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Anti-Armenianism (Template:Lang-hy Hakahaykakanut'yun), also known as Armenophobia (հայատյացություն hayatyatsu'tyun) is the anti-Armenian sentiment, the fear, dislike of, hatred or aversion to the Armenians, Republic of Armenia and the Armenian culture.

Modern anti-Armenianism often seems to lack a racial and cultural basis and appears to be based more on geopolitics and history, in addition to diplomatic and strategic interests, involving the modern states of Turkey and Azerbaijan, although these prejudices usually extend to the widespread Armenian Diaspora. These facts do not themselves always imply a direct hate towards Armenians as a nation or ethnic group, as they tend to reflect the various historical and political tensions between these countries. Modern Anti-Armenianism is usually associated with either extreme opposition to the actions or existence of the Armenian Republic, historical falsifications, belief in an Armenian conspiracy to fabricate history and manipulate public and political opinion for political gain.

By location

Ottoman Empire and Turkey

Although it was possible for Armenians to achieve status and wealth in the Ottoman Empire, as a community they were never accorded more than "second-class citizen" status and were regarded as fundamentally alien to the Muslim character of Ottoman society. In 1895, revolts among the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire lead to Sultan Abdül Hamid's decision to massacre tens of thousands of Armenians in the Hamidian massacres. During World War I, the Ottoman government massacred between 1 and 1.5 million Armenians in the Armenian Genocide. The position of the current Turkish government, however, is that the Armenians who died were casualties of the expected hardships of war, the casualties cited are exaggerated, and that the 1915 events could not be considered a genocide. This position has been criticized in a letter from the International Association of Genocide Scholars to the Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.

The difficulties currently experienced by the Armenian minority in Turkey are a result of an anti-Armenian attitude by ultra-nationalist groups such as the Grey Wolves. According to Minority Rights Group, while the government recognizes Armenians as minorities but as used in Turkey, this term denotes second-class status. In 2004, Belge Films, the film's distributor in Turkey pulled the release of Atom Egoyan's Ararat, after receiving threats from the Grey Wolves.

The Ankara Chamber of Commerce included a documentary, accusing the Armenian people of slaughtering Turks, with their paid tourism advertisements in the June 6, 2005 edition of the magazine TIME Europe. Time Europe later apologized for allowing the inclusion of the DVDs and published a critical letter signed by five French organizations. The February 12, 2007 edition of Time Europe included an acknowledgment of the truth of the Armenian Genocide and a DVD of a documentary by French director Laurence Jourdan about the genocide.

Hrant Dink, the editor of the weekly bilingual newspaper Agos, was assassinated in Istanbul on January 19, 2007, by Ogün Samast. He was reportedly acting on the orders of Yasin Hayal, a militant Turkish ultra-nationalist. For his statements on Armenian identity and the Armenian Genocide, Dink had been prosecuted three times under Article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code for “insulting Turkishness.” (The said article was later amended by the Turkish parliament, changing "Turkishness" with "Turkish Nation" and making it more difficult to prosecute individuals for the said offense.) He had also received numerous death threats from Turkish nationalists who viewed his "iconoclastic" journalism (particularly regarding the Armenian Genocide) as an act of treachery.

İbrahim Şahin and 36 other alleged members of Turkish ultra-nationalist Ergenekon group were arrested on January, 2009 in Ankara. The Turkish police said the round-up was triggered by orders Şahin gave to assassinate 12 Armenian community leaders in Sivas. According to the official investigation in Turkey, Ergenekon also had a role in the murder of Hrant Dink.

In 2002, a monument was erected in memory of Turkish-Armenian composer Onno Tunc in Yalova, Turkey. The monument to the composer of Armenian origin was subjected to numerous vandalism over the course of the years, then unidentified people had taken out the letters on the monument. In 2012 Yalova Municipal Assembly decided to remove the monument. Bilgin Koçal, the mayor of Yalova informed the public opinion that the memorial had been destroyed by time and that it would shortly be replaced with a new one in the memory of Tunç. On the other hand, a similar memorial stays in place at the village of Selimiye, where the plane had crushed; and the people in the 187 populated village expressed their protest about the vandalism claims considering the memorial in Yalova, adding that they payed from their own budget to keep up the maintenance of the monument in their village against the wearing effect of natural causes.

Pvt. Sevag Şahin Balıkçı was shot dead on April 24, 2011, the day of the commemoration of the Armenian Genocide during his military service in Batman, Turkey. It was later discovered that killer Kivanc Agaoglu was an ultra-nationalist.

