| Revision as of 02:27, 30 August 2013 view source68.108.23.15 (talk) Undid revision 570604871 by EuroCarGT (talk)← Previous edit | Revision as of 00:57, 1 September 2013 view source Vetiorp (talk | contribs)2 editsm LOL, TIME!Tags: Visual edit repeating charactersNext edit → | ||
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LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! LOL, TIME! {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}} | |||
| {{Other uses of}} | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}} | |||
| {{pp-move-indef}} | {{pp-move-indef}} | ||
| <!--{{NPOV|date=July 2012}}--> | <!--{{NPOV|date=July 2012}}--> | ||
| <!-- This paragraph could use expansion on the phenomenology of time, comparable to the science of time in the preceding paragraph --><!-- article is about TIME, not about the Big Bang. This section needs to go to ] article -->] | |||
| {{Time-sidebar}} | |||
| ] in an ] can be used to keep track of elapsed time. It also concretely represents the ] as being between the ] and the ].]] | |||
| '''Time''' is a ] in which events can be ordered from the ] through the ] into the ],<ref>"Newton did for time what the Greek geometers did for space, idealized it into an exactly measurable dimension." ''About Time: Einstein's Unfinished Revolution'', Paul Davies, p. 31, Simon & Schuster, 1996, ISBN 978-0684818221 | |||
| </ref><ref> | |||
| {{cite web |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/time |title=Oxford Dictionaries:Time|quote=the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |accessdate=2011-12-18}} | |||
| </ref><ref name=DefRefs02/><ref> | |||
| {{Cite journal | url=http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=time | title=Time | work=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language | edition=Fourth | publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company | year=2011 | quote=A nonspatial continuum in which events occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future. | postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}} | |||
| </ref><ref> | |||
| the measured or measurable period during which an action, process, or condition exists or continues : duration; a nonspatial continuum which is measured in terms of events that succeed one another from past through present to future | |||
| </ref><ref> | |||
| Compact ] A limited stretch or space of continued existence, as the interval between two successive events or acts, or the period through which an action, condition, or state continues. (1971) | |||
| </ref> | |||
| and also the measure of durations of events and the intervals between them.<ref name=DefRefs02/><ref name=DefRefs01/><ref name=Poidevin/> | |||
| Time has long been a major subject of study in ], ], and ], but defining it in a manner applicable to all fields without ] has consistently eluded scholars.<ref name=DefRefs02/><ref name=DefRefs01/><ref name=Poidevin/><ref name=Carroll2009> | |||
| {{cite book | |||
| |url=http://books.google.com/?id=Uak1wtcXrjwC | |||
| |title=From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time | |||
| |author=Sean M Carroll |year=2009 |publisher=Dutton | |||
| |isbn=978-0-525-95133-9 }} | |||
| </ref><ref> | |||
| Adam Frank, ''Cosmology and Culture at the Twilight of the Big Bang'', "the time we imagined from the cosmos and the time we imagined into the human experience turn out to be woven so tightly together that we have lost the ability to see each of them for what it is." p. xv, Free Press, 2011, ISBN 978-1439169599 | |||
| </ref><ref> | |||
| St. Augustine, ''Confessions'', Simon & Brown, 2012, ISBN 978-1613823262 | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Nevertheless, diverse fields such as business, ], sports, the ]s, and the performing arts all incorporate some notion of time into their respective ].<ref name=MLB> | |||
| {{cite web | |||
| | last=Official Baseball Rules | |||
| | first=2011 Edition | |||
| | title=Rules 8.03 and 8.04 | |||
| | publisher=Major League Baseball | |||
| | year=2011 | |||
| | url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2011/Official_Baseball_Rules.pdf | |||
| | format=Free PDF download | |||
| | quote=Rule 8.03 Such preparatory pitches shall not consume more than one minute of time...Rule 8.04 When the bases are unoccupied, the pitcher shall deliver the ball to the batter within 12 seconds...The 12-second timing starts when the pitcher is in possession of the ball and the batter is in the box, alert to the pitcher. The timing stops when the pitcher releases the ball | |||
| | accessdate=2012-07-07}} | |||
| </ref><ref name=guiness> | |||
| {{cite web | |||
| | title=Guinness Book of Baseball World Records | |||
| | publisher=Guinness World Records, Ltd. | |||
| | url=http://www.baseball-almanac.com/recbooks/rb_guin.shtml | |||
| | quote=The record for the fastest time for circling the bases is 13.3 seconds, set by Evar Swanson at Columbus, Ohio in 1932...The greatest reliably recorded speed at which a baseball has been pitched is 100.9 mph by Lynn Nolan Ryan (California Angels) at Anaheim Stadium in California on August 20, 1974. | accessdate=2012-07-07}} | |||
| </ref><ref name=Zeigler> | |||
| {{cite book | |||
| | last=Zeigler | |||
| | first=Kenneth | |||
| | title=Getting organized at work : 24 lessons to set goals, establish priorities, and manage your time | |||
| | publisher=McGraw-Hill | |||
| | year=2008 | |||
| | url=http://books.google.com/?id=acPPD6lCCxcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Getting+organized+at+work+:+24+lessons+to+set+goals,+establish+priorities,+and+manage+your+time#v=onepage&q=Getting%20organized%20at%20work%20%3A%2024%20lessons%20to%20set%20goals%2C%20establish%20priorities%2C%20and%20manage%20your%20time&f=false | |||
| | isbn=9780071591386 | |||
| | mr= | |||
| | zbl= | |||
| | jfm=}} 108 pages | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Some simple, relatively uncontroversial definitions of time include "time is what clocks measure"<ref name=DefRefs01/><ref name=Burnham/> and "time is what keeps everything from happening at once".<ref> | |||
| {{Cite book | |||
| |title=The Girl in the Golden Atom | |||
| |authorlink=Ray Cummings |first=Raymond King |last=Cummings | |||
| |year=1922 | |||
| |page=46 | |||
| |url=http://books.google.com/?id=tA647bGiWwsC&pg=PA46&lpg=PA46&dq=%22keeps+everything%22#v=onepage&q=%22keeps%20everything%22 | |||
| |publisher=U of Nebraska Press | |||
| |isbn=978-0-8032-6457-1 | |||
| |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| Chapter 5. Cummings repeated this sentence in several of his novellas. Sources, such as , attribute it to his earlier work, ''The Time Professor'', in 1921. Before taking book form, several of Cummings's stories appeared serialized in magazines. The first eight chapters of his ''The Girl in the Golden Atom'' in ''All-Story Magazine'' on 15 March 1919. In the the quote about time appears in . | |||
| </ref><ref> | |||
| {{cite journal | |||
| |title=The Rotarian | |||
| |month=Aug | |||
| |publisher=Published by Rotary International | |||
| |issn=0035-838X | |||
| |page=47 | |||
| |url=http://books.google.com/?id=vjUEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PP1 | |||
| |author1=International, Rotary | |||
| |accessdate=2011-04-09 | |||
| | year=1973}}, | |||
| </ref><ref> | |||
| {{cite book | |||
| |title=Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists | |||
| |edition=third | |||
| |first1=John | |||
| |last1=Daintith | |||
| |publisher=CRC Press | |||
| |year=2008 | |||
| |isbn=1-4200-7271-4 | |||
| |page=796 | |||
| |url=http://books.google.com/?id=vqTNfnKJVPAC | |||
| |accessdate=2011-04-09}}, | |||
| </ref><ref> | |||
| {{cite book | |||
| |title=About time: Einstein's unfinished revolution | |||
| |first1=Davies | |||
| |last1=Davies | |||
| |publisher=Simon & Schuster | |||
| |year=1995 | |||
| |isbn=0-671-79964-9 | |||
| |page=236 | |||
| |url=http://books.google.com/?id=SZPuAAAAMAAJ | |||
| |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Two contrasting viewpoints on time divide many prominent philosophers. | |||
| One view is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the ] — a ] independent of events, in which events occur in ]. | |||
| ] subscribed to this ] view, and hence it is sometimes referred to as ].<ref name=Rynasiewicz> | |||
| {{cite web | |||
| |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/newton-stm/ | |||
| |title=Newton's Views on Space, Time, and Motion | |||
| |date=12 August 2004 | |||
| |first=Robert : Johns Hopkins University | |||
| |last=Rynasiewicz | |||
| |publisher=Stanford University | |||
| |work=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy | |||
| |quote=Newton did not regard space and time as genuine substances (as are, paradigmatically, bodies and minds), but rather as real entities with their own manner of existence as necessitated by God's existence... To paraphrase: Absolute, true, and mathematical time, from its own nature, passes equably without relation to anything external, and thus without reference to any change or way of measuring of time (e.g., the hour, day, month, or year). | |||
| |accessdate=2012-02-05}} | |||
| </ref><ref name=Markosian > | |||
| {{cite encyclopedia | |||
| |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/time/#3 | |||
| |last=Markosian | |||
| |first=Ned | |||
| |title=Time | |||
| |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2002 Edition) | |||
| |editor=Edward N. Zalta | |||
| |quote=The opposing view, normally referred to either as “Platonism with Respect to Time” or as “Absolutism with Respect to Time,” has been defended by Plato, Newton, and others. On this view, time is like an empty container into which events may be placed; but it is a container that exists independently of whether or not anything is placed in it. | |||
