| Revision as of 13:52, 14 March 2013 editNeddyseagoon (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers139,074 edits →Novels and other works← Previous edit | Revision as of 15:38, 20 March 2013 edit undoKillerLUA (talk | contribs)5 editsmNo edit summaryTag: blankingNext edit → | ||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| Henry Graham Greene was born in 1904 in St. John’s House, a boarding house of Berkhamsted School on Chesham Road in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, England, where his father was housemaster. He was the fourth of six children; his younger brother, Hugh, became Director-General of the BBC, and his elder brother, Raymond, an eminent physician and mountaineer. | |||
| {{Use British English|date=January 2012}} | |||
| His parents, Charles and Marion, were second cousins; both members of a large, influential family that included the owners of Greene King brewery, bankers and businessmen. Charles Greene was Second Master at Berkhamsted School, where the headmaster was Dr Thomas Fry, who was married to Charles' cousin. Another cousin was the right-wing pacifist Ben Greene, whose politics led to his internment during World War II. | |||
| {{Hatnote|This article is about the writer. For the actor, see ]}} | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2012}} | |||
| {{Infobox writer<!-- for more information see ] --> | |||
| | name = Graham Greene | |||
| | image = | |||
| | image_size = 225px | |||
| | caption = | |||
| | pseudonym = | |||
| | birth_name = Henry Graham Greene | |||
| | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1904|10|2}} | |||
| | birth_place = ], ], England, United Kingdom | |||
| | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1991|4|3|1904|10|2}} | |||
| | death_place = ], Switzerland | |||
| | occupation = Writer | |||
| | nationality = British | |||
| | period = 1925–1991 | |||
| | genre = ], ] | |||
| | influences = ], ], ], ], ], ], ]<ref>Miller, R. H. ''Understanding Graham Greene''. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1990. Print.</ref><ref>Pendleton, Robert. ''Graham Greene's Conradian Masterplot''. Suffolk: MacMillan Press Ltd, 1996. Print.</ref> | |||
| | influenced = | |||
| | signature = | |||
| | website = | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Henry Graham Greene''', ], ] (2 October 1904 – 3 April 1991) was an ] writer, ] and ]. His works explore the ambivalent moral and political issues of the modern world. Greene was notable for his ability to combine serious literary acclaim with widespread popularity. | |||
| Although Greene objected strongly to being described as a ] novelist rather than as a novelist who happened to be Catholic, Catholic religious ] are at the root of much of his writing, especially the four major Catholic novels: '']'', '']'', '']'' and '']''.<ref name=mcgowin> by ], '']''</ref> Several works such as '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'' and '']'' also show an avid interest in the workings of international politics and espionage. | |||
| Greene suffered from ],<ref>, ''The Times'', 13 September 2007.</ref> which had a profound effect on his writing and personal life. In a letter to his wife Vivien, he told her that he had "a character profoundly antagonistic to ordinary domestic life", and that "unfortunately, the disease is also one's material".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/book-reviews/graham-greene-a-life-in-letters/2007/11/30/1196394602841.html?page=2 |title=Graham Greene: A Life In Letters – Book Reviews – Books – Entertainment |work=Sydney Morning Herald |date=30 November 2007 |accessdate=2 June 2010}}</ref> ] described Greene as "the ultimate chronicler of twentieth-century man's consciousness and anxiety." <ref>Encyclopedia of British Writers, 1800 to the Present, Volume 1,page=218;retrieved=18 February 2012; George Stade (editor)</ref> Greene never received the ], though he finished runner-up to ] in 1961.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2012/jan/05/jrr-tolkien-nobel-prize | title = JRR Tolkien's Nobel prize chances dashed by 'poor prose' | publisher = The Guardian | first=Alison | last=Flood | date=5 January 2012}}</ref> | |||
