the ] and Ryuts were in comfortable circumstances. Travellers could pass throughout Sindh with no harm to their person or property. The people followed strict ] rules. The congregations of both great and small assembled in the ]: no one was willing to say his prayers alone. The rise of Thatta as an important commercial and cultural center was directly related to his patronage and policies. Its civilization contributed significantly to the evolution of the prevailing architectural style that can be classified as Sindhi-Islamic. For a period of forty-eight years he reigned at ] with absolute power. He was considered a wise an just ruler under whom ] and mosques flourished, while the people enjoyed a long period of peace and prosperity. Travellers could pass throughout Sindh without harm to their person or property. The people followed strict ] rules. Congregations assembled in the ]: no one was willing to say his prayers alone. The rise of Thatta as an important commercial and cultural center was directly related to his patronage and policies. The period contributed significantly to the evolution of a prevailing architectural style that can be classified as early Sindhi-Islamic.
] ]
In the last part of Jám Nindó’s reign, after 1490 CE, a ] army under ] came from ] and fell upon many villages of Chundooha and Sideejuh, invading the town of Ágrí, Ohándukah, ] Sindichah and Kót Máchián. Jám Nindó sent a large army under his Vazier ],<ref></ref> which, arriving at the village known by the name of Duruh-i-Kureeb, also known as Joolow Geer or Halúkhar near ], defeated the ]s in a pitched battle. Sháh Beg Arghun’s brother Abú Muhammad Mirzá was killed in the battle, and the Mughuls fled back to Kandahár, never to return during the reign of Jám Nizámuddín. Some time after this, Jám Nizámuddín died after a splendid reign of 48 years. In the last part of Jám Nindó’s reign, after 1490 CE, a ] army under ] came from ] and attacked many villages of Chundooha and Sideejuh, invading the towns of Ágrí, Ohándukah, ] Sindichah and Kót Máchián. Jám Nindó sent a large army under his Vazier and adopted son ],<ref></ref> which, arriving at the village known by the name of Duruh-i-Kureeb, also known as Joolow Geer or Halúkhar near ], defeated the ]s in a pitched battle. According to other sources, this battle took place at Jalwakhir near Bibi Nani in the Bolan pass.<ref>Haig,Maj Gen M.R., ''The Indus Delta Country'' K.Paul, Trench, Trubner &Co. 1894.</ref> Sháh Beg Arghun’s brother Abú Muhammad Mirzá was killed in battle, and the Mughuls fled back to Kandahár, never to return during the reign of Jám Nizámuddín. Soon thereafter, Jám Nizámuddín died after a long reign of 48 years.


==Character== ==Character==
It is said that at the commencement of his manhood he sought after knowledge, spending much of his time in the college and cloister. His disposition was modest and happy. He was celebrated for his good, affectionate temper. He was a very obliging man and an industrious person. He was very regular in his prayers and was very religious and practiced great abstinence. In his days mosques were always full at the time of prayers. It is said that as a young man he was eager to learn, spending much of his time in college and cloisters. He had a good, affectionate temper, was obliging and an industrious person. He was very religious and regular in his prayers and practiced abstinence. In his days mosques were said to be always full at the time of prayers.


He visited his stables regularly every week and passed his hand over the forehead of his horses and said "O lucky beings, I do not wish to ride you in order to fight with others, unless to go against ]s. On all the four sides of us we have Mussalman rulers. May God never give us any cause other than in accordance with the religious law, to go elsewhere, or others to come here, lest innocent blood of Mussalmans be shed and I be ashamed in the august presence of God." According to a story he visited his stables regularly every week and would pass his hand over the forehead of his horses saying "O lucky beings, I do not wish to ride you in order to fight with others, unless to go against ]s. On all the four sides of us we have Mussalman rulers. May God never give us any cause other than in accordance with the religious law, to go elsewhere, or others to come here, lest innocent blood of Mussalmans be shed and I be ashamed in the august presence of God."


