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Revision as of 09:49, 9 October 2012 editJTRH (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users6,322 edits →Broadcast history: simplify, and the way it was phrased made it sound like the Prime Time Access Rule was new when the syndicated version debuted (it went into effect in 1970 or 1971)← Previous edit Revision as of 16:42, 11 October 2012 edit undoBeasttoBeast (talk | contribs)152 edits →Puzzle boardsNext edit →
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===Puzzle boards=== ===Puzzle boards===
]In the show's early days, the first puzzle board had three rows of 13 manually operated ]s, for a total of 39 spaces. On December 21, 1981, a larger board with 48 trilons in four rows (11, 13, 13 and 11 trilons) was adopted. This board was surrounded by a double-arched border of lights which flashed at the beginning and end of the round. When a letter was placed in the puzzle, its space lit up and the hostess turned the trilon to reveal it. In the show's early days, the first puzzle board had three rows of 13 manually operated ]s, for a total of 39 spaces. On December 21, 1981, a larger board with 48 trilons in four rows (11, 13, 13 and 11 trilons) was adopted. This board was surrounded by a double-arched border of lights which flashed at the beginning and end of the round. When a letter was placed in the puzzle, its space lit up and the hostess turned the trilon to reveal it.


On February 24, 1997, the show introduced a computerized board composed of 52 touch-activated monitors.<ref name="funfacts"/> To illuminate a letter during regular gameplay, White touches the right edge of the monitor.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=229KAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vIYMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2941,5517832&dq=wheel-of-fortune+board&hl=en|title='Wheel' gets modern board|date=25 February 1997|work=The Vindicator|accessdate=26 June 2011}}</ref> On February 24, 1997, the show introduced a computerized board composed of 52 touch-activated monitors.<ref name="funfacts"/> To illuminate a letter during regular gameplay, White touches the right edge of the monitor.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=229KAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vIYMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2941,5517832&dq=wheel-of-fortune+board&hl=en|title='Wheel' gets modern board|date=25 February 1997|work=The Vindicator|accessdate=26 June 2011}}</ref>

Revision as of 16:42, 11 October 2012

1975 American TV series or program
Wheel of Fortune
File:Title card for Season 30.jpg
Created byMerv Griffin
Directed byJeff Goldstein (1975–1978)
Dick Carson (1978–1999)
Mark Corwin (1999–present)
Presented byDaytime
Host
Chuck Woolery (1975–1981)
Pat Sajak (1981–1989)
Rolf Benirschke (1989)
Bob Goen (1989–1991)
Hostess
Susan Stafford (1975–1982)
Vanna White (1982–1991)
Nighttime
Host
Pat Sajak
Hostess
Vanna White
Narrated byCharlie O'Donnell (1975–1980, 1989–2010)
Jack Clark (1980–1988)
M. G. Kelly (1988–1989)
Jim Thornton (2011–present)
Theme music composerFrankie Blue
John Hoke
Country of originUnited States
Original languageEnglish
No. of episodes5,000 (as of February 27, 2009)
Production
Executive producersMerv Griffin (1975–2000)
Harry Friedman (1999–present)
ProducersJohn Rhinehart (1975–1976)
Nancy Jones (1976–1995)
Harry Friedman (1995–1999)
Karen Griffith (1997–present)
Steve Schwartz (1997–present)
Production locationsNBC Studios
Burbank, California (1975–1989)
CBS Television City
Hollywood, California (1989–1995)
Sony Pictures Studios
Culver City, California (1995–present)
Running timeapprox. 22 minutes
Production companiesMerv Griffin Productions (1975–1984)
Merv Griffin Enterprises (1984–1994)
Columbia TriStar Television (1994–2002)
Sony Pictures Television (2002–present)
Califon Productions (1975–present)
Original release
NetworkNBC (1975–1989, 1991)
CBS (1989–1991)
Syndicated (1983–present)
ReleaseDaytime
January 6, 1975 (1975-01-06) – June 30, 1989 (1989-06-30) (NBC)
July 17, 1989 (1989-07-17) – January 11, 1991 (1991-01-11) (CBS)
January 14, 1991 (1991-01-14) – September 20, 1991 (1991-09-20) (NBC)
Nighttime
September 19, 1983 (1983-09-19) – present

Wheel of Fortune is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin. Contestants compete to solve word puzzles, similar to those used in Hangman, to win cash and prizes determined by spinning a giant carnival wheel. The show originally aired from 1975 to 1991 as a network daytime program; the current nighttime syndicated version premiered on September 19, 1983.