| ==Early years== | |||
| ] | |||
| ] commemorating Greene's birthplace]] | |||
| Henry Graham Greene was born in 1904 in St. John’s House, a ] of ] on Chesham Road in ], Hertfordshire, England, where his father was housemaster.<ref name=berkhamsted-tour>{{cite book|last=Cook|first=John|title=A Glimpse of our History: a short guided tour of Berkhamsted|year=2009|publisher=Berkhamsted Town Council|url=http://www.berkhamsted.gov.uk/download/Heritage%20Leaflet.pdf}}</ref> He was the fourth of six children; his younger brother, ], became ], and his elder brother, ], an eminent physician and mountaineer. | |||
| His parents, Charles Henry Greene and Marion Raymond Greene, were ]; both members of a large, influential family that included the owners of ] brewery, bankers and businessmen. Charles Greene was Second Master at ], where the headmaster was ], who was married to Charles' cousin. Another cousin was the right-wing pacifist ], whose politics led to his internment during World War II. | |||
| In his childhood Greene used to go to Harston House to spend his summers with Sir William (his uncle). According to Graham Greene's description of his childhood: | |||
| "It was at Harston I found quite suddenly I could read — the book was Dixon Brett, Detective. I didn't want anyone to know of my discovery, so I read only in secret, in a remote attic, but my mother must have spotted what I was at all the same, for she gave me Ballantyne's The Coral Island for the train journey home — always an interminable journey with the long wait between trains at Bletchley…" | |||
| In 1910 Charles Greene succeeded Dr Fry as headmaster of Berkhamsted. Graham also attended the school as a boarder. Bullied and profoundly depressed he made several suicide attempts; including, as he wrote in his autobiography, by ] and by taking aspirin before going swimming in the school pool. In 1920, aged 16, in what was a radical step for the time, he was sent for ] for six months in London, afterwards returning to school as a day student. School friends included ] the satirist, and ] the historian. | |||
| In 1922 he was for a short time a member of the ].<ref></ref> | |||
| In 1925, while an undergraduate at ], his first work, a poorly received volume of poetry entitled ''Babbling April'', was published.<ref name="G">{{Cite web|url=http://www.notablebiographies.com/Gi-He/Greene-Graham.html |title=Graham Greene Biography |publisher=Notablebiographies.com |accessdate=2 June 2010}}</ref> Greene suffered from periodic bouts of depression while at Oxford, and largely kept to himself.<ref name="oxforddnb.com">Michael Shelden, ‘Greene, (Henry) Graham (1904–1991)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2008 </ref> Of Greene's time at Oxford, his contemporary ] noted that: "Graham Greene looked down on us (and perhaps all undergraduates) as childish and ostentatious. He certainly shared in none of our revelry".<ref name="oxforddnb.com"/> | |||
| ==Early career== | |||
| After graduating with a ] in History,<ref name="G"/> Greene worked for a period of time as a private tutor and then turned to journalism – first on the '']'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.biogs.com/famous/greenegraham.html |title=Graham Greene |publisher=Biogs.com |accessdate=2 June 2010}}</ref> and then as a ] on '']''. While in Nottingham he started corresponding with ], a Catholic convert, who had written to him to correct him on a point of Catholic doctrine. Greene was an agnostic at the time, but when he began to think about marrying Vivien, it occurred to him that, as he puts it in ''A Sort of Life'', he "ought at least to learn the nature and limits of the beliefs she held". In his discussions with the priest to whom he went for instruction, he argued "on the ground of dogmatic atheism", as his primary difficulty was what he termed the "if" surrounding God's existence. However, he found that "after a few weeks of serious argument the 'if' was becoming less and less improbable".<ref name=Pearce>Joseph Pearce. , CatholicAuthors.com. Retrieved 7 January 2011.</ref> Greene converted to Catholicism in 1926 (described in ''A Sort of Life'') when he was baptised in February of that year.<ref>Greene converted after vigorous arguments with Father Trollope in which he defended atheism. ''The Power and the Glory'' New York: Viking, 1990. Introduction by ], p. xiv.</ref> He married Vivien in 1927; and they had two children, Lucy Caroline (b. 1933) and Francis (b. 1936). In 1948 Greene separated amicably from Vivien. Although he had other relationships, he never divorced or remarried. | |||
