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'''Muon-catalyzed fusion''' is a process that allows fusion at room temperature. Although it does allow for fusion, it does not currently provide anywhere close to ] energy. It is sometimes known as ] although this term is no longer often used as it can create confusion with other scientifically unestablished forms of room temperature fusion. '''Muon-catalyzed fusion''' is a process that allows fusion at room temperature. Although it can be produced reliably with the right equipment and has been much studied, it does not currently provide anywhere close to ] energy. It is sometimes known as ]; this term, however, is no longer often used, as it can create confusion with other scientifically unestablished forms of room-temperature fusion.


In muon-catalyzed fusion, ] and ] nuclei form atoms with ]s, which are essentially heavy electrons. The muons orbit very close to the nuclei, shielding the positive charge of the nuclei so the nuclei can move close enough to fuse. In muon-catalyzed fusion, ] and ] nuclei form atoms with ]s, which are essentially heavy electrons. The muons orbit very close to the nuclei, shielding the positive charge of the nuclei so the nuclei can move close enough to fuse.


] and F. C. Frank predicted the effect on theoretical grounds before ].
⚫ The main problem with muon-catalyzed fusion is that muons are unstable, and hence, there needs to be some cheap means of producing muons, and the muons so produced must be arranged to catalyze as many reactions as possible before decaying. As J.D. Jackson recognized in his seminal 1957 paper, "Catalysis of Nuclear Reactions between Hydrogen Isotopes by <math>mu-</math> Mesons," ''Physical Review'', Vol. 106, No. 2, April 15, 1957, the real problem with muon-catalyzed fusion is that there is a non-vanishing probability (about 1%, actually) that the muon would "stick" to the <math>alpha</math> particle (a Helium-4 nucleus) that results from the ] and ] fusion, removing the muon from the catalysis process. Even if the muon were absolutely stable, it could only catalyze about 100 fusions before sticking, about a factor of 5 too few to provide ] energy.

⚫ The practical problem with muon-catalyzed fusion is that muons are unstable (decaying in two microseconds); hence, there needs to be some cheap means of producing muons, and the muons so produced must be arranged to catalyze as many reactions as possible before decaying. As J.D. Jackson recognized in his seminal 1957 paper, "Catalysis of Nuclear Reactions between Hydrogen Isotopes by <math>mu-</math> Mesons," ''Physical Review'', Vol. 106, No. 2, April 15, 1957, the real problem with muon-catalyzed fusion is that there is a non-vanishing probability (about 1%, actually) that the muon would "stick" to the <math>alpha</math> particle (a Helium-4 nucleus) that results from the ] and ] fusion, removing the muon from the catalysis process. Even if the muon were absolutely stable, it could only catalyze about 100 fusions before sticking, about a factor of 5 too few to provide ] energy.

==References==

*Rafelski, Johann and Steven E. Jones (1987). "Cold Nuclear Fusion". ''Scientific American'', v. 257 #1, pp. 84&ndash;89.


==See also== ==See also==

Revision as of 05:53, 28 June 2004

Muon-catalyzed fusion is a process that allows fusion at room temperature. Although it can be produced reliably with the right equipment and has been much studied, it does not currently provide anywhere close to breakeven energy. It is sometimes known as cold fusion; this term, however, is no longer often used, as it can create confusion with other scientifically unestablished forms of room-temperature fusion.

In muon-catalyzed fusion, deuterium and tritium nuclei form atoms with muons, which are essentially heavy electrons. The muons orbit very close to the nuclei, shielding the positive charge of the nuclei so the nuclei can move close enough to fuse.

Andrei Sakharov and F. C. Frank predicted the effect on theoretical grounds before 1950.

The practical problem with muon-catalyzed fusion is that muons are unstable (decaying in two microseconds); hence, there needs to be some cheap means of producing muons, and the muons so produced must be arranged to catalyze as many reactions as possible before decaying. As J.D. Jackson recognized in his seminal 1957 paper, "Catalysis of Nuclear Reactions between Hydrogen Isotopes by m u − {\displaystyle mu-} Mesons," Physical Review, Vol. 106, No. 2, April 15, 1957, the real problem with muon-catalyzed fusion is that there is a non-vanishing probability (about 1%, actually) that the muon would "stick" to the a l p h a {\displaystyle alpha} particle (a Helium-4 nucleus) that results from the deuterium and tritium fusion, removing the muon from the catalysis process. Even if the muon were absolutely stable, it could only catalyze about 100 fusions before sticking, about a factor of 5 too few to provide breakeven energy.

References

  • Rafelski, Johann and Steven E. Jones (1987). "Cold Nuclear Fusion". Scientific American, v. 257 #1, pp. 84–89.

See also

nuclear fusion, Antimatter catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion