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Tiger / Tigre
Eurocopter Tiger
Role	Attack helicopterType of aircraft
Manufacturer	Eurocopter
First flight	27 April 1991
Introduction	2003
Status	In service
Primary users	French Army Australian Army German Army Spanish Army
Produced	1991-present

The Eurocopter Tiger is a four-bladed, twin-engined attack helicopter which first entered service in 2003. It is manufactured by Eurocopter, the successor company to Aérospatiale's and Daimler-Benz Aerospace AG's respective helicopter devisions, who designate it as the EC 665. In Germany it is known as the Tiger; in France and Spain it is called the Tigre. As of 2013, Tigers have been used in combat in Afghanistan, Libya, and Mali.

Development

Origins

In 1984, the French and West German governments issued a requirement for an advanced multi-role battlefield helicopter. A joint venture consisting of Aérospatiale and MBB was subsequently chosen as the preferred supplier. In 1986, the development programme was effectively cancelled due to spiralling costs; it had been officially calculated that supplying the German forces with an equivilent number of US-produced McDonnell Douglas AH-64 Apache attack helicopters would have been a considerably cheaper alternative to proceeding with development of the Tiger. According to statements by the French Defence Minister André Giraud in April 1986, the collaborative effort had become more expensive than an individual national programme and was forecast to take longer to complete as well. In July 1986, a governmeny report into the project alledged that the development had become distanced to the requirements and preferences of the military customers the Tiger was being developed for.

Both France and Germany reorganised the programme, including steps such the adoption of fixed term contracts which placed greater financial risk upon the private firms involved, Thomson CSF also took over the majority of the Tiger's electronic development work, such as the visual systems and sensors. Despite the early development problems and the political uncertainty between 1984 and 1986, the program was formally relaunched in November 1987; it was at this point that a greater emphasis on the attack helicopter's anti tank capabilities came about. Much of the project's organisational framework was rapidly redeveloped between 1987 and 1989; such as the installation of a Franco-German Helicopter Office to act as a program executive agency in May 1989.

In November 1989, Eurocopter signed an agreement that financially secured the majority of the helicopter's development through to serial production, including arrangements for two assembly lines to be built at Aerospatiale's Marignane plane and MBB's Donauworth facility. This same arrangment also included the manufacture of a total of five Tiger prototypes. Three were to operate as unarmed testbeds and the other two as armed combat prototypes, one for the French escort helicopter variant and the other for the German anti-tank variant. The first prototype first flew on 27 April 1991, flying for a total of 30 minutes.

Due to the end of the Cold War and subsiquent defence budgets decreases in the 1990s, financial pressures led to further questions regarding the necessity for the entire program; in 1992 there was speculation that the German Defence Ministry may not continue with the project due to the requirement to make fiscal cutbacks. However, Germany was also increasingly keen for the Tiger to perform a wider assortment of missions; beyond being an excellent anti tank platform, the specifications of the German platform was modified to include armed battlefield reconnaissance, close air support duties in support of friendly ground troops, and the escorting of other helicopters.

In 1992, Aérospatiale and MBB, among other companies, merged together in 1992 to form the Eurocopter Group; this led to considerable consolidation of the aerospace industry and the Tiger project itself. A major agreement was strick in December 1996 between France and Germany that cemented the Tiger's prospects and committed the development of supporting elements, such as a series of new generation missile designs for use by the new combat helicopter. National political issues continued to affect the prospects of the Tiger however; a proposed sale of up to 145 Tigers to Turkey proved a source of controversy, while the Tiger was selected by Turkey as the preferred option, conflicting attitudes between Eurocopter, France, and Germany in regards to military exports led to Turkey withdrawing its interest in the Tiger.

On 18 June 1999, both Germany and France publically placed orders for an initial batch of 160 Tiger helicopters, 80 for each nation, valued at €3.3 billion. On 22 March 2002, the first production Tiger was rolled out in a large ceremony held at Eurocopter's Donauworth factory; although production models began initial acceptance trials in 2003, the first official delivery to the French Army took place on 18 March 2005, the first official Tiger delivery to the Germany followed on 6 April 2005.