| |accessdate=2011-09-23}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| The opposing view is that ''time'' does not refer to any kind of "container" that events and objects "move through", nor to any entity that "flows", but that it is instead part of a fundamental intellectual structure (together with ] and ]) within which humans sequence and compare events. This second view, in the tradition of ]<ref name=Burnham> | |||
| {{cite web | |||
| |url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/leib-met/#H7 | |||
| |title=Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) Metaphysics – 7. Space, Time, and Indiscernibles | |||
| |first=Douglas : Staffordshire University | |||
| |last=Burnham | |||
| |year=2006 | |||
| |work=The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy | |||
| |quote=First of all, Leibniz finds the idea that space and time might be substances or substance-like absurd (see, for example, "Correspondence with Clarke," Leibniz's Fourth Paper, §8ff). In short, an empty space would be a substance with no properties; it will be a substance that even God cannot modify or destroy.... That is, space and time are internal or intrinsic features of the complete concepts of things, not extrinsic.... Leibniz's view has two major implications. First, there is no absolute location in either space or time; location is always the situation of an object or event relative to other objects and events. Second, space and time are not in themselves real (that is, not substances). Space and time are, rather, ideal. Space and time are just metaphysically illegitimate ways of perceiving certain virtual relations between substances. They are phenomena or, strictly speaking, illusions (although they are illusions that are well-founded upon the internal properties of substances).... It is sometimes convenient to think of space and time as something "out there," over and above the entities and their relations to each other, but this convenience must not be confused with reality. Space is nothing but the order of co-existent objects; time nothing but the order of successive events. This is usually called a relational theory of space and time. | |||
| |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| and ],<ref name=Mattey> | |||
| {{cite web | |||
| |url=http://www-philosophy.ucdavis.edu/mattey/kant/TIMELEC.HTM | |||
| |title=Critique of Pure Reason, Lecture notes: Philosophy 175 UC Davis | |||
| |date=22 January 1997 | |||
| |last=Mattey | |||
| |first=G. J. : UC Davis | |||
| |quote=What is correct in the Leibnizian view was its anti-metaphysical stance. Space and time do not exist in and of themselves, but in some sense are the product of the way we represent things. The are ideal, though not in the sense in which Leibniz thought they are ideal (figments of the imagination). The ideality of space is its mind-dependence: it is only a condition of sensibility.... Kant concluded "absolute space is not an object of outer sensation; it is rather a fundamental concept which first of all makes possible all such outer sensation."...Much of the argumentation pertaining to space is applicable, mutatis mutandis, to time, so I will not rehearse the arguments. As space is the form of outer intuition, so time is the form of inner intuition.... Kant claimed that time is real, it is "the real form of inner intuition." | |||
| |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| </ref><ref name=McCormick> | |||
| {{cite web | |||
| |title=Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) Metaphysics: 4. Kant's Transcendental Idealism | |||
| |url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/kantmeta/#H4 | |||
| |work=The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy | |||
| |first=Matt : California State University, Sacramento | |||
| |last=McCormick | |||
| |year=2006 | |||
| |quote=Time, Kant argues, is also necessary as a form or condition of our intuitions of objects. The idea of time itself cannot be gathered from experience because succession and simultaneity of objects, the phenomena that would indicate the passage of time, would be impossible to represent if we did not already possess the capacity to represent objects in time.... Another way to put the point is to say that the fact that the mind of the knower makes the ''a priori'' contribution does not mean that space and time or the categories are mere figments of the imagination. Kant is an empirical realist about the world we experience; we can know objects as they appear to us. He gives a robust defense of science and the study of the natural world from his argument about the mind's role in making nature. All discursive, rational beings must conceive of the physical world as spatially and temporally unified, he argues. | |||
| |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| holds that ''time'' is neither an event nor a thing, and thus is not itself measurable nor can it be travelled. | |||
| Time is one of the seven fundamental ] in the ]. Time is used to define other quantities — such as ] — so defining time in terms of such quantities would result in circularity of definition.<ref name="TrialogueP3">Duff, Okun, Veneziano, ''ibid.'' p. 3. "There is no well established terminology for the fundamental constants of Nature. ... The absence of accurately defined terms or the uses (i.e., actually misuses) of ill-defined terms lead to confusion and proliferation of wrong statements." | |||
| </ref> | |||
| An ] of time, wherein one says that observing a certain number of repetitions of one or another standard cyclical event (such as the passage of a free-swinging pendulum) constitutes one standard unit such as the ], is highly useful in the conduct of both advanced experiments and everyday affairs of life. The operational definition leaves aside the question whether there is something called time, apart from the counting activity just mentioned, that flows and that can be measured. Investigations of a single continuum called ] bring questions about ] into questions about time, questions that have their roots in the works of early students of ]. | |||
| Furthermore, it may be that there is a subjective component to time, but whether or not time itself is "felt", as a sensation or an experience, has never been settled.<ref name=DefRefs02> | |||
| * {{cite web |url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/time |title=Webster's New World College Dictionary |year=2010 |quote=1.indefinite, unlimited duration in which things are considered as happening in the past, present, or future; every moment there has ever been or ever will be... a system of measuring duration 2.the period between two events or during which something exists, happens, or acts; measured or measurable interval |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| * {{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/time?r=66 |title=The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary @dictionary.com |year=2002 |quote=A duration or relation of events expressed in terms of past, present, and future, and measured in units such as minutes, hours, days, months, or years. |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| * {{cite web |url=http://www.collinslanguage.com/results.aspx?context=3&reversed=False&action=define&homonym=-1&text=time |title=Collins Language.com |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2011 |quote=1. The continuous passage of existence in which events pass from a state of potentiality in the future, through the present, to a state of finality in the past. 2. ''physics'' a quantity measuring duration, usually with reference to a periodic process such as the rotation of the earth or the vibration of electromagnetic radiation emitted from certain atoms. In classical mechanics, time is absolute in the sense that the time of an event is independent of the observer. According to the theory of relativity it depends on the observer's frame of reference. Time is considered as a fourth coordinate required, along with three spatial coordinates, to specify an event. |accessdate=2011-12-18}} | |||
| * {{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/time?r=66 |title=The American Heritage Science Dictionary @dictionary.com |year=2002 |quote=1. A continuous, measurable quantity in which events occur in a sequence proceeding from the past through the present to the future. 2a. An interval separating two points of this quantity; a duration. 2b. A system or reference frame in which such intervals are measured or such quantities are calculated. |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| * {{cite web |url=http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/Time.html |title=Eric Weisstein's World of Science |year=2007 |quote=A quantity used to specify the order in which events occurred and measure the amount by which one event preceded or followed another. In special relativity, ct (where c is the speed of light and t is time), plays the role of a fourth dimension. |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| </ref><ref name=DefRefs01> | |||
| * {{cite web |url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/time/ |title=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |year=2010 |quote=Time is what clocks measure. We use time to place events in sequence one after the other, and we use time to compare how long events last... Among philosophers of physics, the most popular short answer to the question "What is physical time?" is that it is not a substance or object but rather a special system of relations among instantaneous events. This working definition is offered by Adolf Grünbaum who applies the contemporary mathematical theory of continuity to physical processes, and he says time is a linear continuum of instants and is a distinguished one-dimensional sub-space of four-dimensional spacetime. |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| * {{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/time?r=66 |title=Dictionary.com Unabridged, based on Random House Dictionary |year=2010 |quote=1. the system of those sequential relations that any event has to any other, as past, present, or future; indefinite and continuous duration regarded as that in which events succeed one another.... 3. (sometimes initial capital letter) a system or method of measuring or reckoning the passage of time: mean time; apparent time; Greenwich Time. 4. a limited period or interval, as between two successive events: a long time.... 14. a particular or definite point in time, as indicated by a clock: What time is it? ... 18. an indefinite, frequently prolonged period or duration in the future: Time will tell if what we have done here today was right. |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| * {{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/?id=HrHvAAAAMAAJ&q=%22time+is+what+clocks+measure%22&dq=%22time+is+what+clocks+measure%22 | title=Physics | |||
