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Mohammed Morsi محمد مرسى
5th President of Egypt
Incumbent
Assumed office 30 June 2012
Prime Minister	Kamal Ganzouri Hesham Qandil
Vice President	Mahmoud Mekki (16 August 2012 – 22 December 2012)
Preceded by	Hosni Mubarak*
Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement
In office 30 June 2012 – 2 August 2012
Preceded by	Mohamed Hussein Tantawi (Acting)
Chairman of the Freedom and Justice Party
In office 30 April 2011 – 24 June 2012
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Saad El-Katatni
Member of the People's Assembly of Egypt
In office 1 December 2000 – 12 December 2005
Preceded by	Numan Gumaa
Succeeded by	Mahmoud Abaza
Personal details
Born	Mohammed Morsi (1951-08-20) 20 August 1951 (age 73) Sharqia, Egypt
Political party	Freedom and Justice Party
Other political affiliations	Muslim Brotherhood
Spouse	Naglaa Mahmoud (1979–present)
Children	5
Alma mater	Cairo University University of Southern California
Profession	Academic (Engineering)
Signature
Office vacant from 11 February 2011 to 30 June 2012.

Mohamed Morsi (Template:Lang-ar, ALA-LC: Muḥammad Muḥammad Mursī ‘Īsá al-‘Ayyāṭ, Template:IPA-arz; born 20 August 1951) is the fifth and current President of Egypt, having assumed office on 30 June 2012.

Educated in Egyptian public schools and universities, he was granted a scholarship from the Egyptian Government to prepare for a PhD degree in the United States, Morsi was a Member of Parliament in the People's Assembly of Egypt from 2000 to 2005, and a leading member in the Muslim Brotherhood. He became Chairman of the Freedom and Justice Party (FJP) when it was founded by the Muslim Brotherhood in the wake of the 2011 Egyptian revolution. He stood as the FJP's candidate for the May–June 2012 presidential election.

On 24 June 2012, the election commission announced that Morsi won Egypt's presidential runoff against Ahmed Shafik, the last prime minister under deposed leader Hosni Mubarak. According to official results, Morsi took 51.7 percent of the vote while Shafik received 48.3%. As he had promised during his campaign, Morsi resigned from his position as the head of the FJP after his victory was announced.

After Morsi granted himself unlimited powers to “protect” the nation in late November 2012, and the power to legislate without judicial oversight or review of his acts, hundreds of thousands of protesters began demonstrating against him in the 2012 Egyptian protests. On 8 December 2012, Morsi annulled his decree which had expanded his presidential authority and removed judicial review of his decrees, an Islamist official said, but added that the effects of that declaration would stand. George Isaac of the Constitution Party said that Morsi’s declaration did not offer anything new, the National Salvation Front rejected it as an attempt to save face, and the 6 April Movement and Gamal Fahmi of the Egyptian Journalists Syndicate said the new declaration failed to address the “fundamental” problem of the nature of the assembly that was tasked with drafting the constitution.

Early life and education

Morsi was born in the Sharqia Governorate, in northern Egypt, of modest provincial origin, in the village of El-Adwah, north of Cairo. He is the eldest of five brothers, and told journalists that he remembers being taken to school on the back of a donkey. He earned a bachelor's and master's degree in engineering from Cairo University in 1975 and 1978, respectively. He then earned his Ph.D. in materials science from the University of Southern California in the U.S. in 1982. He titled his dissertation "High-Temperature Electrical Conductivity and Defect Structure of Donor-Doped Al₂O₃." He was an Assistant Professor at California State University, Northridge, from 1982 to 1985. In 1985, he returned to Egypt and began to serve as the head of the engineering department at Zagazig University, where he was a professor until 2010.

Political career

Morsi was first elected to parliament in 2000. He served as a Member of Parliament from 2000 to 2005 as an independent candidate because the Brotherhood was technically barred from running candidates for office under Mubarak. He was a member of the Guidance Office of the Muslim Brotherhood until the founding of the Freedom and Justice Party in 2011, at which point he was elected by the MB's Guidance Office to be the first president of the new party. While serving in this capacity in 2010, Morsi stated that "The two-state solution is nothing but a delusion concocted by the brutal usurper of the Palestinian lands."