Jám Nizámuddín and Sultan Hoosain Lungah of ] were contemporary friends. They were always sending presents to each other. Jám Nizámuddín and Sultan Hoosain Langah of ] were befriended even though the latter had sheltered Samma nobles expelled by Jám Nizámuddín.


Jám Nizámuddín was fond of the company of learned men, with whom he took pleasure in discussing literary subjects. There is a story that a learned man of ], Jaláluddín Muhammad Roomi had come from ] to Sindh and had sent his two worthy pupils Mír Shamsuddín and Mír Muín to Thattá to arrange for his sojourn there. Jám Nizámuddín, learning the intention of the Persian savant, ordered good houses to be fitted up for his reception and sent his two pupils with a large sum of money for expenses of the journey, ordering them to bring the learned man. But before their arrival their master had died. Mír Shamsuddín and Mír Muín therefore came back to Thattá and took up their abode at the place. Jám Nizámuddín was fond of the company of learned men, with whom he liked discussing literary subjects. There is a story that a learned man of ], Jaláluddín Muhammad Roomi had come from ] to Sindh and had sent his two pupils Mír Shamsuddín and Mír Muín to Thattá to arrange for his sojourn there. Jám Nizámuddín, learning the intention of the Persian scholar, ordered a place to be prepared for his reception and sent the two pupils with a large sum for expenses of the journey, ordering them to bring the learned man. But before their arrival their master had died. Mír Shamsuddín and Mír Muín therefore returned to Thatta in vain and took up their abode at the place.


==Tomb of Jám Nizamuddin== ==Tomb of Jám Nizamuddin==
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Cousens wrote in ''The Antiquities of Sind'': Cousens wrote in ''The Antiquities of Sind'':


{{cquote|His tomb is in the necropolis on Makli Hill. It is square in plan but the dome was never constructed, work stopped when the walls reached the springing line. On the exterior of the building there are twelve bands of decoration running around the building from top to bottom comprising diamonds, lotuses, Quranic inscriptions and geometric patterns. There are two unusual features: the mihrab in the interior and the corresponding balcony on the exterior. This type of balcony recalls those in Gujarat therefore it is possible that craftsmen from Gujarat were responsible for this tomb. This is a close view of a section of the wall, showing the richly carved balcony and the bands of decorative carving along the wall.{{Page needed|date=March 2010}}}} {{cquote|His tomb is in the necropolis on Makli Hill. It is square in plan but the dome was never constructed, work stopped when the walls reached the springing line. On the exterior of the building there are twelve bands of decoration running around the building from top to bottom comprising diamonds, lotuses, Quranic inscriptions and geometric patterns. There are two unusual features: the mihrab in the interior and the corresponding balcony on the exterior. This type of balcony recalls those in Gujarat therefore it is possible that craftsmen from Gujarat were responsible for this tomb. This is a close view of a section of the wall, showing the richly carved balcony and the bands of decorative carving along the wall.<ref>Henry Cousens, The Antiquities of Sind, Archaeological Survey of India 46, Imperial Series (Calcutta, 1929, rptd. Karachi, 1975).</ref>


==Lagecy==
The ] had earlier described ] as ``a great citie as large as ]. It now had more than 50,000 houses, of which many were made of stone and mortar with vast verandahs, sometimes three or four storeys high. The textiles of Sindh were ``the flower of the whole produce of the East. The international commerce of Thatta ``gave Sindh a place among the nations. The city had 400 schools and 4000 boats. The ] sipped the cups that cheered and sweetly inebriated.