Exports

During the 1990s, export prospects for the Tiger had been invigorated by two large bids for orders from Britain and the Netherlands. Discreet talks between Britain and France regarding an association with the Tiger had been continuing since the late 1980s and, although Britain has initially dismissed industrial participation in the project, it was known by the mid 1990s that Britain was prepared to purchase modern attack helicopters from abroad. Eurocopter's management were keen to press production of the Tiger into action as soon as possible, as uncertainty over the date at which production, and therefore availability, would start was viewed as negatively impacting potential export deals. In both the Netherlands and Britain, a considerable amount of lobbying pressure was applied in the hopes of the Tiger's selection. However, ultimately neither country would order the Tiger to meet their requirements.

On 21 December 2001, Eurocopter was awarded the contract to meet the Australian Army's "AIR 87 requirement" for 22 Tiger helicopters of the ARH (Armed Reconnaissance Helicopter) version. Modifications from the standard Tiger included new communications and avionics systems, as well as compatibility with Australian safety requirements. Per the contract's terms, 18 of the 22 aircraft were assembled at Australian Aerospace's Brisbane facility, a subsidiary of Eurocopter. On 1 July 2007, because of delays in attaining operational capability, Australia's Defence Materiel Organisation stopped all payments in regards to the procurement. According to Australia's Department of Defense, by 2008 the main issues had been addressed and payments resumed accordingly. In October 2010, it was revealed that the helicopters will not be fully operational for another two years.

In September 2003, Spain selected a variant of the Tiger HAP combat support helicopter – the Tiger HAD – for its army. The 24 helicopters of this type would be armed with the PARS 3 LR and Mistral missile systems, and feature uprated Enhanced MTR390 engines capable of lifting heavier payloads. Deliveries of the HAD variant began in 2007. The September 2003 arrangments not only involved a procurement deal but the induction of Spain into the Tiger program itself, leading to the greater intergration of parts of Spain's aeronautics industry with the new multinational Eurocopter organisation. Shortly following Spain's order, France chose to not proceed with the pure anti-tank Tiger HAC varaint, instead electing to procure the multirole-orientated Tiger HAD being procured by Spain.

In July 2006, the Saudi government signed a €6.9 billion deal which would have seen the purchasing of a total of 142 helicopters, including 12 Tiger attack helicopters. However, in late 2007, the deal was cancelled for unknown reasons.

Although it was originally reported that the Tiger would be competing with Kamov Ka-50, and Mil Mi-28 for the order of 22 attack helicopters by Indian Air Force, the Tiger was later withdrawn from the competition. In late-2009 it was revealed that the Tiger was undergoing upgrades and as such was not able to participate in the Indian field trials.

As of 2012, the Tiger is competing for a ₩1.8 trillion contract to provide attack helicopters for South Korea, along with the Boeing AH-64 Apache and the TAI/AgustaWestland T-129; a requirement has been issued for up to 20 aircraft.

Design

The body of the Tiger is made from 80% carbon fibre reinforced polymer and kevlar, 11% aluminium, and 6% titanium. The rotors are made from fiber-plastic able to withstand combat damage and bird strikes. Protection against lightning and electromagnetic pulse is ensured by embedded copper/bronze grid and copper bonding foil.

While the Tiger has a conventional helicopter gunship configuration of the two crew sitting in tandem, it is somewhat unusual in that the pilot is in the front seat and the gunner is in the back, unlike all other current attack helicopters. The seats are offset to opposite sides of the centerline to improve the view forward for the gunner in the back.

Crews coming to the Tiger from other platforms require additional training because the additional capabilities bring a higher workload.