On February 26, 2012, on the anniversary of the Khojaly Massacre a demonstration took place in Istanbul which contained hate speech and threats towards Armenia and Armenians. Chants and slogans during the demonstration include: "You are all Armenian, you are all bastards", "bastards of Hrant can not scare us", and "Taksim Square today, Yerevan Tomorrow: We will descend upon you suddenly in the night."

On December 29, 2012, an 84 year old Armenian woman was murdered in her apartment in the Samatya district of Istanbul. It is believed that the act was a hate crime due to a cross carved on her chest with a sharp object. The Turkish police dismissed rumours about the cross shape and said they still do not know the motive behind the killing, which they are investigating. The police authorities said two other elderly women have suffered violent attacks in the same neighbourhood lately, in which one of the victims lost sight in one of her eyes due to injury. The police added that in all three incidents the assaulters took, by force, either the purse or the jewellery of the victims.

Azerbaijan

Anti-Armenianism exists in Azerbaijan on institutional and social levels. Armenians are "the most vulnerable group in Azerbaijan in the field of racism and racial discrimination."

Throughout the 20th century, Armenians and Muslim inhabitants of the Caucasus (Azerbaijanis were called Caucasian or Azerbaijani Tatars before 1918) had been involved in numerous conflicts, including pogroms, massacres and wars. The two ethnic groups intensified "mutual distrust" and the clashes throughout the 20th century "have been significant factors in the shaping of the national self-consciousness of the two peoples." From 1918 to 1920 organized killings of Armenians occurred in Azerbaijan, including in the cities of Baku and Shusha, the centers of Armenian cultural life under the Russian Empire.

However, the current xenophobia in Azerbaijan toward Armenia and Armenians have shaped mostly during the last years of the Soviet Union, when Armenians demanded the Moscow authorities to incorporate the mostly Armenian-populated Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast with the Armenian SSR. In response to Armenian claims, the Azerbaijani nationalists, most prominently the Azerbaijani Popular Front, organized pogroms of Armenians in Sumgait, Kirovabad and Baku. An estimated of 350,000 Armenians left "in two waves in 1988 and in 1990 after anti-Armenian violence."

The tensions eventually escalated into a large-scale military conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh. The Armenian forces took control of most of former NKAO and seven adjacent districts outside of NKAO area. A cease-fire was reached in 1994 and is still in effect as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic is de facto independent, while de jure inside the Azerbaijani borders.

Since then the Armenian side accuses the Azerbaijani government for carrying out anti-Armenian policy inside and outside the country, which includes propaganda of hate toward Armenia and Armenians and destruction of cultural heritage. In 2011, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance report on Azerbaijan stated that "the constant negative official and media discourse concerning the Republic of Armenia helps to sustain a negative climate of opinion regarding people of Armenian origin, who remain vulnerable to discrimination."

Russia

A 19th-century Russian explorer, Vasili Lvovich Velichko, who was active during the period when the Russian tzarism carried out a purposeful anti-Armenian policy, wrote "Armenians are the extreme instance of brachycephaly; their actual racial instinct make them naturally hostile to the State".

The Second Chechen War and the associated Chechen terrorism in Russia served as major factors in the growth of intolerance, xenophobia and racist violence in Russia, directed in a great part against the people from the Caucasus. These include Chechens, Azerbaijanis, Georgians and Armenians. Six Armenians were killed as a result of racially motivated attacks on non-Slavic immigrants in 2006. So far, the reaction of the Russian government to these murders has been subdued, often failing to term the incidents hate crimes and declining to strongly condemn them.

According to a 2012 VTSIOM opinion research, 6% of people in Moscow and 3% in Saint Petersburg were "experiencing feelings of irritation, hostility" toward Armenians. For comparison, 31% had similar feeling toward Caucasians, 23% toward Tajiks, 17% toward Azerbaijanis and 9% toward Georgians in Moscow.

Georgia

In 1989 Georgia's future president Gamsakhurdia proclaimed "Today, we are facing a serious problem. Tatars, Armenians and Ossetians have risen to their feet. We must save from foreigners Kakhetia – our holy land!"

In 2007, the Georgian media began running several stories on the March 5 parliamentary elections in Abkhazia, claiming that ethnic Armenians in the area, who make up roughly 20% of the local population, would be controlling the elections. The Georgian newspaper Sakartvelos Respublika predicted that much of the parliament would be Armenian and that there was even a chance of an Armenian president being elected. The paper also reported that the Abkazanian republic might already be receiving financial assistance from Armenians living in the United States. Some Armenian groups believe such reports are attempting to create conflict between Armenians and ethnic Abkhazians to destabilize the region. The Georgian-Abkhazian conflict, which is believed by many Georgians to have been backed by Russia with Armenian assistance, has caused many problems for Georgia, as the Abkhazian separatist resulted in thousands of ethnic Georgians killed and displaced, and Armenians living in Abkhazian region did side with local Abkhazians. Reports such as these suggest growing animosity towards Armenians in the country.