==See also== ==See also==

Revision as of 13:19, 23 September 2012

Sultan Of Sindh
Jam Nizamuddin II
جام نظام الدين ثاني
Sultan Of Sindh
Reign1461-1508 C.E
PredecessorJam Sanjar( Sadr al-Din)
SuccessorJam Feruzudin bin Jam Nizamudin
Born25th of Rabi' al-awwal, 844 (A. D. 1439)
Thatta, Sindh
Died1509 C.E (aged 60-70)
Thatta, Sindh
BurialMakli, Pakistan
Names
Jam Nizamuddin bin Sadr udin, nick name Jam Nianda
DynastySamma Dynasty
FatherJam Sadr udin bin Jam unar (babina)

Jám Nizámuddín II (also Jam Nizam al-Din) (Template:Lang-sd),(Urdu جام نظام الدين ثاني ) reigned between 1461-1508. He was the most famous Ruler of the Samma Dynasty, which ruled in Sindh and parts of Punjab and Balochistan (region) from 1351-1551 C.E. He was known by the nickname of Jám Nindó. His capital was Thatta in modern south Pakistan.

The Samma Dynasty reached the height of its power during the reign of Jam Nizamuddin II, who is still recalled as a hero, and his rule as a golden age of Sindh.

His grave is located at Makli near Thatta. The tomb is an impressive stone structure with fine ornamental carving similar to 15th century Gujrat style. It has been restored but unfortunately suffers from cracks and wall distortions caused by weathering and erosion of the slope on which it stands. After his death, his weak son Jám Ferózudin lost the Sultanate in 1525 C.E. to the invading army of Shah Beg Arghun, who had been thrown out of Kandahar by Babur.

History

Jám Nizámuddín Shah was elected to the throne of the Kingdom by joint councils of wise and pious men of Thatta, as well as of the military on the 25th of Rabi' al-awwal, 866 (A. D. 1461), after the death of his father Jam Sanjar.

Shortly after his accession he went with a large force to Bukkur, where he spent about a year, fighting Baloch tribes. He strengthened the fort of Bukkur and left the place in charge of his house-born slave Dilshád, after returning to the capital.

For a period of forty-eight years he reigned at Tatta with absolute power. He was considered a wise an just ruler under whom madrasahs and mosques flourished, while the people enjoyed a long period of peace and prosperity. Travellers could pass throughout Sindh without harm to their person or property. The people followed strict Muslim rules. Congregations assembled in the Mosques: no one was willing to say his prayers alone. The rise of Thatta as an important commercial and cultural center was directly related to his patronage and policies. The period contributed significantly to the evolution of a prevailing architectural style that can be classified as early Sindhi-Islamic.

Coin during the rule of Jam Jam Nizamuddin

In the last part of Jám Nindó’s reign, after 1490 CE, a Mughul army under Shah Beg Arghun came from Kandahar and attacked many villages of Chundooha and Sideejuh, invading the towns of Ágrí, Ohándukah, Sibi Sindichah and Kót Máchián. Jám Nindó sent a large army under his Vazier and adopted son Darya Khan, which, arriving at the village known by the name of Duruh-i-Kureeb, also known as Joolow Geer or Halúkhar near Sibi, defeated the Mughuls in a pitched battle. According to other sources, this battle took place at Jalwakhir near Bibi Nani in the Bolan pass. Sháh Beg Arghun’s brother Abú Muhammad Mirzá was killed in battle, and the Mughuls fled back to Kandahár, never to return during the reign of Jám Nizámuddín. Soon thereafter, Jám Nizámuddín died after a long reign of 48 years.

Character

It is said that as a young man he was eager to learn, spending much of his time in college and cloisters. He had a good, affectionate temper, was obliging and an industrious person. He was very religious and regular in his prayers and practiced abstinence. In his days mosques were said to be always full at the time of prayers.

According to a story he visited his stables regularly every week and would pass his hand over the forehead of his horses saying "O lucky beings, I do not wish to ride you in order to fight with others, unless to go against Kafirs. On all the four sides of us we have Mussalman rulers. May God never give us any cause other than in accordance with the religious law, to go elsewhere, or others to come here, lest innocent blood of Mussalmans be shed and I be ashamed in the august presence of God."

Jám Nizámuddín and Sultan Hoosain Langah of Multan were befriended even though the latter had sheltered Samma nobles expelled by Jám Nizámuddín.

Jám Nizámuddín was fond of the company of learned men, with whom he liked discussing literary subjects. There is a story that a learned man of Shíráz, Jaláluddín Muhammad Roomi had come from Persia to Sindh and had sent his two pupils Mír Shamsuddín and Mír Muín to Thattá to arrange for his sojourn there. Jám Nizámuddín, learning the intention of the Persian scholar, ordered a place to be prepared for his reception and sent the two pupils with a large sum for expenses of the journey, ordering them to bring the learned man. But before their arrival their master had died. Mír Shamsuddín and Mír Muín therefore returned to Thatta in vain and took up their abode at the place.

Tomb of Jám Nizamuddin

Cousens wrote in The Antiquities of Sind:

{{cquote|His tomb is in the necropolis on Makli Hill. It is square in plan but the dome was never constructed, work stopped when the walls reached the springing line. On the exterior of the building there are twelve bands of decoration running around the building from top to bottom comprising diamonds, lotuses, Quranic inscriptions and geometric patterns. There are two unusual features: the mihrab in the interior and the corresponding balcony on the exterior. This type of balcony recalls those in Gujarat therefore it is possible that craftsmen from Gujarat were responsible for this tomb. This is a close view of a section of the wall, showing the richly carved balcony and the bands of decorative carving along the wall.


See also

Jam Nizamuddin II Samma Dynasty
Regnal titles
Preceded byJam Sanjar Sultan Of Sindh
1527-1558 		Succeeded byJam Feroz

References

  1. "Dawn: The necropolis of Sindh by Omar Mukhtar Khan". Retrieved 2009 03 12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  2. The Tomb of Jam Nizam al-Din, documentation and condition survey. Heritage foundation, Karachi, Pakistan.2011.
  3. "Grave Tales". The Hindu. 2004-04-11. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
  4. The environments that led to the rise and fall of the Kalhoras
  5. Haig,Maj Gen M.R., The Indus Delta Country K.Paul, Trench, Trubner &Co. 1894.
  6. Henry Cousens, The Antiquities of Sind, Archaeological Survey of India 46, Imperial Series (Calcutta, 1929, rptd. Karachi, 1975).

This article includes content derived from "History of Sind - translated from Persian books" by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg (1853–1929), published in Karachi in 1902 and now in the public domain.

External references

  • Islamic culture‎ - Page 429, by Islamic Culture Board
  • A History of India Under the Two First Sovereigns of the House of Taimur, by William Erskine
  • The History and culture of the Indian people‎ - Page 224, by Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti
  • The Ṭabaqāt-i-Akbarī of K̲h̲wājah Nizāmuddīn Ahmad: a history of India, by Niẓām al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Muqīm, Brajendranath De, Baini Prashad
  • Bibliotheca Indica‎ - Page 778, by Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India)
  • Searchlights on Baloches and Balochistan‎, by Mir Khuda Bakhsh Marri
  • The Delhi Sultanate‎, by Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Asoke Kumar Majumdar, A. D. Pusalker
  • Babar‎, by Radhey Shyam
  • Indo-Arab relations: an English rendering of Arab oʾ Hind ke taʾllugat‎, by Syed Sulaiman Nadvi, Sayyid Sulaimān Nadvī, M. Salahuddin
  • The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period, by Henry Miers Elliot, John Dowson
  • Muslim Kingship in India‎, by Nagendra Kumar Singh
  • The Indus Delta country: a memoir, chiefly on its ancient geography and history‎, by Malcolm Robert Haig
  • The Samma kingdom of Sindh: historical studies, by G̲h̲ulāmu Muḥammadu Lākho, University of Sind. Institute of Sindology
  • Imperial Gazetteer of India, by William Wilson Hunter, James Sutherland Cotton, Richard Burn, William Stevenson Meyer, Great Britain. India Office, John George Bartholomew
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