| ==Novels and other works== | |||
| <!-- Deleted image removed: ] edition of Greene's masterpiece ] {{Deletable image-caption|date=March 2012}}]] --> | |||
| Greene's first published novel was '']'' (1929). Favourable reception emboldened him to quit his sub-editor job at ''The Times'' and work as a full-time novelist. The next two books, '']'' (1930) and '']'' (1932), were unsuccessful; and he later disowned them. His first true success was '']'' (1932) which was taken on by the ] and adapted as the film ''Orient Express'' (1934). | |||
| He supplemented his novelist's income with freelance journalism, book and film reviews for '']'', and co-editing the magazine ''Night and Day'', which folded in 1937. Greene's film review of '']'', featuring nine-year-old ], cost the magazine a lost libel lawsuit. Greene's review stated that Temple displayed "a dubious coquetry" which appealed to "middle-aged men and clergymen".<ref>In his review, Greene wrote, "The owners of a child star are like leaseholders—their property diminishes in value every year. Time's chariot is at their back; before them acres of anonymity. Miss Shirley Temple's case, though, has a peculiar interest: infancy is her disguise, her appeal is more secret and more adult. Already two years ago she was a fancy little piece (real childhood, I think, went out after ''The Littlest Rebel''). In ''Captain January'' she wore trousers with the mature suggestiveness of a ]: her neat and well-developed rump twisted in the tap-dance: her eyes had a sidelong searching coquetry. Now in ''Wee Willie Winkie'', wearing short kilts, she is completely totsy. Watch her swaggering stride across the Indian barrack-square: hear the gasp of excited expectation from her antique audience when the sergeant's palm is raised: watch the way she measures a man with agile studio eyes, with dimpled depravity. Adult emotions of love and grief glissade across the mask of childhood, a childhood that is only skin-deep. It is clever, but it cannot last. Her admirers—middle-aged men and clergymen—respond to her dubious coquetry, to the sight of her well-shaped and desirable little body, packed with enormous vitality, only because the safety curtain of story and dialogue drops between their intelligence and their desire. ''See'' Atkinson, Michael (21 August 2009 ) ''Moving Image Source''.</ref> It is now considered one of the first criticisms of the sexualisation of children for entertainment. | |||
| Greene originally divided his fiction into two genres: ] (] and ] books), such as '']'', which he described as entertainments, often with notable philosophic edges, and literary works, such as '']'', which he described as novels, on which he thought his literary reputation was to be based.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/authors/author/0,,-78,00.html |title=Greene, Graham | Authors | guardian.co.uk Books |publisher=Books.guardian.co.uk |date=22 July 2008 |accessdate=2 June 2010}}</ref> | |||
| As his career lengthened, both Greene and his readers found the distinction between entertainments and novels increasingly problematic. The last book Greene termed as entertainment was '']'' in 1958. When '']'' was published eleven years later, many reviewers noted that Greene had designated it a novel, even though, as a work decidedly comic in tone, it appeared closer to his last two entertainments, '']'' and '']'', than to any of the novels. Greene, they speculated, seemed to have dropped the category of entertainment. This was soon confirmed. In the ''Collected Edition'' of Greene's works published in 22 volumes between 1970 and 1982, the distinction between novels and entertainments is no longer maintained. All are novels. | |||