| | first1=Donald G. | last1=Ivey | first2=J.N.P. |last2=Hume | |||
| | volume=1 | page=65 | year=1974 | |||
| | publisher=Ronald Press | |||
| | quote=Our operational definition of time is that time is what clocks measure.}} | |||
| </ref><ref name=Poidevin> | |||
| {{cite encyclopedia | |||
| |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2004/entries/time-experience | |||
| |title=The Experience and Perception of Time | |||
| |last=Le Poidevin | |||
| |first=Robin | |||
| |year=Winter 2004 | |||
| |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy | |||
| |editor=Edward N. Zalta | |||
| |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| </ref><ref> | |||
| {{cite book | |||
| |last=Carrol, Sean | |||
| | first=Chapter One, Section Two, Plume, 2010 | |||
| | title=From Eternity to Here | |||
| | isbn=978-0452296541 | |||
| | quote=As human beings we 'feel' the passage of time.}} | |||
| </ref><ref name=lehar> | |||
| Lehar, Steve. (2000). , ''Consciousness and Cognition''. | |||
| </ref> | |||
| <!-- This paragraph could use expansion on the phenomenology of time, comparable to the science of time in the preceding paragraph --> | |||
| Temporal measurement has occupied scientists and ], and was a prime motivation in ] and ]. Periodic events and periodic motion have long served as standards for units of time. Examples include the apparent motion of the sun across the sky, the phases of the moon, the swing of a pendulum, and the beat of a heart. Currently, the international unit of time, the ], is defined in terms of radiation emitted by ] atoms (see ]). Time is also of significant social importance, having economic value ("]") as well as personal value, due to an ] of the limited time in each day and in ]. | |||
| == Temporal measurement and history == | |||
| Temporal measurement, or ], takes two distinct period forms: the ], a mathematical abstraction for calculating extensive periods of time,<ref name="Richards">{{cite book |title=Mapping Time: The Calendar and its History |last=Richards |first=E. G. |year=1998 |pages=3–5 |publisher=]}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| and the ], a physical mechanism that counts the ongoing passage of time. In day-to-day life, the clock is consulted for periods less than a day, the calendar, for periods longer than a day. Increasingly, personal electronic devices display both calendars and clocks simultaneously. The number (as on a clock dial or calendar) that marks the occurrence of a specified event as to hour or date is obtained by counting from a fiducial epoch – a central reference point. | |||
| === History of the calendar === | |||
| {{Main|Calendar}} | |||
| Artifacts from the ] suggest that the moon was used to reckon time as early as 6,000 years ago.<ref name="Rudgley">{{cite book |title=The Lost Civilizations of the Stone Age |last=Rudgley |first=Richard |authorlink=Richard Rudgley |year=1999 |pages=86–105 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| ]s were among the first to appear, either 12 or 13 ]s (either 354 or 384 days). Without ] to add days or months to some years, seasons quickly drift in a calendar based solely on twelve lunar months. ]s have a thirteenth month added to some years to make up for the difference between a full year (now known to be about 365.24 days) and a year of just twelve lunar months. The numbers twelve and thirteen came to feature prominently in many cultures, at least partly due to this relationship of months to years. | |||
| The reforms of ] in 45 BC put the ] on a ]. This ] was faulty in that its intercalation still allowed the astronomical ]s and ]es to advance against it by about 11 minutes per year. ] introduced a correction in 1582; the ] was only slowly adopted by different nations over a period of centuries, but it is now the most commonly used calendar around the world, by far. | |||
| ==List of units== | |||
| {| class="wikitable" | |||
| |+ Units of time | |||
| |- | |||
| ! Unit !! Length, Duration and Size!!Notes !! Other | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 5.39 x 10<sup>–44</sup> s || The amount of time light takes to travel one ]. This is the shortest time unit possible to understand in physics. All smaller time units have no use in physics. | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 10<sup>−24</sup> s || | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] (physics) || ~3 × 10<sup>−24</sup>s || The amount of time light takes to travel one fermi (about the size of a nucleon) in a vacuum. | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 10<sup>−21</sup> s || | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 10<sup>−18</sup> s || shortest time now measurable | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 10<sup>−15</sup> s || pulse time on fastest lasers | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 10<sup>−12</sup> s || | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 10<sup>−9</sup> s|| time for molecules to fluoresce | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 10<sup>-8</sup> s || Also a casual term for a short period of time || 10 nanoseconds | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 10<sup>−6</sup> s|| | |||
| |-style="background:#76hu90 | |||
| | ] || 0.001 s|| shortest time unit used on stopwatches | |||
| |- | |||
| | centisecond || 0.01 s|| used on some stopwatches | |||
| |- | |||
| | decisecond || 0.1 s|| used on some stopwatches | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] (electronics) || ~1/50s to 1/60s || Used to measure the time between alternating power cycles. Also a casual term for a short period of time | |||
| |- style="background:#jk9; font-weight:bold;" | |||
| | ] || 1 sec || ] base unit | |||
| |- | |||
| | dekasecond || 10 seconds|| | |||
| |-style="background:#jk9; | |||
| | ] || 60 seconds|| | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 90 seconds|| medieval unit of time | |||
| |- | |||
| | hectosecond || 100 seconds|| 1 minute and 40 seconds | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 14 minutes and 24 seconds || | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 1,000 seconds|| 16 minutes and 40 seconds | |||
| |-style="background:#jk9; | |||
| | ] || 60 minutes|| | |||
| |-style="background:#jk9; | |||
| | ] || 24 hours|| longest unit used on stopwatches and countdowns | |||
| |-style="background:#jk9; | |||
| | ] || 7 days|| Also called ''sennight'' | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 1,000,000 seconds || About 11.6 days | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 2 weeks || 14 days || may not be common | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 27.2–29.5 days|| Various definitions of ''lunar month'' exist. | |||
| |-style="background:#jk9; | |||
| | ] || 28–31 days|| | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 3 months|| It is called season if it is based on TV or weather temperature, otherwise it is called quarter | |||
| |-style="background:#jk9; | |||
| | ] || 12 months or 365 days|| | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 365 days||52 weeks + 1 day | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 365.24219 days<ref>{{cite book | |||
| |title=Time: from Earth rotation to atomic physics | |||
| |first1=Dennis D. | |||
| |last1=McCarthy | |||
| |first2=P. Kenneth | |||
| |last2=Seidelmann | |||
| |publisher=Wiley-VCH | |||
| |year=2009 | |||
| |isbn=3-527-40780-4 | |||
| |page=18 | |||
| |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7NdrK4e77CIC}}, | |||
| </ref> ||average | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 365.2425 days<ref>{{cite book | |||
| |title=The Chronology Of The Old Testament | |||
| |edition=15th | |||
| |first1=Floyd Nolen | |||
| |last1=Jones | |||
| |publisher=New Leaf Publishing Group | |||
| |year=2005 | |||
| |isbn=0-89051-416-X | |||
| |page=287 | |||
| |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZkBasQYRy4sC}}, | |||
| </ref> ||average | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 365.256363004 days || | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 366 days || 52 weeks + 2 days | |||
| |- | |||
| | biennium || 2 years|| A unit of time commonly used by legislatures | |||
| |- | |||
| | triennium || 3 years|| | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 4 year cycle || | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 5 years|| | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 10 years|| | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 15 year cycle || | |||
| |- | |||
| | generation || 17-35 years || | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 1,000,000,000 seconds || About 31.7 years | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 50 years || | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 100 years|| | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 1,000 years|| also called "kiloannum" | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 1 trillion seconds|| About 31,700 years | |||
| |- | |||
| | age and megaannum || 1,000,000 years || | |||
| |- | |||
| | epoch || 10,000,000 years || | |||
| |- | |||
| | petasecond || 1 quadrillion seconds|| About 3.17 epoches | |||
| |- | |||