Protection

The Tiger's armour can withstand 23 mm (0.91 in) autocannon fire. The helicopter includes the AN/AAR-60 MILDS System developed by EADS DE. It includes radar warning, laser warning, and a missile launch/approach detector systems and is connected to a central processing unit from Thales and a SAPHIR-M chaff/flare dispenser from MBDA. The Tiger's visual, radar, infrared, sound signatures have been minimised.

Navigation/communications

The navigation system contains two Thales Avionique three-axis ring laser gyro units, two magnetometers, two air data computers, BAE Systems Canada CMA 2012 four-beam Doppler radar, radio altimeter, global positioning system, and a suite of low air speed sensors and sensors for terrain-following.

Datalinks systems are Link 4A, Thales Proprietary PR4G, and STANAG 5066. Its radios are HF, MF, VHF, UHF, military SATCOM, and GPS receiver.

Engines

The Tiger is powered by two MTU Turbomeca Rolls-Royce MTR390 turboshaft engines.

Cost

The system cost (helicopter, armament, support) depends on number and version:

• Tiger HAP US$35–39 million
• Tiger ARH A$68 million (unit price)
• Tiger UHT US$38–43 million
• Tiger HAD US$44–48 million

Spain's order of 24 HAD was originally budgeted at €1,274M; by 2010 the cost had increased to €1,580M (€65.8m/~US$85M per aircraft).

Helmet-Mounted Sight Display

• French helicopters are equipped with TopOwl helmet-mounted sight for both pilot/co-pilot and one HUD for the pilot from Thales Avionics.
• German crew is equipped with HMSD from BAE systems.
• Australian Tigers crew use the TopOwl HMSD from Thales Avionics.

Operational history

In December 2008, final qualification of the HAP and UHT variants of the Tiger was completed, marking the platform's readiness for operational duties overseas. By November 2009, nearly 50 Tigers had been delivered to customers and the worldwide fleet had accumulated more than 13,000 flight hours.

In July 2009, three French Tiger HAP helicopters of the 5th Helicopter Regiment arrived at Kabul International Airport in Afghanistan, marking the first active deployment of the Tiger into an active combat zone. The helicopters performed armed reconnaissance and fire support missions, acting in support of coalition ground troops fighting a Taliban insurgency. The Tigers had their operational certification in Afghanistan in early August 2009; one French officer described the Tiger's role in the theatre as "find, attack, suprress, seize, raid, and support". By July 2010, it was reported that the Tiger detachment had totalled 1,000 operational hours in Afghanistan. On 4 February 2011, a French Tiger crashed during a nighttime operation about 30 miles east of Kabul, both crew members suffered light injuries.

In August 2009, the German magazine Der Spiegel reported that the ten operational Tiger aircraft in the German Army were only suitable for pilot training, while others have not been accepted due to defects. In May 2010, Germany suspended deliveries of its Tigers over "serious defects particularly with wiring"; in response to the issue Eurocopter stated that "Corrective measures related to wiring problems have been developed, agreed by the customer and are being implemented", and that two corrected helicopters would soon be handed over to the German military.

During the 2011 military intervention in Libya, France deployed the French ship Tonnerre amphibious assault helicopter carrier, carrying a number of Tiger attack helicopters aboard, to the Libyan coast conduct military operations upon military targets within Libya. On 4 June 2011, French Tigers, alongside British Army Apache helicopters, began combat operations in Libya.

During December 2012, a total of four German UHT Tigers were deployed to Afghanistan. The UHTs are operating from Mazar-i-Sharif Air Base inside Afghanistan; all Tiger helicopters deployed to the zone underwent an upgrade and reconfiguration programme to suit the theatre, these changes included the addition of new defensive systems and sand filters, as well as alterations to the on-board communications suite.

Variants

Tiger HAP

The Tiger HAP/HCP (Hélicoptère d'Appui Protection, French for "Support and Escort Helicopter" / Hélicoptère de Combat Polyvalent French for "Multipurpose Combat Helicopter") is a medium-weight air-to-air combat and fire support helicopter built for the French Army.