| Greene also wrote short stories and plays, which were well-received, although he was always first and foremost a novelist. His first play, '']'', debuted in 1953<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/stage/2013/mar/13/living-room-review</ref>. He collected the 1948 ] for '']''. In 1986, he was awarded Britain's ]. | |||
| Greene was one of the most "cinematic" of twentieth century writers; most of his novels and many of his plays and short stories would eventually be ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinema.ucla.edu/calendar/calendardetails.aspx?details_type=2&id=147 |title=Series Details |publisher=Cinema.ucla.edu |accessdate=2 June 2010}}</ref> The ] lists 66 titles based on Greene material between 1934 and 2010. Some novels were filmed more than once, such as '']'' in 1947 and 2011, '']'' in 1955 and 1999, and '']'' in ] and ]. The early thriller '']'' was filmed at least five times under different titles. Greene received an ] nomination for the screenplay for the 1948 ] film '']'', adapted from his own short story ''The Basement Room''. He also wrote several original screenplays. In 1949, after writing the novella as "raw material", he wrote the screenplay for the classic '']'', '']'', also directed by Carol Reed, and featuring ]. In 1983, '']'', published ten years earlier, was released as a film under its ], starring ] and ]. Author and screenwriter ] contributed a foreword and introduction to this novel in a commemorative edition. | |||
| In 2009 ''The Strand Magazine'' began to publish in serial form a newly discovered Greene novel entitled ''The Empty Chair''. The manuscript was written in longhand when Greene was 22 and newly converted to Catholicism. | |||
| ==Travel== | |||
| {{quote box | |||
| |quote = There is so much weariness and disappointment in travel that people have to open up – in railway trains, over a fire, on the decks of steamers, and in the palm courts of hotels on a rainy day. They have to pass the time somehow, and they can pass it only with themselves. Like the characters in ], they have no reserves – you learn the most intimate secrets. You get an impression of a world peopled by eccentrics, of odd professions, almost incredible stupidities, and, to balance them, amazing endurances. | |||
| |source = Graham Greene|''The Lawless Roads'', 1939 | |||
| |width = 30% | |||
| |align = left}} | |||
| Throughout his life Greene travelled far from England, to what he called the world's wild and remote places. The travels led to him being recruited into ] by his sister, Elisabeth, who worked for the organisation; and he was posted to ] during the Second World War.<ref>Christopher Hawtree. . ''The Guardian'', 10 February 1999. Retrieved 16 April 2011.</ref> ], who would later be revealed as a Soviet agent, was Greene's supervisor and friend at MI6.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Robert Royal |url=http://www.firstthings.com/article.php3?id_article=3226 |title=The (Mis)Guided Dream of Graham Greene |work=First Things |date=November 1999 |accessdate=2 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/graham-greene.shtml |title=BBC – BBC Four Documentaries – Arena: Graham Greene |publisher=BBC News |date=3 October 2004 |accessdate=2 June 2010}}</ref> As a novelist he wove the characters he met and the places where he lived into the fabric of his novels. | |||
| Greene first left Europe at 30 years of age in 1935 on a trip to ] that produced the travel book '']''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historytoday.com/tim-butcher/graham-greene-our-man-liberia|title=Graham Greene: Our Man in Liberia|last=Butcher|first=Tim|year=2010|work=History Today Volume: 60 Issue: 10|accessdate=20 March 2012|quote=insisted this trip, his first to Africa and his first outside Europe}}</ref> His 1938 trip to Mexico, to see the effects of the government's campaign of forced anti-Catholic ], was paid for by ]'s, thanks to his friendship with ].<ref> '']'', 22 August 2006.