| | era || 100,000,000 years || | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || Approximately 2.3 eras<ref name="StarChild">http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/questions/question18.html NASA - StarChild Question of the Month for February 2000</ref>||The amount of time it takes the Solar System to orbit the center of the Milky Way Galaxy one time. | |||
| |- | |||
| | eon || 500,000,000 years ||Also "An indefinite and very long period of time""<ref>http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aeon?show=0&t=1372548060</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| | gigaannum || 1,000,000,000 years || | |||
| |- | |||
| | exasecond || 1 quintillion seconds ||<small>roughly 31.7 billion years, more than twice<br/>the age of the universe on current estimates</small> | |||
| |- | |||
| | zettasecond || 1 sextillion seconds|| About 31.7 trillion years | |||
| |- | |||
| | yottasecond || 1 septillion seconds|| About 31.7 quadrillion years | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || varies ||<small>10 times the length of the previous<br/>cosmological decade, with CÐ 1 beginning<br/>either 10 seconds or 10 years after the<br/>Big Bang, depending on the definition.</small> | |||
| |} | |||
| ==History of time measurement devices== | |||
| ] in ]]] | |||
| {{Main|History of timekeeping devices}} | |||
| {{See also|Clock}} | |||
| A large variety of ] has been invented to measure time. The study of these devices is called ]. | |||
| An ]ian device that dates to c.1500 BC, similar in shape to a bent ], measured the passage of time from the shadow cast by its crossbar on a nonlinear rule. The T was orientated eastward in the mornings. At ], the device was turned around so that it could cast its shadow in the evening direction.<ref>Barnett, Jo Ellen ''Time's Pendulum: The Quest to Capture Time—from Sundials to Atomic Clocks'' Plenum, 1998 ISBN 0-306-45787-3 p.28 | |||
| </ref> | |||
| A ] uses a ] to cast a shadow on a set of markings calibrated to the ]. The position of the shadow marks the hour in ]. | |||
| The most precise timekeeping device of the ancient world was the ], or ''clepsydra'', one of which was found in the tomb of Egyptian pharaoh ] (1525–1504 BC). They could be used to measure the hours even at night, but required manual upkeep to replenish the flow of water. The ] and the people from ] (southeastern Mesopotamia) regularly maintained timekeeping records as an essential part of their astronomical observations. Arab inventors and engineers in particular made improvements on the use of water clocks up to the Middle Ages.<ref>Barnett, ''ibid'', p.37 | |||
| </ref> | |||
| In the 11th century, ] and ] invented the first mechanical clocks driven by an ] mechanism. | |||
| ]]] | |||
| The ] uses the flow of sand to measure the flow of time. They were used in navigation. ] used 18 glasses on each ship for his circumnavigation of the globe (1522).<ref>Laurence Bergreen, ''Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe'', HarperCollins Publishers, 2003, hardcover 480 pages, ISBN 0-06-621173-5 | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Incense sticks and candles were, and are, commonly used to measure time in temples and churches across the globe. Waterclocks, and later, mechanical clocks, were used to mark the events of the abbeys and monasteries of the Middle Ages. ] (1292–1336), abbot of St. Alban's abbey, famously built a mechanical clock as an astronomical ] about 1330.<ref>North, J. (2004) ''God's Clockmaker: Richard of Wallingford and the Invention of Time''. Oxbow Books. ISBN 1-85285-451-0 | |||
| </ref><ref> | |||
| Watson, E (1979) "The St Albans Clock of Richard of Wallingford". ''Antiquarian Horology'' 372–384. | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Great advances in accurate time-keeping were made by ] and especially ] with the invention of pendulum driven clocks. | |||
| The English word ] probably comes from the Middle Dutch word ''klocke''—which, in turn, derives from the mediaeval Latin word ''clocca'', which ultimately derives from Celtic and is cognate with French, Latin, and German words that mean ]. The passage of the hours at sea were marked by bells, and denoted the time (see ]). The hours were marked by bells in abbeys as well as at sea. | |||
| ]s, such as this one unveiled in 2004, are expected to greatly improve ] location.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/miniclock.cfm |title=NIST Unveils Chip-Scale Atomic Clock |date=27 August 2004 |accessdate=2011-06-09}}</ref>]] | |||
| Clocks can range from ]es, to more exotic varieties such as the ]. They can be driven by a variety of means, including gravity, springs, and various forms of electrical power, and regulated by a variety of means such as a ]. | |||
| A ] is a portable timekeeper that meets certain precision standards. Initially, the term was used to refer to the ], a timepiece used to determine ] by means of ], a precision firstly achieved by ]. More recently, the term has also been applied to the ], a watch that meets precision standards set by the Swiss agency ]. | |||
| ] is an ] (]) used in a variety of ], ] and ] applications.]] | |||
| The most accurate timekeeping devices are ]s, which are accurate to seconds in many millions of years,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=e24ccfa7-44eb-40b7-8b67-daf8263569ff |title=New atomic clock can keep time for 200 million years: Super-precise instruments vital to deep space navigation |date=16 February 2008 |work=Vancouver Sun |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| and are used to calibrate other clocks and timekeeping instruments. | |||
| Atomic clocks use the spin property of atoms as their basis, and since 1967, the International System of Measurements bases its unit of time, the second, on the properties of ] atoms. ] defines the second as 9,192,631,770 cycles of the radiation that corresponds to the transition between two electron spin energy levels of the ground state of the <sup>133</sup>Cs atom. | |||
| Today, the ] in coordination with the ] can be used to synchronize timekeeping systems across the globe. | |||
| {{clear right}} | |||
| In medieval philosophical writings, the '''atom''' was a unit of time referred to as the smallest possible division of time. The earliest known occurrence in English is in ]'s ''Enchiridion'' (a science text) of 1010–1012,<ref>"Byrhtferth of Ramsey". (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-09-15, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9438957 | |||
| </ref> | |||
| where it was defined as 1/564 of a ''momentum'' (1½ minutes),<ref>"atom", ], Draft Revision Sept. 2008 (contains relevant citations from Byrhtferth's ''Enchiridion'') | |||
| </ref> | |||
| and thus equal to 15/94 of a second. It was used in the '']'', the process of calculating the date of ]. | |||
| {{As of| May 2010}}, the smallest time interval uncertainty in direct measurements is on the order of 12 ]s (1.2 × 10<sup>−17</sup> seconds), about 3.7 × 10<sup>26</sup> ]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.physorg.com/news192909576.html | title=12 attoseconds is the world record for shortest controllable time | date=12 May 2010 | accessdate=2012-04-19}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| == Definitions and standards == | |||
| The ] for time is the ] ]. From the second, larger units such as the ], ] and ] are defined, though they are "non-SI" units because they do not use the decimal system, and also because of the occasional need for a ]. They are, however, officially accepted for use ''with'' the International System. There are no fixed ratios between seconds and ]s or ]s as months and years have significant variations in length.<ref name="si_units">{{cite book |title=The International System of Units (SI), 7th Edition |url=http://www1.bipm.org/utils/en/pdf/si-brochure.pdf |format=PDF |year=1998 |author=Organisation Intergouvernementale de la Convention du Métre |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| The official SI definition of the second is as follows:<ref name="si_units"/><ref name="second">{{cite web |title=Base unit definitions: Second |url=http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/second.html |publisher=] |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| {{Bquote|The second is the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the ] 133 atom.}} | |||
| {{clear left}} | |||
| At its 1997 meeting, the CIPM affirmed that this definition refers to a caesium atom in its ground state at a temperature of 0 K.<ref name="si_units"/> | |||
| Previous to 1967, the second was defined as: | |||
| {{Bquote|the fraction 1/31,556,925.9747 of the ] for 1900 January 0 at 12 hours ].}} | |||
| {{clear left}} | |||
| The current definition of the second, coupled with the current definition of the metre, is based on the ], which affirms our ] to be a ]. | |||
| === World time === | |||
| Time-keeping is so critical to the functioning of modern societies that it is coordinated at an international level. The basis for scientific time is a continuous count of seconds based on ]s around the world, known as the ]. Other scientific time standards include ] and ]. | |||
| ] (UTC) is the basis for modern ]. Since 1 January 1972, it has been defined to follow TAI with an exact offset of an integer number of seconds, changing only when a ] is added to keep clock time synchronized with the rotation of the Earth. In TAI and UTC systems, the duration of a ] is constant, as it is defined by the unchanging transition period of the caesium atom. | |||
| ] (GMT) is an older standard, adopted starting with British railways in 1847. Using telescopes instead of atomic clocks, GMT was calibrated to the ] at the ] in the UK. ] (UT) is the modern term for the international telescope-based system, adopted to replace "Greenwich Mean Time" in 1928 by the ]. Observations at the Greenwich Observatory itself ceased in 1954, though the location is still used as the basis for the coordinate system. Because the rotational period of Earth is not perfectly constant, the duration of a second would vary if calibrated to a telescope-based standard like GMT or UT—in which a second was defined as a fraction of a day or year. The terms "GMT" and "Greenwich Mean Time" are sometimes used informally to refer to UT or UTC. | |||