Georgia has also actively pursued a policy of desecration of Armenian spiritual-cultural values, churches and historical monuments on the territory of Georgia. On November 16, 2008, Georgian monk Tariel Sikinchelashvili instructed workers to raze to the ground the graves of patrons of art Mikhail and Lidia Tamamshev. The Armenian Church of Norashen in Tbilisi, built in the middle of the 15th century, has been desecrated and misappropriated by the Georgian government despite the fact that both Armenia's and Georgia's Prime-Ministers have reached an agreement on not to maltreat the church. Due to no law on religion, the status of Surb Norashen, Surb Nshan, Shamhoretsor Surb Astvatsatsin (Karmir Avetaran), Yerevanots Surb Minas and Mugni Surb Gevorg in Tbilisi and Surb Nshan in Akhaltsikhe is unknown since being confiscated during the Soviet era. Since independence in 1991, Georgian clergy have occupied the Armenian churches. Armenians in Georgia and Armenia have demonstrated against the destruction. On November 28, 2008, Armenian demonstrators in front of the Georgian embassy in Armenia demanded that the Georgian government immediately cease encroachments on the Armenian churches and punish those guilty, calling the Georgian party's actions White Genocide.

In August, 2011, Georgia's culture minister Nika Rurua sacked director Robert Sturua as head of the Tbilisi national theatre for "xenophobic" comments he made earlier this year, officials reported. "We are not going to finance xenophobia. Georgia is a multicultural country," Rurua said. Provoking public outrage, Sturua said in an interview with local news agency that "Saakashvili doesn't know what Georgian people need because he is Armenian." "I do not want Georgia to be governed by a representative of a different ethnicity," he added.

United States

While prejudice against ethnic Armenians in the United States is not widespread today, three notable cases do exist. In April 2007, the Los Angeles Times' Managing Editor Douglas Frantz blocked a story on the Armenian Genocide written by Mark Arax, allegedly citing the fact Arax was of Armenian descent and therefore had a biased opinion on the subject. However, other sources say that Frantz blocked Arax from completing the story not because of his descent, but rather because of his publicly political involvement in the topic and company policy that prohibited journalists from writing pieces on topics they were activists for in order to maintain the integrity of the paper that is closely linked with neutrality and unbiased journalism. Arax, who has published similar articles before, has lodged a discrimination complaint and threatened a federal lawsuit. Frantz, who did not cite any specific factual errors in the article, is accused of having a bias obtained while being stationed in Istanbul, Turkey. Harut Sassounian, an Armenian community leader, accused Frantz of having expressed support for denial of the Armenian Genocide and has stated he personally believed that Armenians rebelled against the Ottoman Empire, an argument commonly used to justify the killings. Although Sassounian was unable to provide any proof of his allegations, Frantz resigned from the paper not long afterward, possibly due to the mounting requests for his dismissal from the Armenian community. Frantz however has also been stated to have been upholding company policy that prohibited journalists from doing articles on topics in which they have publicly expressed a bias or been involved in political activity concerning the issue, like the case for the article at hand, because journalists are meant to maintain an air of unbiased professionalism. Another incident that received less coverage was a series of hate mail campaigns directed at Paul Krekorian, a city council candidate for Californian Democratic Primary, making racist remarks and accusations that the Armenian community was engaging in voter fraud.

The third act of alleged ethnic bias towards Armenians was on a KFI radio show with Bill Handel, who in an attempt at humour said that Glendale (a suburb of Los Angeles with a large Armenian community) should be sold to provide more money for the US economy due to the medical budget issue. When a listener replied to him via mail and said his actions were racist, a co-host replied "What the Turks started, Bill Handel will finish". The show was shortly afterwards made to apologize and has had subsequent Armenians whom they have interviewed.