</ref> That voyage produced two books, the factual '']'' (published as ''Another Mexico'' in the U.S.) and the novel '']''. In 1953 the ] informed Greene that ''The Power and the Glory'' was damaging to the reputation of the priesthood; but later, in a private audience with Greene, ] told him that, although parts of his novels would offend some Catholics, he should not pay attention to the criticism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1005484.stm |title=EUROPE | Vatican's bid to censure Graham Greene |publisher=BBC News |date=3 November 2000 |accessdate=2 June 2010}}</ref> Greene travelled to ] which was under the rule of dictator ], known as "Papa Doc", where the story of '']'' (1966) took place (for more on the background to this see ''Seeds of Fiction: Graham Greene's Travels in Haiti and Central America'' by ]). The owner of the ] in ], where Greene frequently stayed, named a room in his honour. | |||
| ], Switzerland]] | |||
| ==Final years== | |||
| After falling victim to a financial swindler, Greene chose to leave Britain in 1966, moving to ], to be close to Yvonne Cloetta, whom he had known since 1959, a relationship that endured until his death. In 1973, Greene had an uncredited ] as an insurance company representative in ]'s film '']''. In 1981 he was awarded the ], awarded to writers concerned with the freedom of the individual in society. One of his final works, the pamphlet ''J'Accuse – The Dark Side of Nice'' (1982), concerns a legal matter embroiling him and his extended family in ]. He declared that organised crime flourished in Nice, because the city's upper levels of civic government had protected judicial and police corruption. The accusation provoked a libel lawsuit that he lost.<ref></ref> In 1994, after his death, he was vindicated, when the former mayor of Nice, ], was imprisoned for corruption and associated crimes. | |||
| He lived the last years of his life in ], on Lake Geneva, in Switzerland, the same town ] was living in at this time. He visited Chaplin often, and the two were good friends.<ref name=Swissinfo>{{Cite web|url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/specials/extraordinary_exiles/Graham_Greene_finds_no_Swiss_cuckoo_clocks.html?cid=12832 |title=Graham Greene finds no Swiss cuckoo clocks |publisher=Swissinfo.ch |date=19 May 2006 |accessdate=2 June 2010}}</ref> His book '']'' (1980) bases its themes on combined philosophic and geographic influences. He had ceased going to mass and confession in the 1950s, but in his final years began to receive the sacraments again from Father Leopoldo Durán, a Spanish priest, who became a friend. He died in 1991 at age 86 of ]<ref name=mcgowin/> and was buried in ] cemetery.<ref name=Swissinfo/> | |||
| Greene's literary agent was Jean LeRoy of ]. | |||
| ==Writing style and themes== | |||
| The literary style of Graham Greene was described by Evelyn Waugh in '']'' as "not a specifically literary style at all. The words are functional, devoid of sensuous attraction, of ancestry, and of independent life". Commenting on this lean, realistic prose and its readability, Richard Jones wrote in the '']'' that "nothing deflects Greene from the main business of holding the reader's attention."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vqronline.org/articles/1979/spring/jones-improbable-spy |title=The Improbable Spy |publisher=Vqronline.org |accessdate=2 June 2010}}</ref> His novels often have religious themes at the centre. In his literary criticism he attacked the ] writers ] and ] for having lost the religious sense which, he argued, resulted in dull, superficial characters, who "wandered about like cardboard symbols through a world that is paper-thin".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.angelfire.com/journal/ggbtps/FrstThing.htm |title=First Things |publisher=Angelfire.com |date=9 October 2004 |accessdate=2 June 2010}}</ref> Only in recovering the religious element, the awareness of the drama of the struggle in the soul carrying the infinite consequences of salvation and damnation, and of the ultimate ] realities of good and evil, sin and ], could the novel recover its dramatic power. Suffering and unhappiness are omnipresent in the world Greene depicts; and Catholicism is presented against a background of unvarying human evil, sin, and doubt. ] praised Greene as the first English novelist since ] to present, and grapple with, the reality of evil.<ref name = "Crisis">The Catholic Novels of Graham Greene, ''Crisis Magazine'', May 2005.</ref> Greene concentrated on portraying the characters' internal lives – their mental, emotional, and spiritual depths. His stories often occurred in poor, hot, and dusty tropical backwaters, such as Mexico, West Africa, Vietnam, Cuba, Haiti, and Argentina, which led to the coining of the expression "Greeneland" to describe such settings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dur.ac.uk/postgraduate.english/AndrewPurssellArticle.htm |title=Regions of the Mind: The Exoticism of Greeneland |publisher=Dur.ac.uk |accessdate=2 June 2010}}</ref> | |||
| {{Quote box | |||
| |quote = A stranger with no shortage of calling cards: devout Catholic, lifelong adulterer, pulpy hack, canonical novelist; self-destructive, meticulously disciplined, deliriously romantic, bitterly cynical; moral relativist, strict theologian, salon communist, closet monarchist; civilized to a stuffy fault and louche to drugged-out distraction, anti-imperialist crusader and postcolonial parasite, self-excoriating and self-aggrandizing, to name just a few. | |||
| |source = '']'', describing the many facets of Graham Greene<ref> by Michelle Orange, '']'', 15 April 2009</ref> | |||
| |width = 30% | |||
| |align = left | |||
| }} | |||
| The novels often powerfully portray the Christian drama of the struggles within the individual soul from the Catholic perspective. Greene was criticised for certain tendencies in an unorthodox direction – in the world, sin is omnipresent to the degree that the vigilant struggle to avoid sinful conduct is doomed to failure, hence not central to holiness. Friend and fellow Catholic ] attacked that as a revival of the ] heresy. This aspect of his work also was criticised by the theologian ], as giving sin a mystique. Greene responded that constructing a vision of pure faith and goodness in the novel was beyond his talents. Praise of Greene from an orthodox Catholic point of view by Edward Short is in ''Crisis Magazine'',<ref name="Crisis"/> and a mainstream Catholic critique is presented by ].<ref name=Pearce/> | |||
| Catholicism's prominence decreased in the later writings. According to Ernest Mandel in his ''Delightful Murder: a Social History of the Crime Story'': "Greene started out as a conservative agent of the British intelligence services, upholding such reactionary causes as the struggle of the Catholic Church against the Mexican revolution (''The Power and the Glory'', 1940), and arguing the necessary merciful function of religion in a context of human misery (''Brighton Rock'', 1938; ''The Heart of the Matter'', 1948). The better he came to know the socio-political realities of the third world where he was operating, and the more directly he came to be confronted by the rising tide of revolution in those countries, the more his doubts regarding the imperialist cause grew, and the more his novels shifted away from any identification with the latter."<ref>, Marxmail.com, 11 August 2003.</ref> The supernatural realities that haunted the earlier work declined and were replaced by a ] perspective, a change reflected in his public criticism of orthodox Catholic teaching. Left-wing political critiques assumed greater importance in his novels: for example, years before the Vietnam War, in '']'' he prophetically attacked the naive and counterproductive attitudes that were to characterise American policy in Vietnam. The tormented believers he portrayed were more likely to have faith in communism than in Catholicism.<!-- critics? citations?--> | |||
| In his later years Greene was a strong critic of ], and supported the Cuban leader ], whom he had met.<ref name = "Kirjasto">.</ref> For Greene and politics, see also ]' ''Politics in the Novels of Graham Greene.''<ref>in ''Journal of Contemporary History'' Vol. 2, No. 2, (Apr. 1967), pp. 93–99.</ref> In ''Ways of Escape'', reflecting on his Mexican trip, he complained that Mexico's government was insufficiently left-wing compared with Cuba's.<ref>P.xii of John Updike's introduction to ''The Power and the Glory'' New York: Viking, 1990.</ref> In Greene's opinion, "Conservatism and Catholicism should be .... impossible bedfellows".<ref>As cited on p. xii of John Updike's introduction to ''The Power and the Glory'' New York: Viking, 1990.</ref> | |||
| {{cquote|In human relationships, kindness and lies are worth a thousand truths.|||Graham Greene}} | |||
| Despite his seriousness, Graham Greene greatly enjoyed parody, even of himself. In 1949, when the '']'' held a contest for parodies of Greene's writing style, he submitted an entry under the pen name "N. Wilkinson" and won second prize. His entry comprised the first two paragraphs of a novel, apparently set in Italy, ''The Stranger's Hand: An Entertainment''. Greene's friend, ], a ]ese novelist and film director, believed that it had the makings of a suspense film about ] spies in postwar ]. Upon Soldati's prompting, Greene continued writing the story as the basis for a film script. Apparently he lost interest in the project, leaving it as a substantial fragment that was published posthumously in ''The Graham Greene Film Reader'' (1993) and ''No Man's Land'' (2005). The script for ''The Stranger's Hand'' was penned by veteran screenwriter Guy Elmes on the basis of Greene's unfinished story, and cinematically rendered by Soldati. In 1965 Greene again entered a similar ''New Statesman'' competition pseudonymously, and won an honourable mention. | |||
| ==Graham Greene International Festival== | |||
| The Graham Greene International Festival is an annual four-day event of conference papers, informal talks, question and answer sessions, films, dramatised readings, music, creative writing workshops and social events. It is organised by the Graham Greene Birthplace Trust, and takes place in the writer's home town of Berkhamsted, on dates as close as possible to the anniversary of his birth. Its purpose is to promote interest in and study of the works of Graham Greene.<ref></ref> | |||
| ==Works== | |||
| {{Main|Graham Greene bibliography}} | |||
| {{col-begin}} | |||
| {{col-2}} | |||
| *'']'' (1929) | |||
| *'']'' (1930) | |||
| *'']'' (1931) | |||
| *'']'' (1932) | |||
| *'']'' (1934) | |||
| *'']'' (also published as ''The Shipwrecked'') (1935) | |||
| *'']'' (1936) | |||
| *'']'' (1938) | |||
| *'']'' (1939) | |||
| *'']'' (1940) | |||
| *'']'' (1943) | |||
| *'']'' (1948) | |||
| *'']'' (1949) | |||
| *'']'' (1951) | |||
| *'']'' (1954) (short stories) | |||
| *'']'' (1955) | |||
| *'']'' (1955) | |||
| {{col-2}} | |||
| *'']'' (1958) | |||
| *'']'' (1960) | |||
| *''A Sense of Reality'' (1963) (short stories) | |||
| *'']'' (1966) | |||
| *''May We Borrow Your Husband?'' (1967) (short stories) | |||
| *'']'' (1969) | |||
| *''A Sort of Life'' (1971) (autobiography) | |||
| *'']'' (1973) | |||
| *'']'' (1978) | |||
| *'']'' (1980) | |||
| *''Ways of Escape'' (1980) (autobiography) | |||
| *'']'' (1982) | |||
| *''Getting to Know the General'' (1984) (nonfiction Panama memoir) | |||
| *'']'' (1985) | |||
| *''The Captain and the Enemy'' (1988) | |||
| *'']'' (1990) (short stories) | |||
| *''No Man's Land'' (2005) | |||
| {{col-end}} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| ;Notes | |||
| {{Reflist|2}} | |||
| ;Further reading | |||
| * Allain, Marie-Françoise, 1983. ''The Other Man: Conversations with Graham Greene''. Bodley Head. | |||
| * ], 2006. ''A Study in Greene: Graham Greene and the Art of the Novel''. Oxford University Press. | |||
| * ], 2005. ''Graham Greene's Catholic Imagination''. Oxford University Press. | |||
| * Brennan, Michael G., 2010. ''Graham Greene: Fictions, Faith, and Authorship''. Continuum. 173 pages; focuses on Catholicism as a pervasive influence on G's creative imagination. | |||
| * Cassis, A. F., editor, 1994. ''Graham Greene: Man of Paradox''. Loyola University Press. | |||
| * Cloetta, Yvonne, 2004. ''In Search of a Beginning: My Life with Graham Greene'', translated by Euan Cameron. Bloomsbury. | |||