Morsi made several disputed comments about the September 11 attacks that have drawn occasional criticism from the least pro-Egyptian disruption media in the United States, including stating that it is "insulting" to suggest that damage from aircraft collision brought down the World Trade Center, that no evidence has been presented that could identify the Al-Qaeda terrorists who were recorded on video as they boarded the planes they would fly into the World Trade Center towers, and that in order to address questions surrounding the events a "huge scientific conference" should be held to determine the real culprits.

2012 Egyptian presidential campaign

After Khairat El-Shater was disqualified from the 2012 presidential election, Morsi, who was initially nominated as a backup candidate, emerged as the new Muslim Brotherhood candidate. His campaign was supported by well-known Egyptian cleric Safwat Hegazi at a rally in El-Mahalla El-Kubra, the epicentre of the Egyptian worker protests.

Following the first round of Egypt's first post-Mubarak presidential elections where exit polls suggested a 25.5% share of the vote for Morsi, he was officially announced as the president on 24 June 2012 following a subsequent run-off vote. Morsi supporters in Cairo's Tahrir Square celebrated, and angry outbursts occurred within the Egypt Election Authorities press conference as the result was announced. He came in slightly ahead of former Mubarak-era prime minister Ahmed Shafik and has been noted for the Islamist character of his campaign events. Since the initial round of voting on 23 May and 24 May 2012, Morsi has attempted to appeal to political liberals and minorities while portraying his rival Ahmed Shafik as a holdover from the Mubarak-era of secular moderation.

On 30 May 2012, Morsi filed a lawsuit against Egyptian television presenter Tawfiq Okasha, accusing him of "intentional falsehoods and accusations that amount to defamation and slander" of Morsi. According to online newspaper Egypt Independent, an English-language subsidiary of Egyptian daily Al-Masry Al-Youm, Okasha spent three hours on 27 May 2012 criticizing the Muslim Brotherhood and Morsi on air. After Okasha aired a video allegedly depicting Tunisian Islamist extremists executing a Christian whilst asking "how will such people govern?", some analysts suggested that this was in reference to Morsi's Muslim Brotherhood party. Tunisian government described such video as a fantasy in an angry statement.

On 24 June 2012, Morsi was announced as the winner of the election with 51.73% of the vote. Almost immediately afterward, he resigned from the presidency of the Freedom and Justice Party.

Presidency

Morsi was sworn in on 30 June 2012, as Egypt's first democratically elected president. He succeeded Hosni Mubarak, who left the office of the President of Egypt vacant after being forced to resign on 11 February 2011.

Domestic policy

According to Foreign Policy, the effect of a Morsi presidency on domestic policy is hazy, as Egypt's bureaucracy remains stocked with Mubarak loyalists and could block any changes that Morsi tries to push through. In a television interview with Yosri Fouda, he stated that his preference is an interim period with a mixed presidential-parliamentary system, which would pave the way for a system in which the legislature held complete sway. Morsi has convened Parliament on 10 July 2012; this may cause friction between him and the military officials who dissolved the legislature.

Morsi seeks to influence the drafting of a new constitution of Egypt. Morsi favors a constitution that protects civil rights, yet is enshrined in Islamic law.

In a speech to supporters in Cairo's Tahrir Square on 30 June 2012, Morsi briefly mentioned that he would work to free Omar Abdel-Rahman, convicted in the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center in New York City, along with the countless other Egyptians who were arrested during the revolution. A Brotherhood spokesperson later said that the extradition was for humanitarian reasons and that Morsi did not intend to overturn Abdel-Rahman's criminal convictions.

On 10 July 2012, Morsi reinstated the Islamist-dominated parliament that was disbanded by the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt on 14 June 2012. According to Egypt’s official news agency, Morsi ordered the immediate return of legislators elected in 2011, a majority of whom are members of Morsi’s Freedom and Justice Party and other Islamist groups. A Morsi spokesman announced that the president-elect would appoint a Christian and a woman as vice-presidents, but eventually appointed Mahmoud Mekki, a Muslim. On 22 December 2012, Mekki resigned.

After Kamal Ganzouri's resignation, Morsi tasked Hesham Qandil with forming the new government. On 2 August 2012, Qandil was sworn in as Prime Minister. Morsi also objected to a constitutional provision limiting presidential power.

