Male privilege: Difference between revisions

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	Thus, biologically "male" privilege is only one of many ] that may exist within a given society,<ref name="Foucault1976">{{cite book\|last=Foucault\|first=Michel \|title=The History of Sexuality, Volume I\|year=1976, Reissued 1990.\|publisher=Vintage\|isbn=0-679-72469-9}}</ref> and levels/manifestations of male privilege differ among both similar and disparate societies, as well as in different contexts within the same society {{CN\|date=April 2013}}. The term "male privilege" does not apply to a solitary occurrence of the use of power, but rather describes one of many systemic power structures that are interdependent and interlinked throughout societies and cultures. <ref name="Narayan">{{cite book\|last=Narayan\|first=Uma\|title=Dislocating Cultures: Identities, Traditions, and Third-World Feminism.\|year=1997\|publisher=London: Routledge\|isbn=0-415-91419-1}}</ref>		Thus, biologically "male" privilege is only one of many ] that may exist within a given society,<ref name="Foucault1976">{{cite book\|last=Foucault\|first=Michel \|title=The History of Sexuality, Volume I\|year=1976, Reissued 1990.\|publisher=Vintage\|isbn=0-679-72469-9}}</ref> and levels/manifestations of male privilege differ among both similar and disparate societies, as well as in different contexts within the same society {{CN\|date=April 2013}}. The term "male privilege" does not apply to a solitary occurrence of the use of power, but rather describes one of many systemic power structures that are interdependent and interlinked throughout societies and cultures. <ref name="Narayan">{{cite book\|last=Narayan\|first=Uma\|title=Dislocating Cultures: Identities, Traditions, and Third-World Feminism.\|year=1997\|publisher=London: Routledge\|isbn=0-415-91419-1}}</ref>

	==Against the notion of male privilege==
	Psychologist Herb Goldberg,<ref name="goldberg">{{cite book\|last=Goldberg\|first=Herb\|title=The Hazards of Being Male- surviving the Myth of Masculine Privilege\|year= 1976\|publisher=Wellness Institute, Inc\|isbn=1-58741-013-3}}</ref> claimed in 1976 that "the myth that the male is culturally favoured ...is clung to, despite the fact that every critical statistic in the area of longevity, disease, suicide, crime, accidents, childhood emotional disorders, alcoholism, and drug addiction shows a disproportionately higher male rate." He sees males as "oppressed by the cultural pressures that have denied him his feelings, by the mythology of the woman and the distorted and self destructive way he sees and relates to her, by the urgency for him to 'act like a man' which blocks his ability to respond ... both emotionally and physiologically, and by a generalized self hate that causes him to feel comfortable ... when he lives for joy and for personal growth."

	In '']'', "a debunking of the myth of men as a privileged class"<ref>{{cite web\| last = Svoboda\| first = J. Steven \| title = An Interview with Warren Farrell \| date = 12 June 2008\| url = http://www.warrenfarrell.org/Links/MenWeb.html\| accessdate = 20013-04-04}}</ref> ] points to the over-representation of men among groups such as the ], ], ], the victims of ] and ].

	==See also==		==See also==

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Male privilege refers to the social theory which argues that men have unearned social, economic, and political advantages or rights that are granted to them solely on the basis of their sex, and which are usually denied to women. A man's access to these benefits may also depend on other characteristics such as race, sexual orientation and social class.

Terminology

In legal cases alleging discrimination, "sex" is usually preferred as the determining factor rather than "gender", because it refers to biology rather than socially constructed norms which are more open to interpretation and dispute. In "Defining Male and Female: Intersexuality and the Collision Between Law and Biology", Julie Greenberg explains that although gender and sex are separate concepts, they are interlinked in that gender discrimination often results from stereotypes based on what is expected of members of each sex. In J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B., Justice Scalia distinguishes sex and gender:

The word ‘gender’ has acquired the new and useful connotation of cultural or attitudinal characteristics (as opposed to physical characteristics) distinctive to the sexes. That is to say, gender is to sex as feminine is to female and masculine is to male.

Thus, biologically "male" privilege is only one of many power structures that may exist within a given society, and levels/manifestations of male privilege differ among both similar and disparate societies, as well as in different contexts within the same society . The term "male privilege" does not apply to a solitary occurrence of the use of power, but rather describes one of many systemic power structures that are interdependent and interlinked throughout societies and cultures.

References

Phillips, Debby A.; Phillips, John R. (2009). "Privilege, Male". In O'Brien, Jodi (ed.). Encyclopedia of Gender and Society. Vol. Volume Two. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. pp. 683–684. ISBN 978-1-4129-0916-7. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (help)
Coston, Bethany M.; Kimmel, Michael (2012). "Seeing Privilege Where It Isn't: Marginalized Masculinities and the Intersectionality of Privilege". Journal of Social Issues. 68 (1): 97–111. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2011.01738.x.
McIntosh, Peggy (2003). "White Privilege and Male Privilege". In Kimmel, Michael; Ferber, Abby L. (eds.). Privilege: A Reader. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. pp. 3–25. ISBN 978-0-8133-4056-2. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (help)
Render, Meredith. (2006) "Misogyny, Androgyny, and Sexual Harassment: Sex Discrimination in a Gender-Deconstructed World". Harvard Journal of Law & Gender. Vol. 29(1) (Winter). pp99–150. p102
Greenberg, Julie A. (1999). "Defining Male and Female: Intersexuality and the Collision Between Law and Biology". Arizona Law Review. Vol. 41. 265.
J.E.B. v. Ala. ex rel. T.B., 114 S. Ct. 1419, 1436 n.1 (1994)
Foucault, Michel (1976, Reissued 1990.). The History of Sexuality, Volume I. Vintage. ISBN 0-679-72469-9. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
Narayan, Uma (1997). Dislocating Cultures: Identities, Traditions, and Third-World Feminism. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-91419-1.

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