The program debuted on January 6, 1975, on NBC, replacing the original version of Jeopardy!. Chuck Woolery and Susan Stafford hosted and Charlie O'Donnell was the program's announcer. O'Donnell left in 1980, Woolery in 1981 and Stafford in 1982; they were replaced, respectively, by Jack Clark, Pat Sajak, and Vanna White.

M.G. Kelly took over briefly as announcer after Clark died in 1988. O'Donnell returned in 1989 and remained until his death in 2010, when Jim Thornton replaced him. Sajak left the daytime version in January 1989 to host the late-night talk show The Pat Sajak Show. Rolf Benirschke replaced him as daytime host. When the program switched networks from NBC to CBS six months later, Benirschke was replaced by Bob Goen. The daytime version returned to NBC in 1991, but was canceled eight months later.

While retaining most of the elements from the daytime version, the syndicated version of Wheel of Fortune has added many new gameplay elements, and is the longest-running syndicated game show in United States television history, with over 5,000 episodes aired. In a 2008 article, TV Guide named Wheel of Fortune as the "top-rated syndicated series." The program has a worldwide following due to its adaption regionally into sixty international versions of the show. The 30th anniversary season of Wheel of Fortune began on September 17, 2012.

Game history

At the time of Wheel of Fortune's debut, Jeopardy! (another of Griffin's creations) had just ended an 11-year run on NBC. Griffin conceived a hangman-style game after recalling long car trips as a child, on which he and his sister would play hangman. After discussing the idea with Merv Griffin Enterprises staff, they thought that the idea would work as a game show if it had a "hook". He decided to add a roulette-style wheel because he was always "drawn to" such wheels when he saw them in casinos. He and Murray Schwartz, then the president of Merv Griffin Enterprises, consulted an executive of Caesars Palace to find out how to build such a wheel.

In 1973, Griffin conceived a pilot episode, which was taped under the name Shopper's Bazaar and hosted by Chuck Woolery. Unlike the actual show, this pilot had a vertically mounted Wheel. Edd Byrnes hosted the second and third pilots, both titled Wheel of Fortune. All three contained game elements which were either retooled or dropped by the time production began in December 1974. Woolery was eventually selected to host, the choice being made by Griffin after he reportedly heard Byrnes reciting "A-E-I-O-U" to himself in an effort to remember the vowels. Susan Stafford turned the letters on Byrnes' pilot episodes, a role that she also held when the show was picked up for series.

Broadcast history

Wheel of Fortune premiered on January 6, 1975, at 10:30 am (9:30 Central) on NBC. Lin Bolen, then the head of daytime programming, purchased the show from Griffin to compensate him for canceling another creation of his, Jeopardy!, which had one year remaining on its contract. Jeopardy! aired its final episode on the Friday before Wheel's premiere. This version aired on NBC, in varying time slots between 10:30 am and noon, until June 30, 1989. NBC announced the cancellation of the show in August 1980, but it stayed on the air following a decision to cut The David Letterman Show from a 90-minute format to 60 minutes. The daytime version of Wheel of Fortune moved to CBS in 1989, and remained there until 1991, when it was moved back to NBC for its final eight months, although the show continued to tape at CBS Television City.

The current syndicated version premiered on September 19, 1983. When it debuted, the syndicated version offered a larger prize budget than its daytime counterpart, most notably in the addition of a $5,000 wedge to the Wheel. Only nine stations originally carried the show, but by midseason it was airing on 50 stations, and by the beginning of its second year was available to 99 percent of television households. Its success led to Griffin creating a syndicated revival of Jeopardy! in 1984, with its current host Alex Trebek. By 1986, Wheel had the highest ratings of any syndicated television series in history.

Currently produced by Sony Pictures Television and distributed by CBS Television Distribution, it is the longest-running syndicated game show in American television history and the second-longest in either network or syndication, second to the current version of The Price Is Right, which began airing in 1972.

Personnel

Hosts and hostesses

After seven years as host, Chuck Woolery left Wheel following a salary dispute with Griffin; his last episode aired on December 25, 1981. His successor, Pat Sajak, took over on December 28. Griffin said that he chose Sajak for his "odd" sense of humor; although NBC executive producer Fred Silverman initially rejected Sajak for being "too local", he was approved as host after Griffin said that he would not tape any more episodes until Sajak became host.

On January 9, 1989, Sajak left the daytime version to host a late-night talk show (The Pat Sajak Show) for CBS. He was replaced on that version by Rolf Benirschke, who had an eight-year career as a placekicker of the San Diego Chargers. Benirschke hosted the program for only six months, until NBC cancelled it on June 30. Bob Goen became the daytime version's host when it moved to CBS on July 17, 1989. This version briefly returned to NBC on January 14, 1991, replacing Let's Make a Deal, but left the air permanently on September 20 of that year.

Original hostess Susan Stafford missed a month of episodes in late 1977 after she fractured two vertebrae in her back, with Summer Bartholomew and Arte Johnson filling in for her. Bartholomew filled in for Stafford again in May and June 1979, as did Cynthia Washington (then the wife of San Francisco 49ers wide receiver Gene Washington), after she dislocated her shoulder in a car accident. Stafford left the show in October 1982. Bartholomew, Vicki Iovine (then known as Vicki McCarty) and Vanna White rotated as guest hostesses until White was chosen as the permanent hostess in December 1982. Stafford would return for one week in 1986 after the death of White's then-fiance.

In the wake of the nighttime version's popularity, White became highly popular among the young female demographic, and among adult fans interested in her daily wardrobe. Sajak and White have hosted the nighttime version continuously since it began, except for two weeks in January 1991 when Tricia Gist, then the girlfriend of Griffin's son Tony, filled in for the honeymooning White.

In January and February 2011, the show held a "Vanna for a Day" contest. In this contest, home viewers submitted video auditions to take White's place for one episode, with the winner determined by a poll on the show's website. Katie Cantrell of Wooster, Ohio (a student at Savannah College of Art and Design in Savannah, Georgia) was named the contest winner in late February 2011. Cantrell took White's place for the second and third rounds on the episode that aired March 24, 2011.

Announcers

Charlie O'Donnell was the program's first announcer until his departure in 1980, when he left to work on The Toni Tennille Show in wake of the announced but retracted cancellation of Wheel. O'Donnell was replaced by Jack Clark, who was on the show until shortly before his death in July 1988. Los Angeles radio personality M. G. Kelly took over as announcer when the nighttime version's sixth season started in September 1988. O'Donnell returned in 1989, and remained with the show until shortly before his death in November 2010. Don Pardo, Don Morrow and Johnny Gilbert have occasionally served as substitute announcers. Gilbert, Rich Fields, Lora Cain, Jim Thornton, Joe Cipriano and John Cramer filled in after O'Donnell's death, and Thornton was confirmed as the permanent replacement at the start of Season 29.

Production staff

Merv Griffin was responsible for creating the original version of Wheel of Fortune and also served as executive producer until his retirement in 2000.

John Rhinehart was the program's original producer from 1975 until his departure in August 1976, when he was promoted to the network's West Coast Daytime Program Development Director. His co-producer, Nancy Jones, became the sole producer until 1995. Harry Friedman replaced Jones in 1995 and became co-executive producer with Griffin in 1999, then became the sole executive producer in 2000. The show now uses multiple producers: Amanda Stern is the current producer of the show. Karen Griffith and Steve Schwartz, both longtime staffers, are the supervising producers. Jeff Goldstein and Dick Carson each previously served stints as director, with Carson replacing Goldstein in 1978. Mark Corwin became director in 1999, replacing Carson.