On 12 August 2012, Morsi asked Mohamad Hussein Tantawi, head of the country's armed forces, and Sami Hafez Anan, the Army chief of staff, to resign. He also announced that the constitutional amendments passed by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) restricting the president's powers would be annulled. Morsi's spokesman, Yasser Ali, announced that both Tantawi and Anan would remain advisers to the president. Morsi named Abdul Fattah el-Sisi, currently serving as chief of military intelligence, as Egypt's new defense minister. The New York Times described the move as an "upheaval" and a "stunning purge", given the power that SCAF had taken after the fall of Mubarak. Al Jazeera described it as "escalating the power struggle" between the president and military. On 14 August 2012, Mohamed Salem, an Egyptian lawyer, filed a legal challenge over Morsi's removal of Tantawi and Anan, arguing that Morsi planned to bring back the totalitarian regime.

Morsi fired two more high-rank security officials on 16 August 2012: intelligence chief Murad Muwafithe and the commander of his presidential guards.

On 27 August 2012, Morsi named 21 advisers and aides that included three women and two Christians and a large number of Islamist-leaning figures. He also appointed new governors to the 27 regions of the country.

On 19 October 2012, Morsi traveled to Egypt's northwestern Matrouh in his first official visit to deliver a speech on Egyptian unity at el-Tenaim Mosque. Immediately prior to his speech he participated in prayers there where he openly mouthed "Amen" as cleric Futouh Abd Al-Nabi Mansour, the local head of religious endowment, declared, “Deal with the Jews and their supporters. Oh Allah, disperse them, rend them asunder. Oh Allah, demonstrate Your might and greatness upon them. Show us Your omnipotence, oh Lord.” The prayers were broadcast on Egyptian state television and translated by MEMRI. Originally MEMRI translated the broadcast as “Destroy the Jews and their supporters. Oh Allah, disperse them, rend them asunder,” but later revised their translation.

Morsi did not attend the enthronement of Coptic Pope Tawadros II on 18 November 2012 at Abbasiya Cathedral, though Prime Minister Hesham Qandil did attend.

November 2012 declaration

On 22 November 2012, Morsi issued a declaration purporting to protect the work of the Constituent Assembly drafting the new constitution from judicial interference. In effect, this declaration immunises his actions from any legal challenge. The decree states that it only applies until a new constitution is ratified. The declaration also requires a retrial of those accused in the Mubarak-era killings of protesters, who had been acquitted, and extends the mandate of the Constituent Assembly by two months. Additionally, the declaration authorizes Morsi to take any measures necessary to protect the revolution. Liberal and secular groups walked out of the constitutional Constituent Assembly because they believed that it would impose strict Islamic practices, while members of the Muslim Brotherhood supported Morsi.

The move was criticized by Mohamed ElBaradei who said Morsi had "usurped all state powers and appointed himself Egypt's new pharaoh." The move led to massive protests and violent action throughout Egypt, with protesters erecting tents in Tahrir Square, the site of the protests preceding the resignation of Hosni Mubarak. The protesters demanded a reversal of the declaration and the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly. Those gathered in the square called for a "huge protest" on 27 November. Clashes were reported between protesters and police. The declaration was also condemned by human rights groups such as Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and Freedom House. Egypt's highest body of judges decried the ruling as an "unprecedented assault on the independence of the judiciary and its rulings." Abdel Meguid Mahmoud, a prosecutor appointed by Hosni Mubarak, declared the decree "null and void." Morsi further emphasized his argument that the decree is temporary, and said he wanted dialog with the opposition. Morsi's statement failed to appease either the judges or citizenry dissatisfied with his decision and sparked days of protests in Tahrir Square.

Though the declarations's language had not been altered, Morsi agreed to limit the scope of the decree to "sovereign matters" following four days of opposition protests and the resignation of several senior advisers. Morsi's spokesman said an agreement, reached with top judicial authorities, would leave most of the president's actions subject to review by the courts, but preserve his power to protect the Constituent Assembly from being dissolved by the courts before it had finished its work. President Morsi also agreed there would be no further retrials of former officials under Hosni Mubarak, unless new evidence was presented.

