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| A '''mash-up novel''' (also '''mashed-up novel'''), is a work of fiction which combines a pre-existing text, often a classic work of fiction, with another genre, such as ] into a single narrative. Marjorie Kehe of the '']'' renders this admixture of classic text as "somewhere between 60 and 85 percent original text, with new plot twists added by contemporary co-authors".<ref name=CSM0115>{{cite web|last=Kehe|first=Marjorie|title=" 'Android Karenina': no end in sight to mash-up novels"|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Books/chapter-and-verse/2010/0115/Android-Karenina-no-end-in-sight-to-mash-up-novels|work=Chapter & Verse|publisher=Christian Science Monitor|accessdate=1 November 2012}}</ref>. These "twists" often include horror fiction elements like ], ] or ]. | |||
| The term "Mashup" was borrowed from the world of computers and music, as Adam Cohen stated in his '']'' editorial about ''Pride and Prejudice and Zombies'': "The idea of combining two data sources into a new product began in the tech world (also think music remixes) and is spreading — including to book publishing."<ref>Cohen, Adam. . April 13, 2009, '']''.</ref> | |||
| ==History== | |||
| The term ] or mash-up originated within the ].<ref>Rojas, Pete. "". August 1, 2002. Accessed Wednesday, January 2, 2008.</ref> (also '''mesh''', '''mash up''', '''mash-up''', '''blend''' and '''bastard pop/rock''') Songs within the genre are described as a song or composition created by blending two or more pre-recorded songs, usually by overlaying the vocal track of one song seamlessly over the instrumental track of another.<ref>Geoghegan, Michael and Klass, Dan (2005). ''Podcast Solutions: The Complete Guide to Podcasting'', p.45. ISBN 1-59059-554-8.</ref> To the extent that such works are "]" of original content, they may find protection from copyright claims under the "]" doctrine of copyright law.<ref>, American University, Center for Social Media</ref>. Adam Cohen of the '']'' notes that even before that, "the idea of combining two data sources into a new product began in the tech world" before spreading to other media, including book publishing.<ref>Cohen, Adam. . April 13, 2009, '']''.</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | '']'', which combines ]'s classic novel '']'' with elements of modern zombie fiction, is certainly one of the most famous and successful works in the genre, and has been credited with spawning a rash of imitations.<ref>Kehe, Marjorie. October 6, 2009, '']''. </ref> | ||
| ==Genre== | ==Genre== | ||
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| While most works in this genre (or cross-genre trend) rely on fictional texts as their basis, other works like '']'' superimpose the popular genres over historical figures and events. A more recent phenomenon within the genre is the combination of more than two original works, or genres, as in the case of ''Robinson Crusoe (The Eerie Adventures of the Lycanthrope)'', which combines the ] with elements borrowed from the works of ] as well as the popular genre of ], and is accordingly attributed to three authors - ], H.P. Lovecraft, and Peter Clines. | While most works in this genre (or cross-genre trend) rely on fictional texts as their basis, other works like '']'' superimpose the popular genres over historical figures and events. A more recent phenomenon within the genre is the combination of more than two original works, or genres, as in the case of ''Robinson Crusoe (The Eerie Adventures of the Lycanthrope)'', which combines the ] with elements borrowed from the works of ] as well as the popular genre of ], and is accordingly attributed to three authors - ], H.P. Lovecraft, and Peter Clines. | ||
| ==Publishing trend== | |||
| ], an independent publisher which achieved great success with ''Pride and Prejudice and Zombies'' in April 2009, followed it up with several more mashups of literary classics and in 2010 introduced its "Quirk Classics" imprint made specifically for the genre. Other publishers soon joined in the trend, as Jennifer Schuessler pointed out in a December 2009 ''New York Times'' piece on the phenomenon: | |||
| : ''Pride and Prejudice and Zombies'' has spent eight months on the New York Times best-seller list, spawned several imitators and injected some fresh blood -- and male readers -- into an Austen industry dominated by gauzy romances. Goodbye, ''The Private Diary of Mr. Darcy.'' Hello, ''Mr. Darcy, Vampyre,'' '']'' and ''],'' a prequel to ''Zombies'' that lists Austen as an author despite the lack of what Hollywood types refer to as "participation."<ref>Schuessler, Jennifer. . 13 December 2009, ''The New York Times''.</ref> | |||
| Several notable publishing houses including ] and ] also started publishing books in the genre, while some smaller publishers such as ] began flooding the market with rashly-made zombie or vampire themed versions of famous works in an attempt to cash in on the fad (similar to the ] phenomenon in film). | |||
| ==Copyright issues== | ==Copyright issues== | ||
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A mash-up novel (also mashed-up novel), is a work of fiction which combines a pre-existing text, often a classic work of fiction, with another genre, such as horror genre into a single narrative. Marjorie Kehe of the Christian Science Monitor renders this admixture of classic text as "somewhere between 60 and 85 percent original text, with new plot twists added by contemporary co-authors".. These "twists" often include horror fiction elements like vampires, werewolves or zombies.
History
The term mashup or mash-up originated within the music industry. (also mesh, mash up, mash-up, blend and bastard pop/rock) Songs within the genre are described as a song or composition created by blending two or more pre-recorded songs, usually by overlaying the vocal track of one song seamlessly over the instrumental track of another. To the extent that such works are "transformative" of original content, they may find protection from copyright claims under the "fair use" doctrine of copyright law.. Adam Cohen of the New York Times notes that even before that, "the idea of combining two data sources into a new product began in the tech world" before spreading to other media, including book publishing.
Pride and Prejudice and Zombies, which combines Jane Austen's classic novel Pride and Prejudice with elements of modern zombie fiction, is certainly one of the most famous and successful works in the genre, and has been credited with spawning a rash of imitations.
Genre
Mashup books are seen as distinct from parody novels like Bored of the Rings, and parallel novels like The Wind Done Gone or Wicked since they do not merely make fun of the original text, or tell an alternative version of it, but also introduce the themes and characteristics of a wholly different genre.
While most works in this genre (or cross-genre trend) rely on fictional texts as their basis, other works like Abraham Lincoln, Vampire Hunter superimpose the popular genres over historical figures and events. A more recent phenomenon within the genre is the combination of more than two original works, or genres, as in the case of Robinson Crusoe (The Eerie Adventures of the Lycanthrope), which combines the original novel with elements borrowed from the works of H.P. Lovecraft as well as the popular genre of werewolf fiction, and is accordingly attributed to three authors - Daniel Defoe, H.P. Lovecraft, and Peter Clines.
Copyright issues
Mashup novels constitute derivative works since they include major elements borrowed from an original, previously created work. Most authors of such novels, however, avoid potential legal issues (and the payment of royalties to the original writers) by basing their books on texts that are in the public domain. One notable exception is The Late Gatsby, which combines F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby with a vampire narrative - since the original text is still protected by the Copyright Term Extension Act (until 2020) in the United States, the book was published outside the U.S. and remains unavailable to its residents.