Gameplay

The core game is based on hangman. Each round has a category and a blank word puzzle, with each blank representing a letter in the answer. Three contestants take turns spinning the Wheel to determine a dollar value and guess a consonant, earning the value multiplied by how many times the guessed letter appears in the puzzle. Any contestant with at least $250 may buy vowels for that amount during a turn. Calling a correct letter keeps the Wheel in the contestant's control, and a wrong letter passes control to the next contestant clockwise from the viewer's perspective. The Wheel features two Bankrupt wedges and one Lose a Turn, both of which forfeit the contestant's turn, with the former also eliminating any cash or prizes the contestant has accumulated within the round. Also present is Free Play, which allows a contestant to make any move with no penalty, or call a free vowel. In Rounds 1—3, the Wheel contains four special tags covering selected dollar amounts: a Wild Card, to call an additional consonant after any turn or in the bonus round; a Gift Tag, which ofers $1,000 credit toward purchases from the sponsoring company; and two ½ Car tags, both of which must be claimed to win a car. All of these also offer $500 per letter if claimed. During those rounds, the Wheel contains a Million Dollar Wedge, which offers a chance to win $1,000,000 in the bonus round if it is taken there without being lost to Bankrupt. A Prize Wedge is available during the first two rounds, awarding a prize and $500 per letter. A contestant must solve the puzzle in order to keep any cash or prizes accumulated during that round.

Each game features three Toss-Up puzzles, which reveal the puzzle one letter at a time and award cash to whoever rings in with the right answer. The second determines who starts Round 1, and the third determines who starts Round 4. In addition to these, each game has a minimum of four rounds. Round 1 features a progressive cash Jackpot which starts at $5,000 and increases with every dollar wedge landed on during the round; it is awarded if a contestant calls a right letter and solves while on the wedge. Round 2 features two Mystery wedges, which may be flipped over to determine if they conceal a $10,000 cash prize or Bankrupt, or left as-is for $1,000 per letter. Round 3 is a Prize Puzzle, which offers a prize to the contestant who solves it; until Season 30, it also awarded the prize to a randomly-selected member of the show's viewer rewards program, the Wheel Watchers Club. The final round is always played at least in part as a Speed-Up. The host spins the Wheel to determine the value of each letter, with $1,000 added to the value of his spin, and vowels are free. Contestants call one letter at a time, and are given three seconds to attempt solving if that letter appears in the puzzle. Play proceeds from the viewer's left to right, starting with the contestant who was in control of the Wheel at the time of the Final Spin, until the puzzle is solved.

Originally, after winning a round, contestants spent their winnings purchasing prizes that were presented onstage. According to the E! True Hollywood Story episode on Wheel of Fortune, Lin Bolen is credited with implementing the shopping concept and the idea to have the wheel horizontally mounted. This story sometimes conflicts with other accounts; for example, on an A&E Biography episode, Griffin said that his initial idea of the presentation of the show was "a stage full of prizes." The shopping element was eliminated from the syndicated version on the episode that aired October 5, 1987, both to speed up gameplay and to reduce the taxes paid by contestants.

At the end of the game, the highest-scoring contestant plays a bonus round. The contestant spins a smaller wheel with 24 envelopes to determine the prize. He or she is given a category and a puzzle for which every instance of R, S, T, L, N and E is revealed; after providing three more consonants and a vowel, the contestant has ten seconds to attempt solving the puzzle. Prizes in the bonus round include cash amounts ranging from $30,000 to $50,000 in increments of $5,000, an automobile with $5,000 cash, and a top prize of $100,000 (whose envelope is replaced with a $1,000,000 prize if the contestant has the Million Dollar Wedge). Michelle Loewenstein became the show's first millionaire on the episode that aired October 14, 2008. Contestants who win the $1,000,000 may receive it in installments over 20 years, or in a lump sum of $660,000.

Sets and production information

The Wheel of Fortune set, as seen in 2006.

Various changes have been made to the basic set since the syndicated version's premiere in 1983. In 1996, a large video display was added center stage, which was then upgraded in 2003 as the show began the transition into high-definition broadcasting. The set decorations change with each weekly set of themed programs. The production is currently designed by Renee Hoss-Johnson, with previous set designers including Ed Flesh and Dick Stiles.