On 1 December 2012, the Constitutent Assembly handed the draft constitution to Morsi, who announced that a constitutional referendum would be held on 15 December 2012.

On 4 December 2012, Morsi left his presidential palace after a number of protesters broke through police cordons around the palace, with some climbing atop an armored police vehicle and waving flags.

On 8 December 2012, Morsi annulled his decree which had expanded his presidential authority and removed judicial review of his decrees, an Islamist official said, but added that the effects of that declaration would stand. A constitutional referendum was still planned for 15 December. George Isaac of the Constitution Party said that Mursi’s declaration did not offer anything new, the National Salvation Front rejected it as an attempt save face, and the 6 April Movement and Gamal Fahmi of the Egyptian Journalists Syndicate said the new declaration failed to address the "fundamental" problem of the nature of the Assembly that was tasked with drafting the constitution.

Foreign policy

Arab world

His first official foreign visit was to Saudi Arabia on 11 July 2012. During this visit, Morsi stated that he intends to strengthen ties with the oil-rich monarchy, which also maintained close ties with the Mubarak government.

Morsi has seen strong support from Qatar which has maintained long-held ties with the Muslim Brotherhood, of which Morsi was a member until his election. Qatar has declared that it would provide Egypt with US$2 billion just as Morsi announced the reshuffle in the cabinet on 12 August 2012. Meanwhile investors from Qatar have pledged to invest 10 billion in Egyptian infrastructure.

China

Morsi visited China in August, 2012. He signed various cooperation agreements during his visit. Morsi is believed to be trying to attract Chinese investors and tourists, and diversifying Egypt's foreign policies currently focused on the US.

Israel and Palestine

In October 2012, Morsi wrote a friendly letter to Israeli President Shimon Peres. The letter largely followed standard diplomatic language. Morsi called Peres "a great and good friend" and went on to call for "maintaining and strengthening the cordial relations which so happily exist between our two countries." Morsi closed the letter by expressing "highest esteem and consideration." Gamal Muhammad Heshmat asserted that the letter was "fabricated" saying that "Zionist media have leaked baseless statements by Morsi in the past." However, Morsi spokesman Yasser Ali told Egyptian state-run newspaper Ahram that the letter was "100 percent correct." Previously, in July 2012, Morsi had refuted a fabricated letter.

Morsi said in his victory speech that he would honor all of Egypt's international treaties, which was thought to be a reference to Egypt's treaty with Israel.

On 14 November 2012, when Israel launched Operation Pillar of Defense in the Gaza Strip in response to Hamas rocket fire, Morsi's government condemned the operation and called for a halt to airstrikes. Morsi sent Prime Minister Hesham Qandil to Gaza to express solidarity with Gaza and Hamas, a stark contrast to Hosni Mubarak's treatment of Hamas as an enemy in the 2008–2009 Gaza War. Egypt, along with the United States mediated the ceasefire with Hamas and Israel.

Descendants of Apes and Pigs controversy

In January 2013, statements made by Morsi in 2010 gained wide attention in the Western media, following a report in Forbes magazine on 11 January that criticized big media outlets for having ignored it. In videos posted by MEMRI, Morsi had declared "The Zionists have no right to the land of Palestine. There is no place for them on the land of Palestine. What they took before 1947-8 constitutes plunder, and what they are doing now is a continuation of this plundering. By no means do we recognize their Green Line. The land of Palestine belongs to the Palestinians, not to the Zionists." In September 2010, calling the Israelis "blood-suckers", "warmongers" and "Descendants of apes and pigs", Morsi said "These futile negotiations are a waste of time and opportunities. The Zionists buy time and gain more opportunities, as the Palestinians, the Arabs, and the Muslims lose time and opportunities, and they get nothing out of it. We can see how this dream has dissipated. This dream has always been an illusion... This Authority was created by the Zionist and American enemies for the sole purpose of opposing the will of the Palestinian people and its interests." White House spokesman Jay Carney tried to downplay Morsi's remarks, saying that U.S. policy is focussed on actions, not words. Morsi later contended that his remarks were "taken out of context.", and his exchange with a delegation headed by John McCain was made public:

Morsi told the delegation he was committed to freedom of religion and belief, his spokesman said, adding: "his Excellency pointed out the need to distinguish between the Jewish religion, and those who belong to it, and violent actions against defenseless Palestinians."