On April 24, 2010, the day the Armenians mark the genocide of 1915, a group of Turkish-American protesters gathered in front of the Turkish Embassy in Washington and protested the commemoration of the genocide, or what they call "Armenian Lies", in a celebratory way. One sign at the protest read "Armenian Girls Like Turkish Guys"

Other countries

•  Estonia: In a telephone interview on May 24, 1995, broadcaster with Radio Free Europe, Estonia service in Prague, stated that in February and March 1995, there have been several bomb attacks on Armenian-owned kiosks in the capital city Tallinn. The editor added that the identity of the perpetrator(s) of these acts remains unknown.
•  Pakistan: Pakistan refuses to recognize Republic of Armenia because of their occupation of Nagorno Karabakh.
•  Poland: According to the poll conducted by CBOS in Poland 2010 showed that 23% of Poles declare negative attitude towards Armenians. Among the nations that were asked, Armenians were one of the least liked ones.
•  Romania: In one instance, President of Romania Traian Băsescu called the doctor who operated on him "the first competent Armenian I have met", referencing the Romanian finance minister Varujan Vosganian, who is of Armenian descent and whom Băsescu considered incompetent. This remark was considered racist by Vosganian.
•  Tajikistan: When the Nagorno Karabakh war broke out between Armenia and Azerbaijan, some Armenians settled in Tajikistan. In the 1990s Pan-Turkish extremists from Turkey had entered many Central Asia republics and had started spreading anti-Christian and Anti-Armenian propaganda. According to rumour that was widespread, the Armenians were allegedly being resettled in new housing in Dushanbe experiencing acute housing shortage at that time. Similar false accusations had been made against Armenians which sparked the Sumgait Massacre. Despite the fact that Armenian refugees resettled not in public housing but with their relatives. This led to an Anti-Armenian pogrom by Dushanbe riots which targeted both government and Armenians. More than 20 people were killed, more than 500 were injured during the events.
•  Turkmenistan: Soon after the events in Tajikistan, Anti-Armenian towards started to widespread in other Central Asian countries such as in Turkmenistan.
•  Ukraine: In 2009, an ethnic conflict broke out in the Ukrainian city of Marhanets. A Ukrainian was murdered and an Armenian person was blamed for it. This started a fight between Ukrainians and Armenians in the "Scorpion" café. It later turned into riots and pogroms against Armenians, accompanied by the burning of houses and cars, which led to the exodus of Armenians from the city.

By individuals

For several months in 1994, someone posted messages under the alias Serdar Argic claiming that the Armenian Genocide did not happen or that Armenians massacred Turks, on Usenet newsgroup threads mentioning the word Turkey.

Samuel Weems published the book Armenia: The Secrets of a "Christian" Terrorist State in May 2002. Weems has made such claims as the "number one export of Armenia is terrorism" and that there was no Armenian Genocide. Samuel Weems was disbarred as an attorney and charged with arson and insurance fraud. disbarred

American historian Justin McCarthy is known for his controversial view that no genocide was intended by the Ottoman Empire but that both Armenians and Turks died as the result of civil war. Some attribute his denial of the Armenian Genocide to anti-Armenianism, but there is no independent evidence that he holds anti-Armenian views.

On more than one occasion, modern Azerbaijani historian Farida Mammadova has made anti-Armenian statements. During one interview, she stated "it is known, that on the whole planet it is exactly the Armenian people who are distinguished by their absence of spiritual and other human values", in reference to supposed destruction of an Azeri holy sanctuary, Aga-Dede south of Yerevan by Armenians in late 2005.