The show was taped in Studio 4 at NBC Studios in Burbank from 1975 until NBC cancelled the daytime series in 1989. Production then moved to Studio 33 at CBS Television City (Bob Barker Studio) in Los Angeles, where it remained until 1995. Since then, Wheel has occupied Stage 11 at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City. Some episodes are also recorded on location, a tradition which began with two weeks of episodes taped at Radio City Music Hall in late 1988.

The wheel

The round 4 layout used on "Wheel of Fortune" beginning September 17, 2012.

The first pilot used a vertically-mounted wheel which was often difficult to see on-screen. Set designer Ed Flesh, who also designed the sets for The $25,000 Pyramid and Jeopardy!, designed the Wheel mechanism. Originally made mostly of paint and cardboard, the modern Wheel mechanism is framed on a steel tube surrounded with Plexiglas and more than 200 lighting instruments, and is held by a stainless steel shaft with roller bearings. Altogether, the Wheel weighs approximately 2,400 pounds (1,100 kg).

Puzzle boards

In the show's early days, the first puzzle board had three rows of 13 manually operated trilons, for a total of 39 spaces. On December 21, 1981, a larger board with 48 trilons in four rows (11, 13, 13 and 11 trilons) was adopted. This board was surrounded by a double-arched border of lights which flashed at the beginning and end of the round. When a letter was placed in the puzzle, its space lit up and the hostess turned the trilon to reveal it.

On February 24, 1997, the show introduced a computerized board composed of 52 touch-activated monitors. To illuminate a letter during regular gameplay, White touches the right edge of the monitor.

Theme music

Alan Thicke composed the show's original theme, which was titled "Big Wheels". In 1983, it was replaced by Griffin's own composition, "Changing Keys". The theme was replaced in 2000 with "Happy Wheels", composed by Steve Kaplan. Frankie Blue wrote the theme for the 2006–2007 season and John Hoke wrote the program's current theme.

Audition process

Anyone at least 18 years old has the potential to become a contestant through Wheel of Fortune's audition process. Exceptions include employees of CBS Television Distribution, Sony Pictures Television, or any firm involved in offering prizes for the show; contestants who have appeared on a different game show within the previous year, three other game shows within the past ten years or on any version of Wheel of Fortune itself. Potential contestants are given a 16-puzzle test with some letters revealed. The contestants have five minutes to solve as many puzzles as they can by writing in the correct letters. The people who pass continue the audition, competing in a mock version of the game using a miniature wheel and a puzzle board.

Board games

Numerous board game versions of the game show have been released by different toy companies. The games are all similar, incorporating a wheel, puzzle display board, play money and various accessories like Free Spin tokens. Milton Bradley released the first board game in 1975. In addition to all the supplies mentioned above, the game included 20 prize cards (to simulate the "shopping" prizes of the show; the prizes ranged in value from $100 to $3,000). Two editions were released, with the only differences being the box art and the included books of puzzles. Other home versions were released by Pressman Toy Corporation, Tyco/Mattel, Parker Brothers, Endless Games and Irwin Toys, each including and updating gameplay elements seen on the show at the time.

Additionally, several video game versions have also been released for computers, the Internet, and various gaming consoles.