| The ] also broadcasts a very precise time signal worldwide, along with instructions for converting GPS time to UTC. | |||
| Earth is split up into a number of ]s. Most time zones are exactly one hour apart, and by convention compute their local time as an offset from UTC or GMT. In many locations these offsets vary twice yearly due to ] transitions. | |||
| === Time conversions === | |||
| These conversions are accurate at the millisecond level for time systems involving earth rotation (UT1 & TT). Conversions between atomic time systems (TAI, GPS, and UTC) are accurate at the microsecond level. | |||
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:80%" | |||
| |- | |||
| ! System | |||
| ! Description | |||
| ! UT1 | |||
| ! UTC | |||
| ! TT | |||
| ! TAI | |||
| ! GPS | |||
| |- | |||
| | UT1 | |||
| | Mean Solar Time | |||
| | UT1 | |||
| | UTC = UT1 - DUT1 | |||
| | TT = UT1 + 32.184 s + LS - DUT1 | |||
| | TAI = UT1 - DUT1 + LS | |||
| | GPS = UT1 - DUT1 + LS - 19 s | |||
| |- | |||
| | UTC | |||
| | Civil Time | |||
| | UT1 = UTC + DUT1 | |||
| | UTC | |||
| | TT = UTC + 32.184 s + LS | |||
| | TAI = UTC + LS | |||
| | GPS = UTC + LS - 19 s | |||
| |- | |||
| | TT | |||
| | Terrestrial (Ephemeris) Time | |||
| | UT1 = TT - 32.184 s - LS + DUT1 | |||
| | UTC = TT - 32.184 s - LS | |||
| | TT | |||
| | TAI = TT - 32.184 s | |||
| | GPS = TT - 51.184 s | |||
| |- | |||
| | TAI | |||
| | Atomic Time | |||
| | UT1 = TAI + DUT1 - LS | |||
| | UTC = TAI - LS | |||
| | TT = TAI + 32.184 s | |||
| | TAI | |||
| | GPS = TAI - 19 s | |||
| |- | |||
| | GPS | |||
| | GPS Time | |||
| | UT1 = GPS + DUT1 - LS + 19 s | |||
| | UTC = GPS - LS + 19 s | |||
| | TT = GPS + 51.184 s | |||
| | TAI = GPS + 19 s | |||
| | GPS | |||
| |} | |||
| Definitions: | |||
| # LS = TAI - UTC = Leap Seconds from http://maia.usno.navy.mil/ser7/tai-utc.dat | |||
| # DUT1 = UT1 - UTC from http://maia.usno.navy.mil/ser7/ser7.dat or http://maia.usno.navy.mil/search/search.html | |||
| === Sidereal time === | |||
| ] is the measurement of time relative to a distant star (instead of solar time that is relative to the sun). It is used in astronomy to predict when a star will be overhead. Due to the orbit of the earth around the sun a sidereal day is 4 minutes (1/366th) less than a solar day. | |||
| === Chronology === | |||
| {{Main|Chronology}} | |||
| Another form of time measurement consists of studying the ]. Events in the past can be ordered in a sequence (creating a ]), and can be put into chronological groups (]). One of the most important systems of periodization is the ], which is a system of periodizing the events that shaped the ] and its life. Chronology, periodization, and interpretation of the past are together known as the study of ]. | |||
| == Religion == | |||
| ] shown ] ]] | |||
| {{Further|Time and fate deities}} | |||
| === Linear and cyclical time === | |||
| {{See also|Time Cycles|Wheel of time}} | |||
| Ancient cultures such as ], ], ], and other Native American Tribes, plus the ]ns, ], ], ], ], and others have a concept of a ], that regards time as ] and ] consisting of repeating ages that happen to every being of the Universe between birth and extinction. | |||
| In general, the ] concept, based on the ], is that time is linear, beginning with the act of ] by ]. The general ] view is that time will end with the ]. | |||
| In the ] book ], traditionally ascribed to ] (970–928 BC), time (as the Hebrew word עדן, זמן ''`iddan(time) zĕman(season)'' is often translated) was traditionally regarded as a medium for the passage of ] events. (Another word, زمان" זמן" ''zman'', was current as meaning ''time fit for an event'', and is used as the modern ], ], and ] equivalent to the English word "time".) | |||
| <blockquote> | |||
| There is an appointed time (''zman'') for everything. And there is a time (’êth) for every event under heaven–<br /> | |||
| A time (''’êth'') to give birth, and a time to die; A time to plant, and a time to uproot what is planted.<br /> | |||
| A time to kill, and a time to heal; A time to tear down, and a time to build up.<br /> | |||
| A time to weep, and a time to laugh; A time to mourn, and a time to dance.<br /> | |||
| A time to throw stones, and a time to gather stones; A time to embrace, and a time to shun embracing.<br /> | |||
| A time to search, and a time to give up as lost; A time to keep, and a time to throw away.<br /> | |||
| A time to tear apart, and a time to sew together; A time to be silent, and a time to speak.<br /> | |||
| A time to love, and a time to hate; A time for war, and a time for peace. | |||
| – {{bibleverse||Ecclesiastes|3:1–8|}} | |||
| </blockquote> | |||
| {{-}} | |||
| === Time in Greek mythology === | |||
| The Greek language denotes two distinct principles, ] and ]. The former refers to numeric, or chronological, time. The latter, literally "the right or opportune moment", relates specifically to metaphysical or Divine time. In theology, Kairos is qualitative, as opposed to quantitative. | |||
| In Greek mythology, Chronos (Ancient Greek: Χρόνος) is identified as the Personification of Time. His name in Greek means "time" and is alternatively spelled Chronus (Latin spelling) or Khronos. Chronos is usually portrayed as an old, wise man with a long, gray beard, such as "Father Time". Some English words whose etymological root is khronos/chronos include ''chronology'', ''chronometer'', ''chronic'', ''anachronism'', ''synchronize'', and ''chronicle''. | |||
| == Philosophy == | |||
| {{Main|Philosophy of space and time|Temporal finitism}} | |||
| Two distinct viewpoints on time divide many prominent philosophers. | |||
| One view is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the ], a ] in which events occur in ]. ] subscribed to this ] view, and hence it is sometimes referred to as ].<ref name=Markosian /> | |||
| An opposing view is that ''time'' does not refer to any kind of actually existing dimension that events and objects "move through", nor to any entity that "flows", but that it is instead an intellectual concept (together with ] and ]) that enables humans to sequence and compare events<ref> | |||
| {{cite book | |||
| |title=Research Trends in Geographic Information Science | |||
| |first1=Gerhard |last1=Navratil | |||
| |publisher=Springer Japan | |||
| |year=2009 | |||
| |isbn=3-540-88243-X | |||
| |page=217 | |||
| |url=http://books.google.be/books?id=q8w728aa1CkC | |||
| |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| This second view, in the tradition of ]<ref name="Burnham"/> | |||
| and ],<ref name="Mattey"/><ref name="McCormick"/> | |||
| holds that space and time "do not exist in and of themselves, but ... are the product of the way we represent things", because we can know objects only as they ] to us. | |||
| The '']'', the earliest texts on ] and ] dating back to the late ], describe ancient ], in which the ] goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4320 million years.<ref> | |||
| {{cite book | |||
| |title=Who needs the past?: indigenous values and archaeology | |||
| |edition=2nd | |||
| |first1=Robert |last1=Layton | |||
| |publisher=Routledge | |||
| |year=1994 | |||
| |isbn=0-415-09558-1 | |||
| |page=7 | |||
| |accessdate=2011-04-09 | |||
| |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7TPIDL9RdsoC}}, | |||
| </ref> | |||
| ] ], including ] and ], wrote essays on the nature of time.<ref>Dagobert Runes, ''Dictionary of Philosophy'', p. 318 | |||
| </ref> | |||
| ], in the ], identified time with the period of motion of the heavenly bodies. ], in Book IV of his ] defined time as the number of change with respect to before and after. | |||
| In Book 11 of his '']'', ] ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not." He begins to define time by what it is not rather than what it is,<ref> | |||
| {{cite book |url=http://en.wikisource.org/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_I/Volume_I/Confessions/Book_XI/Chapter_14 |authorlink=Augustine of Hippo |author=Augustine of Hippo |title=Confessions |accessdate=2011-04-09}} Book 11, Chapter 14. | |||
| </ref> | |||
| an approach similar to that taken in other ]. However, Augustine ends up calling time a “distention” of the mind (Confessions 11.26) by which we simultaneously grasp the past in memory, the present by attention, and the future by expectation. | |||
| In contrast to ancient Greek philosophers who believed that the universe had an infinite past with no beginning, ] and ] developed the concept of the universe having a finite past with a beginning. | |||
| This view is shared by Abrahamic faiths as they believe time started by creation, therefore the only thing being infinite is God and everything else, including time, is finite. | |||
| ] believed in absolute space and absolute time; ] believed that time and space are relational.<ref>Gottfried Martin, ''Kant's Metaphysics and Theory of Science'' | |||
| </ref> | |||
| The differences between Leibniz's and Newton's interpretations came to a head in the famous ]. | |||
| {{Quote box | |||
| |quote=Time is not an empirical concept. For neither co-existence nor succession would be perceived by us, if the representation of time did not exist as a foundation ''a priori''. Without this presupposition we could not represent to ourselves that things exist together at one and the same time, or at different times, that is, contemporaneously, or in succession. | |||
| |source=], '']'' (1781), trans. Vasilis Politis (London: Dent., 1991), p.54. | |||
| |align=right | |||
| |width=35% | |||
| |quoted=1 | |||
| }} | |||
| ], in the '']'', described time as an '']'' intuition that allows us (together with the other ''a priori'' intuition, ]) to comprehend ].<ref name="kant"> | |||