See also

• Armenian Genocide
• List of Armenian massacres
• White Genocide
• Anti-Turkism

References

1. (in Russian) Шнирельман В. А. Войны памяти: мифы, идентичность и политика в Закавказье / Под ред. Алаева Л. Б. — М.: Академкнига, 2003. — С. 250
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3. Robert Hewsen. Armenia: A Historical Atlas. — University of Chicago Press, 2001. — p. 291.: "Scholars should be on guard when using Soviet and post-Soviet Azeri editions of Azeri, Persian, and even Russian and Western European sources printed in Baku. These have been edited to remove references to Armenians and have been distributed in large numbers in recent years. When utilizing such sources, the researchers should seek out pre-Soviet editions wherever possible."
4. Abbas-Kuli-aga Bakikhanov, Willem M. Floor, Hasan Javadi The Heavenly Rose-Garden: A History of Shirvan & Daghestan. — Mage Publishers, 2008. — P. xvi, 5. — 226 p. — ISBN 1-933823-27-5, cit. "This certainly is the case with Zia Bunyatov, who has made an incomplete and defective Russian translation of Bakikhanov’s text. Not only has he not translated any of the poems in the text, but he does not even mention that he has not done so, while he does not translate certain other prose parts of the text without indicating this and why. This is in particular disturbing because he suppresses, for example, the mention of territory inhabited by Armenians, thus not only falsifying history, but also not respecting Bakikhanov’s dictum that a historian should write without prejudice, whether religious, ethnic, political or otherwise. <…> Guilistam-i Iram translated with commentary by Ziya M. Bunyatov (Baku. 1991), p.11, where the translator has deleted the words `and Armenia` from the text, which shows, as indicated in the introduction, that his translation should be used with circumspection, because this is not the only example of omissions from Bakikhanov’s text."
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33. Onno Tunç anıtını yıktık çünkü..., Sabah, 2012
34. http://emlak.kanald.com.tr/t/panjin_parki/Onno_Tunc_anitina_Selimiye_halki_el_surdurmuyor/21315.aspx
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50. Olson, James Stuart (1994). An ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires (1. publ. ed.). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 73. ISBN 9780313274978. For months, the APF remained a groups of intellectuals with neither official status nor a mass following. Its singular appeal centered on anti-Armenianism, a problem that became more acute after the fall of 1989 when some 200,000 Azerbaijani refugees arrived from Armenian and the NKAO. Since Azerbaijanis were not particularly interested in political reform and since these refugees tended to be very activist and vocal, emphasizing anti-Armenianism became the quickest way to blind some semblance of mass appeal. The Azerbaijanis government's unwillingness to adopt the APF's anti-Armenian agenda resulted in a series of strikes, including a transportation strike aimed at blocking the shipment of supplies to both Armenia and the NKAO.
51. Human Rights Watch (1995). Playing the "Communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights. New York. pp. 148–149. ISBN 9781564321527. By January 1990, Azerbaijan, especially its capital, Baku, were in turmoil. Large rallies by the Azerbaijani Popular Front, the main opposition group, crowded Baku's streets. The rhetoric of these gatherings was heavily anti-Armenian. On January 13, 1990, a second set of anti-Armenian pogroms convulsed the city, taking forty-eight lives.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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66. Патриарх Илия II потребовал от грузинского священнослужителя прекратить самовольные работы у армянского храма "Святой Норашен"
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72. ^ Georgia sacks theatre legend for 'xenophobia', AFP, August 2011
73. Роберт Стуруа: Саакашвили — армянин, Росбалт, 08/08/2011
74. ^ LA Observed: Armenian genocide dispute erupts at LAT
75. Genocide Controversy Leads L.A. Times Managing Editor To Resign
76. Armenian Community Condemns Anti-Armenian Attacks During California Democratic Primary Election
77. Shocking video of Turks 'Celebrating' the Armenian Genocide by Singing and Dancing
78. "Estonia: Information on the situation of ethnic Armenians, on whether they have any ethnically based problems, and on whether protection is accessible and available". UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
79. "Nilufer Bakhtiyar: "For Azerbaijan Pakistan does not recognize Armenia as a country"". Today.az. 13 September 2006. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
80. CBOS,Stosunek Polaków do innych narodów, BS/12/2010, p. 3
81. Vosganian îl acuză pe Băsescu de „genocid moral” – Gandul
82. Horowitz, Donald L. (2002). The Deadly Ethnic Riot. University of California Press. p. 74. ISBN 0-520-23642-4. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
83. Takeyh, Ray (2004). The Receding Shadow of the Prophet. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-97629-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
84. Allworth, Edward (1994). Central Asia, 130 Years of Russian Dominance. Duke University Press. pp. 586–587. ISBN 0-8223-1521-1. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
85. Про Сергея и Самвела
86. Межнациональные столкновения в Марганце
87. Wendy Grossman, Net.Wars, NYU Press, 1997, chapter 11 (a), (b)
88. Weems Interview, Tall Armenian Tale.
89. 98-801
90. Arkansas Legal Ethics, Cornell University Law School
91. Stanley, Alessandra (2006-04-17). "A PBS Documentary Makes Its Case for the Armenian Genocide, With or Without a Debate". New York Times. Retrieved 2006-09-02.
92. For more on Mamedova's statements, see her interviews with British journalist Thomas de Waal in his Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War. New York: New York University Press, 2003, pp. 153-155.
93. "European Parliament resolution on cultural heritage in Azerbaijan". Retrieved 2010-05-05.
94. Фарида Мамедова: «Разрушив захоронение «Агадеде», армяне в очередной раз пытаются посягнуть на историю Азербайджана», Day. Az daily, January 06, 2006 (in Russian)

Further reading

• Hilmar Kaiser: Imperialism, Racism, and Development Theories. The Construction of a Dominant Paradigm on Ottoman Armenians, Gomidas Institute, Ann Arbor (MI) 1997

Template:Anti-cultural sentiment

• Anti-Armenianism
• Discrimination