Footnotes

  1. ^ "Production credits". Wheel of Fortune official website. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  2. ^ CBS Television Distribution (February 17, 2009). "Wheel of Fortune celebrates 5,000 episodes on February 27". The Futon Critic. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  3. ^ "Harry Friedman Named Producer Of 'Wheel Of Fortune'—PR Newswire | HighBeam Research: Online Press Releases". HighBeam.com. June 14, 1995. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
  4. "Wheel of Fortune Ups Bonus Round Jackpot to $1M". TV Guide. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  5. ^ Griffin, pages 99-100
  6. "Meet the 'Wheel'". The Chicago Tribune. March 6, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  7. Graham, Jefferson, "The Game Show Book", Abbeville Press, 1988, pg. 183. ISBN 0-89659-794-6
  8. Stafford, Susan. Stop the Wheel, I Want to Get Off!. Xlibris. p. 194.
  9. ^ West, Randy. "Charlie O'Donnell Tribute". Randy West official website. Retrieved January 8, 2011.
  10. ^ Terry, Clifford (May 23, 1986). "'Wheel of Fortune' long ago spun its way to the top". St. Petersburg Evening-Independent. pp. 5-B. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
  11. No title. Vol. 32. Triangle Publications. 1984.
  12. Griffin and Bender, p. 106
  13. Gilbert, Tom (August 19, 2007). "'Wheel of Fortune,' 'Jeopardy!' Merv Griffin's True TV Legacy". TVWeek.
  14. ^ Newcomb, Horace (2004). Encyclopedia of television. CRC Press. p. 2527. ISBN 1-57958-411-X.
  15. The E! True Hollywood Story: "Wheel of Fortune". Premiered in 2004
  16. Griffin and Bender, p. 101
  17. Feder, Robert (December 26, 1990). "`Wheel of Fortune' spins back to NBC". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  18. ^ Schwartz, David; Ryan, Steve; Wostbrock, Fred (1999). The Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows (3 ed.). Facts on File, Inc. pp. 250–252. ISBN 0-8160-3846-5.
  19. "No title". Weekly Variety: 80. September 7, 1977.
  20. "2 to substitute for Susan Stafford". Youngstown Vindicator. May 22, 1979. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
  21. "No title". Observer-Reporter. August 14, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
  22. Greene, Bob (January 8, 1986). "Here comes Vanna White". The Free-Lance Star. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  23. "Vanna White biography". Wheel of Fortune. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
  24. "Stargazing". The Kansas City Star. March 11, 1991. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  25. Grosvenor, Carrie (January 4, 2011). "Want to be Vanna for a day?". About.com. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
  26. Gehring, Lydia (February 23, 2011). "Triway High School grad voted Vanna for a Day". The Daily Record. Retrieved March 3, 2011.
  27. "Jack Clark, announcer on TV's Wheel of Fortune". The Miami Herald. July 27, 1988. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  28. Graham, Jefferson (September 20, 1988). "`Wheel' takes a turn to new twists for fall". USA Today. p. 3D. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  29. Gary Lycan (November 1, 2010). "'Wheel of Fortune' announcer Charlie O'Donnell dies at 78". The Orange County Register. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
  30. "Veteran Announcer Jim Thornton is the New Voice of Wheel of Fortune". www.wheeloffortune.com. June 13, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
  31. Griffin, p. 100
  32. Sajak: "I'll give the wheel a final spin, and ask you to give me a letter. If it's in the puzzle, you have three seconds to solve it. Vowels are worth nothing, consonants worth ."
  33. Kubasik, Ben (September 26, 1987). "TV SPOTS". Newsday. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
  34. "WATCH NOW: Wheel's 1st Million Dollar Winner". Go.com. October 15, 2008. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
  35. "Canada Week". Wheel of Fortune. Season 26. October 14, 2008. Syndicated.
  36. ^ Daniel E. Slotnik (July 21, 2011). "Ed Flesh, Designed the Wheel of Fortune, Dies at 79". The New York Times. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
  37. TV Guide. 1987. p. 148.
  38. "Shows–CBS Television City". Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  39. "'WHEEL OF FORTUNE' MIDDLE AMERICA'S FAVORITE GAME SHOW SPINS INTO ITS 20TH SEASON". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. September 17, 1995. p. G5. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  40. Walker, Joseph (July 26, 1988). "'Wheel of Fortune's' other blonde". Saturday Morning Deseret News. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  41. ^ "History & Fun Facts". Wheel of Fortune official website. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
  42. "'Wheel' gets modern board". The Vindicator. February 25, 1997. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  43. Jeffries, David. "Merv Griffin biography". Allmusic. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
  44. "Show Guide—Show FAQs". Wheel of Fortune. Retrieved November 7, 2010.

References

  • Griffin, Merv; Bender, David (2007). Merv: Making the Good Life Last. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-7434-5696-3.

External links

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