| * ], 2012. ''Seeds of Fiction: Graham Greene's Adventures in Haiti and Central America 1954–1983'', ], ISBN 978-0-7206-1488-6. | |||
| * Diemert, Brian, 1996. ''Graham Greene's Thrillers and the 1930s''. McGill-Queen's University Press. | |||
| * Duran, Leopoldo, 1994. ''Graham Greene: Friend and Brother'', translated by Euan Cameron. HarperCollins. | |||
| * Gilvary, Dermot and Darren J. N. Middleton, editors, 2011. ''Dangerous Edges of Graham Greene: Journeys with Saints and Sinners''. Continuum. | |||
| * Greene, Richard, editor, 2007. ''Graham Greene: A Life in Letters''. Knopf Canada. | |||
| * ], 2000. ''Greene on Capri''. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. | |||
| * ], 2012. ''The Man within My Head''. Bloomsbury. "Counterbiography", about Greene's effect on others. | |||
| * Kelly, Richard Michael, 1984. ''Graham Greene''. Ungar. | |||
| * Kelly, Richard Michael, 1992. ''Graham Greene: A Study of the Short Fiction''. Twayne. | |||
| * Lewis, Jeremy, 2010. ''Shades of Greene: One Generation of an English Family''. ]. | |||
| * ], 1974. ''Graham Greene: Films of His Fiction'', Teachers' College Press.<!-- |isbn=978-0807723760--> | |||
| * ], 1988. ''A Reader's Guide to Graham Greene''. Thames and Hudson. | |||
| * Shelden, Michael, 1994. ''Graham Greene: The Man Within''. William Heinemann. Random House ed., 1995, ISBN 0-679-42883-6 | |||
| * ], 1989. ''The Life of Graham Greene: Vol. 1, 1904–1939''. Random House UK, ISBN 0-224-02654-2. Viking, ISBN 0-670-81376-1. Penguin reprint 2004, ISBN 0-14-200420-0 | |||
| * ], 1994. ''The Life of Graham Greene: Vol. 2, 1939–1955''. Viking. ISBN 0-670-86056-5. Penguin reprint 2004: ISBN 0-14-200421-9 | |||
| * ], 2004. ''The Life of Graham Greene: Vol. 3, 1955–1991''. Viking. ISBN 0-670-03142-9 | |||
| * Watts, Cedric, 1996. ''A Preface to Greene''. Longman. | |||
| * West, W. J., 1997. ''The Quest for Graham Greene''. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. | |||
| == External links == | |||
| {{commons category|Graham Greene (writer)}} | |||
| {{Wikiquote}} | |||
| * {{dmoz|Arts/Literature/Authors/G/Greene,_Graham}} | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * {{Cite journal| url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/5180/the-art-of-fiction-no-3-graham-greene| title=Graham Greene, The Art of Fiction No. 3| work=The Paris Review| date=Autumn 1953| author=Autumn 1953 }} | |||
| * by Frederic Raphael, 23 January 2008 | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * by Joseph Pearce | |||
| * at the ] at the ] | |||
| * by Michelle Orange, ''The Nation'', 15 April 2009 | |||
| * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-21903}} | |||
| <!--spacing--> | |||
| {{Graham Greene}} | |||
| {{Capri topics}} | |||
| {{Authority control|PND=11854179X|LCCN=n/79/21903|VIAF=59083415}} | |||
| {{Persondata<!-- Metadata: see ] --> | |||
| |NAME = Greene, Henry Graham | |||
| |ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | |||
| |SHORT DESCRIPTION = Novelist, Playwright, ] | |||
| |DATE OF BIRTH = 1904-10-02 | |||
| |PLACE OF BIRTH = ], Hertfordshire, United Kingdom | |||
| |DATE OF DEATH = 1991-04-03 | |||
| |PLACE OF DEATH = ], Switzerland | |||
| }} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Greene, Graham}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 15:38, 20 March 2013
Henry Graham Greene was born in 1904 in St. John’s House, a boarding house of Berkhamsted School on Chesham Road in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, England, where his father was housemaster. He was the fourth of six children; his younger brother, Hugh, became Director-General of the BBC, and his elder brother, Raymond, an eminent physician and mountaineer. His parents, Charles and Marion, were second cousins; both members of a large, influential family that included the owners of Greene King brewery, bankers and businessmen. Charles Greene was Second Master at Berkhamsted School, where the headmaster was Dr Thomas Fry, who was married to Charles' cousin. Another cousin was the right-wing pacifist Ben Greene, whose politics led to his internment during World War II.