It is fitted with a chin-mounted 30 mm gun turret and can carry 68 mm SNEB unguided rockets or 20 mm machine cannons for the fire support role as well as Mistral air-to-air missiles.

UH Tiger

The UHT (from Unterstützungshubschrauber Tiger German for Support Helicopter Tiger) is a medium-weight multi-role fire support helicopter built for the Bundeswehr (German Armed Forces).

The UHT can carry PARS 3 LR "fire and forget" and/or HOT3 anti-tank missiles as well as 70 mm (2.8 in) Hydra 70 air-to-ground fire support rockets. Four AIM-92 Stinger missiles (2 on each side) are mounted for air-to-air combat. Unlike the HAP/HCP version it has no integrated gun turret, but a 12.7 mm (0.50 in) gunpod can be fitted if needed. The German Army decided against the French 30 mm (1.2 in) GIAT cannon that is used on other Tiger versions because it was dissatisfied with the heavy recoil of this weapon. The upgrade of the UHT with the Rheinmetall RMK30, a 30 mm recoilless autocannon, is not yet clarified due to the budget.

Another noticeable difference with the HAP version is the use of a mast-mounted sight, which has second-generation infrared and CCD TV cameras (range 18 km). Countermeasures include radar/laser/missile launch/missile approach warning receivers and decoy launchers.

Tiger ARH

The Tiger ARH (Armed Reconnaissance Helicopter) is the version ordered by the Australian Army to replace its OH-58 Kiowas and UH-1 Iroquois-based 'Bushranger' gunships. The Tiger ARH is a modified and upgraded version of the Tiger HAP with upgraded MTR390 engines as well as a laser designator incorporated in the Strix sight for the firing of Hellfire II air-to-ground missiles. Instead of SNEB unguided rockets, the ARH will use 70 mm (2.75 in) rockets from Belgian developer, Forges de Zeebruges (FZ). 22 of the variant were ordered in December 2001. Most of the helicopters will be operated by the 1st Aviation Regiment based at Robertson Barracks in Darwin.

The first two ARH helicopters were delivered to Australia on 15 December 2004. ARH deliveries were to be completed by June 2010. Full operating capability was planned for December 2011.

Tiger HAD

The Tiger HAD (Hélicoptère d'Appui Destruction, in French or Helicoptero de Apoyo y Destrucción in Spanish for "Support and Attack Helicopter") version is essentially identical to the HAP version, but with 14% more engine power available due to the upgraded Enhanced MTR390 engines (1,000 kW / 1,341 shp) and a better ballistic protection, as a result of the specific requests made by the Spanish Army. It can also be equipped with the PARS 3 LR anti-tank missiles that were originally developed for the German UHT version, the Hellfire II and is equipped with Spike ER for Spanish Army.

The helicopter is suited for a support and fire suppression role. It was selected by the Spanish Army and the French Army Light Aviation (ALAT) decided to upgrade most of their HAP helicopters to the HAD variant. In December 2004, Spain ordered 24 of the HAD variant and France ordered 40 HADs. This ends production of the HAP variant.

Operators

 Australia

• Australian Army - 22 of the ARH variant in service in 2013.
  • 1st Aviation Regiment

 France

• French Army - 34 HAPs in service in 2013.

 Germany

• German Army - 21 UHTs in use in 2013.

 Spain

• Spanish Army - 6 HADs in service in 2013.

Specifications (Tiger HAP)

Data from Wilson

General characteristics

• Crew: Two: pilot and weapon systems officerInternal fuel capacity: 1,080 kg (2,380 lb)

Performance Armament

• Guns:
  
  • 1× 30 mm (1.18 in) GIAT 30 cannon in chin turret, with up to 450 rounds.