| {{cite book |url=http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/k/kant/immanuel/k16p/ |last=Kant |first=Immanuel |authorlink=Immanuel Kant |title=The Critique of Pure Reason, 2nd edition |year=1787 |accessdate=2011-04-09}} translated by J. M. D. Meiklejohn, eBooks@Adelaide, 2004 | |||
| </ref> | |||
| With Kant, neither space nor time are conceived as ], but rather both are elements of a systematic mental framework that necessarily structures the experiences of any rational agent, or observing subject. Kant thought of time as a fundamental part of an ] conceptual framework, together with ] and ], within which we sequence events, ] their duration, and compare the motions of objects. In this view, ''time'' does not refer to any kind of entity that "flows," that objects "move through," or that is a "container" for events. Spatial ]s are used to ] the extent of and distances between ], and temporal measurements are used to quantify the durations of and between ]. | |||
| (See ]). | |||
| ] believed that time was neither a real homogeneous medium nor a mental construct, but possesses what he referred to as '']''. Duration, in Bergson's view, was creativity and memory as an essential component of reality.<ref>Bergson, Henri (1907) ''Creative Evolution''. trans. by Arthur Mitchell. Mineola: Dover, 1998. | |||
| </ref> | |||
| According to ] we do not exist inside time, ''we are time''. Hence, the relationship to the past is a present awareness of ''having been'', which allows the past to exist in the present. The relationship to the future is the state of anticipating a potential possibility, task, or engagement. It is related to the human propensity for caring and being concerned, which causes "being ahead of oneself" when thinking of a pending occurrence. Therefore, this concern for a potential occurrence also allows the future to exist in the present. The present becomes an experience, which is qualitative instead of quantitative. Heidegger seems to think this is the way that a linear relationship with time, or temporal existence, is broken or transcended.<ref name=Balslev> | |||
| {{Cite book | |||
| | last=Balslev | |||
| | first=Anindita N. | |||
| | coauthors=and Jitendranath Mohanty | |||
| | title=Religion and Time | |||
| | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | |||
| | series=Studies in the History of Religions, 54. | |||
| | date=November 1992 | |||
| | location=The Netherlands | |||
| | pages=53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, and 59 | |||
| | url=http://books.google.com/?id=y94cKeEVa3sC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Religion+and+time#v=onepage&q=Heidegger&f=false | |||
| | isbn=978-90-04-09583-0}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| We are not stuck in sequential time. We are able to remember the past and project into the future - we have a kind of random access to our representation of temporal existence --- we can, in our thoughts, step out of (ecstasis) sequential time.<ref> | |||
| {{cite book | |||
| | title=Being and Time | |||
| | author=Martin Heidegger | |||
| | page=425 | |||
| | url=http://books.google.com/?id=S57m5gW0L-MC&pg=PA425&lpg=PA425&dq=heidegger+sequence#v=onepage&q=heidegger%20sequence&f=false | |||
| | year=1962 | |||
| | chapter=V | |||
| | isbn=978-0-631-19770-6}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| === Time as "unreal" === | |||
| In 5th century BC ], ] the ], in a fragment preserved from his chief work ''On Truth'', held that: ''"Time is not a reality (hypostasis), but a concept (noêma) or a measure (metron)."'' | |||
| ] went further, maintaining that time, motion, and change were illusions, leading to the ] of his follower ].<ref>{{cite web |author=Harry Foundalis |title=You are about to disappear |url=http://www.foundalis.com/phi/WhyTimeFlows.htm |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Time as an illusion is also a common theme in ] thought.<ref> | |||
| {{cite web |title=Buddhism and the illusion of time |url=http://www.buddhasvillage.com/teachings/time.htm |first=Tom |last=Huston |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| </ref><ref> | |||
| {{cite book | |||
| | url=http://books.google.com/?id=kfsyfoO1IlYC&pg=RA1-PR19&dq=The+fundamental+wisdom+of+the+middle+way+time#v=onepage&q&f=false | |||
| | last=Garfield|first=Jay L.|title=The fundamental wisdom of the middle way: Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā|year=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-509336-0}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| ]'s 1908 '']'' argues that, since every event has the characteristic of being both present and not present (i.e., future or past), that time is a self-contradictory idea (see also ]). | |||
| These arguments often center around what it means for something to be ''unreal''. Modern physicists generally believe that time is as ''real'' as space—though others, such as ] in his book '']'', argue that quantum equations of the universe take their true form when expressed in the timeless ] containing every possible ''now'' or momentary configuration of the universe, called ']' by Barbour.<ref> | |||
| {{cite web |title=Time is an illusion? |url=http://physicsandphysicists.blogspot.com/2007/03/time-is-illusion.html |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| (See also: ]) | |||
| == Physical definition == | |||
| {{Classical mechanics|cTopic=Fundamental concepts}} | |||
| {{Main|Time in physics}} | |||
| Until ] profound reinterpretation of the physical concepts associated with time and space, time was considered to be the same everywhere in the universe, with all observers measuring the same time interval for any event.<ref>Herman M. Schwartz, ''Introduction to Special Relativity'', McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1968, hardcover 442 pages, see ISBN 0-88275-478-5 (1977 edition), pp. 10–13 | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Non-relativistic ] is based on this Newtonian idea of time. | |||
| Einstein, in his ],<ref>A. Einstein, H. A. Lorentz, H. Weyl, H. Minkowski, ''The Principle of Relativity'', Dover Publications, Inc, 2000, softcover 216 pages, ISBN 0-486-60081-5, See pp. 37–65 for an English translation of Einstein's original 1905 paper. | |||
| </ref> | |||
| postulated the constancy and finiteness of the speed of light for all observers. He showed that this postulate, together with a reasonable definition for what it means for two events to be simultaneous, requires that distances appear compressed and time intervals appear lengthened for events associated with objects in motion relative to an inertial observer. | |||
| The theory of special relativity finds a convenient formulation in ]time, a mathematical structure that combines three dimensions of space with a single dimension of time. In this formalism, distances in space can be measured by how long light takes to travel that distance, e.g., a ] is a measure of distance, and a meter is now defined in terms of how far light travels in a certain amount of time. Two ] in Minkowski spacetime are separated by an '']'', which can be either ], ], or ]. Events that are time-like cannot be simultaneous in any ], there must be a temporal component (and possibly a spatial one) to their separation. Events that are space-like could be simultaneous in some frame of reference, and there is no frame of reference in which they do not have a spatial separation. People travelling at different velocities between two events measure different spatial and temporal separations between the events, but the ''invariant interval'' is constant and independent of velocity. | |||
| === Classical mechanics === | |||
| In non-relativistic ], Newton's concept of "relative, apparent, and common time" can be used in the formulation of a prescription for the synchronization of clocks. Events seen by two different observers in motion relative to each other produce a mathematical concept of time that works sufficiently well for describing the everyday phenomena of most people's experience. In the late nineteenth century, physicists encountered problems with the classical understanding of time, in connection with the behavior of electricity and magnetism. Einstein resolved these problems by invoking a method of synchronizing clocks using the constant, finite speed of light as the maximum signal velocity. This led directly to the result that observers in motion relative to one another measure different elapsed times for the same event. | |||
| ]. The past and future ]s are absolute, the "present" is a relative concept different for observers in relative motion.]] | |||
| === Spacetime === | |||
| {{Main|Spacetime}} | |||
| Time has historically been closely related with ], the two together merging into ] in ] ] and ]. According to these theories, the concept of time depends on the ], and the human perception as well as the measurement by instruments such as clocks are different for observers in relative motion. For example, if a spaceship carrying a clock flies through space at (very nearly) the speed of light, its crew does not notice a change in the speed of time on board their vessel because everything traveling at the same speed slows down at the same rate (including the clock, the crew's thought processes, and the functions of their bodies). However, to a stationary observer watching the spaceship fly by, the spaceship appears flattened in the direction it is traveling and the clock on board the spaceship appears to move very slowly. On the other hand, the crew on board the spaceship also perceives the observer as slowed down and flattened along the spaceship's direction of travel, because both are moving at very nearly the speed of light relative to each other. Because the outside universe appears flattened to the spaceship, the crew perceives themselves as quickly traveling between regions of space that (to the stationary observer) are many light years apart. This is reconciled by the fact that the crew's perception of time is different from the stationary observer's; what seems like seconds to the crew might be hundreds of years to the stationary observer. In either case, however, causality remains unchanged: the ] is the set of events that can send light signals to an entity and the ] is the set of events to which an entity can send light signals.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ev9zrt__lec</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7vpw4AH8QQ</ref><ref>http://www.cracked.com/article_19659_7-theories-time-that-would-make-doc-browns-head-explode.html</ref> | |||
| === Time dilation === | |||
| ]: Event B is simultaneous with A in the green reference frame, but it occurred before in the blue frame, and occurs later in the red frame.]] | |||
| {{Main|Time dilation}} | |||
| Einstein showed in his thought experiments that people travelling at different speeds, while agreeing on ], measures different time separations between events, and can even observe different chronological orderings between non-causally related events. Though these effects are typically minute in the human experience, the effect becomes much more pronounced for objects moving at speeds approaching the speed of light. Many ]s exist for only a fixed fraction of a second in a lab relatively at rest, but some that travel close to the speed of light can be measured to travel farther and survive much longer than expected (a ] is one example). According to the ], in the high-speed particle's ], it exists, on the average, for a standard amount of time known as its ], and the distance it travels in that time is zero, because its velocity is zero. Relative to a frame of reference at rest, time seems to "slow down" for the particle. Relative to the high-speed particle, distances seem to shorten. Einstein showed how both temporal and spatial dimensions can be altered (or "warped") by high-speed motion. | |||
| Einstein (''The Meaning of Relativity''): "Two ] taking place at the points A and B of a system K are simultaneous if they appear at the same instant when observed from the middle point, M, of the interval AB. Time is then defined as the ensemble of the indications of similar clocks, at rest relatively to K, which register the same simultaneously." | |||
| Einstein wrote in his book, ''Relativity'', that ], i.e., two events that appear simultaneous to an observer in a particular inertial reference frame need not be judged as simultaneous by a second observer in a different inertial frame of reference. | |||
| === Relativistic time versus Newtonian time === | |||
| ] of a rapidly accelerating observer in a relativistic universe. The events ("dots") that pass the two diagonal lines in the bottom half of the image (the past ] of the observer in the origin) are the events visible to the observer.]] | |||
| The animations visualise the different treatments of time in the Newtonian and the relativistic descriptions. At the heart of these differences are the ] and ]s applicable in the Newtonian and relativistic theories, respectively. | |||
| In the figures, the vertical direction indicates time. The horizontal direction indicates distance (only one spatial dimension is taken into account), and the thick dashed curve is the ] trajectory ("]") of the observer. The small dots indicate specific (past and future) events in spacetime. | |||
| The slope of the world line (deviation from being vertical) gives the relative velocity to the observer. Note how in both pictures the view of spacetime changes when the observer accelerates. | |||
| In the Newtonian description these changes are such that ''time'' is absolute:<ref>Mughal, Muhammad Aurang Zeb. 2009. . H. James Birx (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Time: Science, Philosophy, Theology, and Culture'', Vol. 3. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 1254-1255.</ref> the movements of the observer do not influence whether an event occurs in the 'now' (i.e., whether an event passes the horizontal line through the observer). | |||
| However, in the relativistic description the ''observability of events'' is absolute: the movements of the observer do not influence whether an event passes the "]" of the observer. Notice that with the change from a Newtonian to a relativistic description, the concept of ''absolute time'' is no longer applicable: events move up-and-down in the figure depending on the acceleration of the observer. | |||
| === Arrow of time === | |||
| {{Main|Arrow of time}} | |||
| Time appears to have a direction – the past lies behind, fixed and immutable, while the future lies ahead and is not necessarily fixed. Yet for the most part the laws of physics do not specify an ], and allow any process to proceed both forward and in reverse. This is generally a consequence of time being modeled by a parameter in the system being analyzed, where there is no "proper time": the direction of the arrow of time is sometimes arbitrary. Examples of this include the ], which states that ] must increase over time (see ]); the ] arrow of time, which points away from the ], ], and the radiative arrow of time, caused by ] only traveling forwards in time (see ]). In ], the ] implies that there should be a small counterbalancing time asymmetry to preserve ] as stated above. The standard description of ] in ] is also time asymmetric (see ]). | |||
| === Quantized time === | |||
| {{See also|Chronon}} | |||
| Time quantization is a hypothetical concept. In the modern established physical theories (the ] of Particles and Interactions and ]) time is not quantized. | |||
| ] (~ ] seconds) is the unit of time in the system of ] known as ]. Current established physical theories are believed to fail at this time scale, and many physicists expect that the Planck time might be the smallest unit of time that could ever be measured, even in principle. Tentative physical theories that describe this time scale exist; see for instance ]. | |||
| == Time and the Big Bang == | |||
| ] in particular has addressed a connection between time and the ]. In '']'' and elsewhere, Hawking says that even if time did not begin with the Big Bang and there were another time frame before the Big Bang, no information from events then would be accessible to us, and nothing that happened then would have any effect upon the present time-frame.<ref name=BOT-lecture-62-1> | |||
| {{cite web | |||
| |url=http://www.hawking.org.uk/the-beginning-of-time.html | |||
| |title=The Beginning of Time | |||
| |publisher=University of Cambridge | |||
| |first=Stephen | |||
| |last=Hawking | |||
| |year=1996 | |||
| |quote=Since events before the Big Bang have no observational consequences, one may as well cut them out of the theory, and say that time began at the Big Bang. Events before the Big Bang, are simply not defined, because there's no way one could measure what happened at them. This kind of beginning to the universe, and of time itself, is very different to the beginnings that had been considered earlier. | |||
| |accessdate=2012-07-08 }} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Upon occasion, Hawking has stated that time actually began with the Big Bang, and that questions about what happened ''before'' the Big Bang are ''meaningless''.<ref name=BOT-lecture-62-2> | |||
| {{cite web | |||
| |url=http://www.hawking.org.uk/the-beginning-of-time.html | |||
| |title=The Beginning of Time | |||
| |publisher=University of Cambridge | |||
| |first=Stephen | |||
| |last=Hawking | |||
| |year=1996 | |||
| |quote=The conclusion of this lecture is that the universe has not existed forever. Rather, the universe, and time itself, had a beginning in the Big Bang, about 15 billion years ago. | |||
| |accessdate=2012-07-08}} | |||
| </ref><ref> | |||
| {{cite web | |||
| |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2006/060227.html | |||
| |title=Professor Stephen Hawking lectures on the origin of the universe | |||
| |first=Stephen | |||
| |last=Hawking | |||
| |date=27 February 2006 | |||
| |publisher=University of Oxford | |||
| |quote=Suppose the beginning of the universe was like the South Pole of the earth, with degrees of latitude playing the role of time. The universe would start as a point at the South Pole. As one moves north, the circles of constant latitude, representing the size of the universe, would expand. To ask what happened before the beginning of the universe would become a meaningless question because there is nothing south of the South Pole. | |||
| |accessdate=2012-12-05}} | |||
| </ref><ref> | |||
| {{cite web | |||
| |url=http://www.ghandchi.com/312-SpaceEng.htm | |||
| |title=Space and New Thinking | |||
| |first=Sam : Editor/Publisher | |||
| |last=Ghandchi | |||
| |date=16 January 2004 | |||
| |quote=and as Stephen Hawking puts it, asking what was before Big Bang is like asking what is North of North Pole, a meaningless question. | |||
| |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| This less-nuanced, but commonly repeated formulation has received criticisms from philosophers such as ] philosopher ].<ref>{{cite web | |||
| |url=http://radicalacademy.com/adlertheology1.htm | |||
| |title=Natural Theology, Chance, and God | |||
| |first=Mortimer J., PhD | |||
| |last=Adler | |||
| |quote=Hawking could have avoided the error of supposing that time had a beginning with the Big Bang if he had distinguished time as it is measured by physicists from time that is not measurable by physicists.... an error shared by many other great physicists in the twentieth century, the error of saying that what cannot be measured by physicists does not exist in reality. | |||
| |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| {{cite encyclopedia | |||
| |title=The Great Ideas Today | |||
| |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica | |||
| |year=1992}} | |||
| </ref><ref> | |||
| {{cite web | |||
| |url=http://radicalacademy.com/adlertheology2.htm | |||
| |title=Natural Theology, Chance, and God | |||
| |first=Mortimer J., PhD | |||
| |last=Adler | |||