Notable examples
| Title | Authors | Publisher (Year) | Original text / Historical figure | Genre |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Move Under Ground | Nick Mamatas | Night Shade Books (2004) | Jack Kerouac | Cthulhu Mythos |
| Pride and Prejudice and Zombies | Jane Austen & Seth Grahame-Smith | Quirk Books (2009) | Pride and Prejudice | Zombie fiction |
| Sense and Sensibility and Sea Monsters | Jane Austen & Ben H. Winters | Quirk Books (2009) | Sense and Sensibility | Sea monster legends |
| Pride and Prejudice and Zombies: Dawn of the Dreadfuls | Steve Hockensmith | Quirk Books (2010) | characters from Pride and Prejudice | Zombie fiction |
| Abraham Lincoln, Vampire Hunter | Seth Grahame-Smith | Grand Central Publishing (2010) | Abraham Lincoln | Vampire literature |
| Android Karenina | Leo Tolstoy & Ben H. Winters | Quirk Books (2010) | Anna Karenina | Steampunk fiction |
| I am Scrooge: A Zombie Story for Christmas | Charles Dickens & Adam Roberts | Gollancz (2009) | A Christmas Carol | Zombie fiction |
| Little Women and Werewolves | Louisa May Alcott & Porter Grand | Del Rey Books (2010) | Little Women | Werewolf fiction |
| Little Vampire Women | Louisa May Alcott & Lynn Messina | HarperTeen (2010) | Little Women | Vampire literature |
| Queen Victoria: Demon Hunter | A.E. Moorat | Hodder (2009) | Queen Victoria | Demon fiction |
| Jane Slayre | Charlotte Bronte & Sherri Browning Erwin | Gallery Books (2010) | Jane Eyre | Vampire literature |
| Paul is Undead: The British Zombie Invasion | Alan Goldsher | Gallery Books (2010) | The Beatles | Zombie fiction |
| Robinson Crusoe (The Eerie Adventures of the Lycanthrope) |
Daniel Defoe, H.P. Lovecraft & Peter Clines |
Permuted Press (2010) | Robinson Crusoe | Cthulhu Mythos; Werewolf fiction |
| Mansfield Park and Mummies | Jane Austen & Vera Nazarian | Norilana Books (2009) | Mansfield Park | Mummy fiction |
| Pride and Prejudice and Zombies: Dreadfully Ever After | Jane Austen & Steve Hockensmith | Quirk Books (2011) | Characters from Pride and Prejudice | Zombie fiction |
| The Meowmorphosis | Franz Kafka & Cook Coleridge | Quirk Books (2011) | The Metamorphosis | |
| The Damned Highway: Fear and Loathing in Arkham | Nick Mamatas & Briane Keene | Dark Horse Books (2011) | Hunter S. Thompson, Oscar Zeta Acosta | Cthulhu Mythos |
| Grave Expectations | Charles Dickens & Sherri Browning Erwin | Gallery Books (2011) | Great Expectations | Vampire literature/Werewolf fiction |
| The Late Gatsby | F. Scott Fitzgerald & S. A. Klipspringer | (2012) | The Great Gatsby | Vampire literature |
| Mansfield with Monsters | Katherine Mansfield & Matt and Debbie Cowens | Steam Press (2012) | Katherine Mansfield's short stories | Various monsters |
| The Vampire Count of Monte Cristo | Matthew Baugh | Permuted Press (2013) | The Count of Monte Cristo | Vampire literature / Various monsters |
References
- Kehe, Marjorie. "" 'Android Karenina': no end in sight to mash-up novels"". Chapter & Verse. Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
- Rojas, Pete. "Bootleg Culture". August 1, 2002. Accessed Wednesday, January 2, 2008.
- Geoghegan, Michael and Klass, Dan (2005). Podcast Solutions: The Complete Guide to Podcasting, p.45. ISBN 1-59059-554-8.
- Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Online Video, American University, Center for Social Media
- Cohen, Adam. Mr. Darcy Woos Elizabeth Bennet While Zombies Attack. April 13, 2009, The New York Times.
- Kehe, Marjorie. 'Little Women and Werewolves': a step too far? October 6, 2009, The Christian Science Monitor.
- The Late Gatsby
External links
- Quirk Classics website - imprint of Quirk Books dedicated to Mashups.
- Sussex Chainsaw Massacre: The horrification of Jane Austen - overview of genre and review of Sense and Sensibility and Sea Monsters, New York Magazine, 6 September 2009.
- Pride And Prejudice And Zombies Spin-Offs Are Out Of Control! 11 Classic Monster Mashups - The Huffington Post, 28 April 2010.