During a visit to Germany in January 2013, Morsi again stated that his remarks were taken out of context, insisting that they were intended as a criticism of Israel's policies toward the Palestinians. Addressing reporters, Morsi stated that “ not against the Jewish faith or the Jewish people. My comments were about conduct that sheds blood and kills innocent people – things neither I … nor anyone condones...“My comments were about the conduct and manners, the killings and the aggression by tanks and warplanes and cluster bombs and internationally banned weapons against innocent people.” Morsi also stated that “ cannot be against the Jewish faith or Jews or Christianity and Christians,” pointing that the Quran requires Muslims “to believe in all religions.”

International summits

African Union

Morsi attended the African Union Summit in Addis Ababa from 15 to 16 July 2012; this was the first visit to Ethiopia by Egypt's president in 17 years since the attempted assassination of Hosni Mubarak in June 1995.

Non-Aligned Movement

Morsi attended the 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in Tehran at the end of August 2012, in a visit that could resume normal relations for the countries. Their diplomatic relationship has been strained since Egypt signed a peace treaty with Israel in 1979.

Morsi made a speech against the Syrian government and called on the Syrian opposition to unite during the Syrian civil war. His comments about Syria, however, were not covered by Iranian media clearly. He sparked controversy saying that it is an "ethical duty" to support the Syrian people against the "oppressive regime" in Damascus.

Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) summit

Morsi hosted the Islamic summit in Cairo with the presence of 57 Leaders of Muslim nations. The summit declared support for the unity and territorial integrity of Mali and condemned terrorism in the west African state but said nothing of French military intervention to drive out Islamist fighters. The summit called for a "serious dialogue" between Syria's government and an opposition coalition on a political transition to put an end to the devastating civil war.

Morsi awarded Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu Template:IPA-tu the Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), Order of the Nile, which is Egypt's highest state honor.

Personal life

Morsi is married to his cousin, Naglaa Ali Mahmoud. She reportedly stated that she does not want to be referred to "First Lady" but rather "First Servant ."

Morsi has five children: Ahmed Mohammed Morsi, who is a physician in Saudi Arabia; Shaima, a graduate of Zagazig University; Osama, an attorney; Omar has a bachelor in commerce from Zagazig University; and Abdullah, high school student. Two of Morsi's five children were born in California and are U.S. citizens by birth. Morsi has three grandchildren. His third son, Omar, was appointed to the Holding Company for Airports, a state-owned company, six months after his graduation.

See also

• Elections in Egypt
• List of political parties in Egypt
• Timeline of the 2011-2012 Egyptian revolution under Supreme Council of the Armed Forces
• Timeline of the 2011–2012 Egyptian revolution under the Muslim Brotherhood

References

1. Regardless of the pronunciation, also spelled: Muhammad, Mursi, Morsy.

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v t e 2012 Egyptian presidential election
Candidates advancing to the second round	Winner Mohamed Morsi Runner-up Ahmed Shafik
Candidates losing in the first round	Hamdeen Sabahi Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh Amr Moussa Mohammad Salim Al-Awa Khaled Ali Abu Al-Izz Al-Hariri Hisham Bastawisy Mahmoud Houssam Mohammad Fawzi Issa Houssam Khairallah Abdullah Alashaal
Disqualified candidates	Hazem Salah Abu Ismail Khairat El-Shater Ayman Nour Omar Suleiman
Events	Presidential debate

v t e Presidents of Egypt (list)
	Mohamed Naguib Gamal Abdel Nasser Anwar Sadat Sufi Abu Taleb Hosni Mubarak Muhammad Tantawi Mohamed Morsi Adly Mansour Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
Italic: acting or interim president

Template:Persondata

• Use dmy dates from January 2013
• 1951 births
• Living people
• Cairo University alumni
• University of Southern California alumni
• California State University, Northridge faculty
• Zagazig University faculty
• Egyptian Sunni Muslims
• Egyptian engineers
• Independent politicians
• People of the 2011–2012 Egyptian revolution
• Presidents of Egypt
• People from Sharqia Governorate
• Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt) politicians