On each of its two inner hardpoints and two outer hardpoints the Eurocopter Tiger can carry a combination of the following weapons:

• Inner hardpoints:
  • 1x 20 mm (0.787 in) autocannon pods, or
  • 22x 68 mm (2.68 in) SNEB unguided rockets in a pod, or
  • 19x 70 mm (2.75 in) Hydra 70 unguided rockets in a pod or
  • 4x AGM-114 Hellfire missiles (Australia/France) or
  • 4x Spike-ER missiles (Spain) or
  • 4x PARS 3 LR missiles (Germany) or
  • 4x HOT3 missiles (Germany)
• Outer hardpoints:
  • 2x Mistral air-to-air missiles, or
  • 12x 68 mm (2.68 in) SNEB unguided rockets in a pod or
  • 7x 70 mm (2.75 in) Hydra 70 unguided rockets in a pod

Notable appearances in media

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

• Agusta A129 Mangusta
• Bell AH-1 SuperCobra
• Boeing AH-64 Apache
• CAIC WZ-10
• Denel AH-2 Rooivalk
• Kamov Ka-50
• Mil Mi-28
• TAI/AgustaWestland T-129
• Harbin WZ-19
• HAL Light Combat Helicopter

References

Citations

1. ^ Krotz 2001, p. 130.
2. Krotz 2011, p. 131.
3. Krotz 2011, p. 133.
4. ^ Krotz 2011, p. 134.
5. Krotz 2011, pp. 132, 136.
6. Krotz 2011, pp. 134, 136.
7. Krotz 2011, pp. 133-135.
8. Krotz 2011, p. 147.
9. Krotz 2011, pp. 149, 151.
10. Krotz 2011, pp. 132, 149.
11. ^ Krotz 2011, p. 154.
12. Krotz 2011, p. 132.
13. Krotz 2011, p. 138.
14. Krotz 2011, pp. 138-139.
15. Krotz 2011, pp. 139-140.
16. Krotz 2011, p. 151.
17. Krotz 2011, pp. 151-152.
18. "Australia Stops Payment On Tiger Armed Reconnaissance Helicopter". Defense Daily International. 6 July 2007.
19. "Progress on Project AIR 87 – Tiger Armed Reconnaissance Helicopters". Australian Department of Defense. Retrieved: 18 October 2009.
20. Oakes, Dan (12 October 2010). "Afghanistan war – Tiger helicopters not ready to fly: Defence". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
21. Krotz 2011, pp. 152-153.
22. "Eurocopter Tiger". Helis.com. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
23. ^ Krotz 2011, p. 152.
24. "The 2006 Saudi Shopping Spree: More Helicopters from Eurocopter". Defense Industry Daily. 25 July 2006.
25. "Saudis may go Russian as France Loses Out". Defense Industry Daily. 25 August 2009.
26. India to Buy 22 Attack Helos for $550M
27. Govindasamy, Siva. "Bell, Boeing quit Indian attack helicopter contest". Flight International, 10 October 2008.
28. Tiger not participating in India's contest, Boeing to offer Apache. Asian Defence, 23 October 2009, accessed 12 May 2010.
29. Republic of Korea Marine Corps - systems directory. Republic of Korea Marine Corps, 29 March 2009, accessed 18 November 2012
30. AFP: S. Korea says three bidding for $6.9bn fighter deal. Google News, 18 June 2012, accessed 18 November 2012
31. Jackson 2003, p. 240.
32. Training On Tiger. Aviation Today, 1 June 2008.
33. Edwards, M. R. (2002). "Materials for military helicopters". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering. 216 (2): 77–88. doi:10.1243/095441002760179780.
34. "2010–2011 Major Projects Report" (PDF). ANAO Report No.20 2011–12. Australian National Audit Office. 2011. p. 274. Retrieved 1 October 2012. Base Date $m ... Total budget $1,493
35. Ministerio de Defensa (September 2011). "Evaluación de los Programas Especiales de Armamento (PEAs)" (PDF) (in Spanish). Madrid: Grupo Atenea. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
36. "The new generation Tiger combat helicopter performs flight demonstrations at the Dubai Air Show". AMI Info, 15 November 2009.
37. Hoyle, Craig. "ILA: Eurocopter defends performance of Tiger attack helicopter". Flightglobal.com, 8 June 2010. Retrieved: 8 June 2010.
38. "Afghanistan: Arrival of Three Tiger Helicopters in Kabul". defense-aerospace.com. 26 July 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
39. "Tigre en Afghanistan". French Ministry of Defense. 6 August 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
40. "Eurocopter Tiger completes 1,000 hours in Afghanistan ops". Helihub.com, 30 July 2010. Retrieved: 4 August 2010.
41. "NATO-led ISAF Helicopter Crashed". Pajhwok Afghan News. 5 February 2011.
42. "French Tiger Helo Crashes in Afghanistan; Crew OK". Defense News. 10 February 2011.
43. "Germany Military Frustrated with EADS". Business Week. 6 August 2009.
44. Wilson, Amy (26 May 2010). "Germany suspends purchase of EADS military helicopters over wiring faults". The Telegraph. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
45. Norton-Taylor, Richard (23 May 2011). "Apache helicopters to be sent into Libya by Britain". The Guardian. London.
46. "UK Apaches Deployed In Libya In 24 Hours". Sky News. 27 May 2011.
47. "Fearful Gaddafi 'hides in hospital'". The Independent. 27 May 2011.
48. Deutsches Heer: Aufklärung und Unterstützung aus der Luft: Die Tiger sind am Hindukusch, Leipzig. Luftwaffe 14 December 2012.
49. Hoyle, Craig. "PICTURES: German army Tigers arrive in Afghanistan." Flight International, 3 January 2013.
50. Eurocopter Studies HCP, Armada International Website, viewed on 15 October 2009
51. EADS press release, 2002 example for official use and meaning of the HCP acronym and its translation – retrieved 16 October 2009
52. ^ "AIR 87 – Armed Reconnaissance Helicopter". Defence Materiel Organisation. September 2008. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
53. France & Spain Order New Eurocopter Tiger HAD Variant (updated)
54. "France Selects Hellfire II Missile to Equip HAD Tiger Helicopter , Defense & Security News at DefenseTalk". Defencetalk.com. 20 June 2007. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
55. "Eurocopter Fires Spike Missile From HAD Tiger". Spacewar.com. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
56. "Tiger HAD Enters Firing Campaign Using the Spike Missile". Deagel.com. 12 September 2008. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
57. "Launch of the new HAD version of the Tiger for Spain and France with the signing of the first contracts". Eurocopter.com. 8 December 2004. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
58. ^ "World Air Forces 2013" (PDF). Flightglobal Insight. 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
59. Wilson, Stewart. Combat Aircraft since 1945. Fyshwick, Australia: Aerospace Publications, 2000. p. 58. ISBN 1-875671-50-1.

Bibliography

• Eden, Paul, ed. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. London, UK: Amber Books. ISBN 1-904687-84-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Jackson, Paul (2003). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 0-7106-2537-5.
• Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". Flight International (13–19 December 2011): pp. 26–52. ISSN 0015-3710. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
• Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". Flight International (11–17 December 2012): pp. 40–64. ISSN 0015-5370. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Check |issn= value (help)
• Krotz, Ulrich (2011). Flying Tiger: International Relations Theory and the Politics of Advanced Weapons. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-1997-5993-6.

External links

• Tiger HAP at Eurocopter.com
• Tiger UHT at Eurocopter.com
• Tiger UHT at Deutschesheer.de (German Army's website)
• Tigre at the 2007 Paris Airshow
• Project information on the EC665 Tiger helicopter

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Military helicopters	AS532 Cougar (H215M) AS550/AS555 Fennec (H125M) AS565 Panther EC635 (H135M) EC645 (H145M) EC665 Tiger EC725 (H225M) HH/MH-65 Dolphin NH90 UH-72 Lakota
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