| |quote=Where Einstein had said that what is not measurable by physicists is of no interest to them, Hawking flatly asserts that what is not measurable by physicists does not exist—has no reality whatsoever.<br>With respect to time, that amounts to the denial of psychological time which is not measurable by physicists, and also to everlasting time—time before the Big Bang—which physics cannot measure. Hawking does not know that both Aquinas and Kant had shown that we cannot rationally establish that time is either finite or infinite. | |||
| |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| {{cite encyclopedia | |||
| |title=The Great Ideas Today | |||
| |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica | |||
| |year=1992}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Scientists have come to some agreement on descriptions of events that happened 10<sup>−35</sup> seconds after the Big Bang, but generally agree that descriptions about what happened before one ] (5 × 10<sup>−44</sup> seconds) after the Big Bang are likely to remain pure speculation. | |||
| === Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang === | |||
| <!-- article is about TIME, not about the Big Bang. This section needs to go to ] article --> | |||
| ] with the inflationary epoch represented as the dramatic expansion of the ] seen on the left]] | |||
| While the Big Bang model is well established in cosmology, it is likely to be refined in the future. Little is known about the earliest moments of the universe's history. The ] require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of cosmic time. However, these theorems assume that ] is correct, but general relativity must break down before the universe reaches the ], and a correct treatment of ] may avoid the singularity.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hawking, Stephen; and Ellis, G. F. R. |title=The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1973 |isbn=0-521-09906-4}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| There may also be parts of the universe well beyond what can be observed in principle. If inflation occurred this is likely, for exponential expansion would push large regions of space beyond our observable horizon. | |||
| Some proposals, each of which entails untested hypotheses, are: | |||
| * Models including the ] in which the whole of space-time is finite; the Big Bang does represent the limit of time, but without the need for a singularity.<ref>{{cite journal |author=] and ] |title=Wave function of the universe |journal=Phys. Rev. D |volume=28 |page=2960 |year=1983 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.28.2960|bibcode=1983PhRvD..28.2960H |issue=12 }} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| * ] models<ref>{{cite journal |author=Langlois, David |title=Brane cosmology: an introduction |year=2002 |arxiv=hep-th/0209261 |bibcode=2002PThPS.148..181L |doi=10.1143/PTPS.148.181 |journal=Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement |volume=148 |page=181 }}</ref> in which inflation is due to the movement of branes in ]; the pre-big bang model; the ] model, in which the Big Bang is the result of a collision between branes; and the ], a variant of the ekpyrotic model in which collisions occur periodically.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Linde |first=Andre |year=2002 |title=Inflationary Theory versus Ekpyrotic/Cyclic Scenario |arxiv=hep-th/0205259 |bibcode=2003ftpc.book..801L |page=801 |journal=In: the future of theoretical physics and cosmology. Edited by G. W. Gibbons }} | |||
| </ref><ref name="rebirth"> | |||
| {{cite news |url=http://www.space.com/2372-recycled-universe-theory-solve-cosmic-mystery.html |title=Recycled Universe: Theory Could Solve Cosmic Mystery |publisher=] |date=8 May 2006 |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| </ref><ref name="rebirth2"> | |||
| {{cite web |url=http://www.science.psu.edu/alert/Bojowald6-2007.htm |title=What Happened Before the Big Bang? |accessdate=2011-04-09 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070704150957/http://www.science.psu.edu/alert/Bojowald6-2007.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2007-07-04}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| * ], in which inflation events start here and there in a random quantum-gravity foam, each leading to a ''bubble universe'' expanding from its own big bang.<ref>{{cite journal |author=A. Linde |title=Eternal chaotic inflation |journal=Mod. Phys. Lett. |volume=A1 |year=1986 |page=81 |doi=10.1142/S0217732386000129|bibcode=1986MPLA....1...81L |issue=2 }} | |||
| {{cite journal |author=A. Linde |title=Eternally existing self-reproducing chaotic inflationary universe |journal=Phys. Lett. |volume=B175 |year=1986 |pages=395–400 |doi=10.1016/0370-2693(86)90611-8|bibcode=1986PhLB..175..395L |issue=4 }} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Proposals in the last two categories see the Big Bang as an event in a much larger and older universe, or ], and not the literal beginning. | |||
| == Time travel == | |||
| {{Main|Time travel}} | |||
| {{See also|Time travel in fiction|Wormhole|Twin paradox}} | |||
| Time travel is the concept of moving backwards and/or forwards to different points in time, in a manner analogous to moving through ], and different from the normal "flow" of time to an earthbound observer. In this view, all points in time (including future times) "persist" in some way. Time travel has been a ] in ] since the 19th century. Traveling backwards in time has never been verified, presents many theoretic problems, and may be an impossibility.<ref> | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Any technological device, whether fictional or hypothetical, that is used to achieve time travel is known as a ]. | |||
| A central problem with time travel to the past is the violation of ]; should an effect precede its cause, it would give rise to the possibility of a ]. Some interpretations of time travel resolve this by accepting the possibility of travel between ], ], or ]s. | |||
| Another solution to the problem of causality-based temporal paradoxes is that such paradoxes cannot arise simply because they have not arisen. As illustrated in numerous works of fiction, ] either ceases to exist in the past or the outcomes of such decisions are predetermined. As such, it would not be possible to enact the ] because it is a historical fact that your grandfather was not killed before his child (your parent) was conceived. This view doesn't simply hold that history is an unchangeable constant, but that any change made by a hypothetical future time traveler would already have happened in his or her past, resulting in the reality that the traveler moves from. More elaboration on this view can be found in the ]. | |||
| == Time perception == | |||
| {{Main|Time perception}} | |||
| The ] refers to the time duration wherein one's ]s are considered to be in the present. The experienced present is said to be ‘specious’ in that, unlike the objective present, it is an interval and not a durationless instant. The term ''specious present'' was first introduced by the psychologist ], and later developed by ].<ref name="Andersen">{{cite journal | |||
| |author=Andersen, Holly |coauthors=Rick Grush |title=A brief history of time-consciousness: historical precursors to James and Husserl |version=|publisher=Journal of the History of Philosophy |date=pending |url=http://mind.ucsd.edu/papers/bhtc/Andersen&Grush.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2011-04-09 }} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| === Biopsychology === | |||
| The brain's judgement of time is known to be a highly distributed system, including at least the ], ] and ] as its components. One particular component, the ], is responsible for the ], while other cell clusters appear capable of shorter-range (]) timekeeping. | |||
| Psychoactive drugs can impair the judgement of time. ]s can lead both humans and rats to overestimate time intervals,<ref>{{cite journal |quotes=|last=Wittmann |first=M. |coauthors=Leland DS, Churan J, Paulus MP. |date=8 October 2007|title=Impaired time perception and motor timing in stimulant-dependent subjects |journal=Drug Alcohol Depend. |volume=90 |issue=2–3 |pages=183–92 |pmid=17434690 |pmc=1997301 |doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.03.005 |format=online abstract}} | |||
| </ref><ref> | |||
| {{cite journal |last=Cheng |first=Ruey-Kuang |coauthors=Macdonald, Christopher J.; Meck, Warren H. |year=2006 |title=Differential effects of cocaine and ketamine on time estimation: Implications for neurobiological models of interval timing |journal=Pharmacology, biochemistry and behavior |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=114–122 |pmid=16920182 |doi=10.1016/j.pbb.2006.07.019 |url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18303059 |format=online abstract |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| while ]s can have the opposite effect.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tinklenberg |first=Jared R. |coauthors=Walton T. Roth1; Bert S. Kopell |year=1976 |month=January |title=Marijuana and ethanol: Differential effects on time perception, heart rate, and subjective response |journal=Psychopharmacology | |||
| |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=275–279 |pmid=826945 |doi=10.1007/BF00426830 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/q1227453r481x439/ |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| The level of activity in the brain of ]s such as ] and ] may be the reason for this.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Arzy |first=Shahar |coauthors=Istvan Molnar-Szakacs; Olaf Blanke |date=18 June 2008 |title=Self in Time: Imagined Self-Location Influences Neural Activity Related to Mental Time Travel |journal=The Journal of Neuroscience |volume=28 |issue=25 |pages=6502–6507 |pmid=18562621|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5712-07.2008 |url=http://www.jneurosci.org/content/28/25/6502.abstract |format=Abstract |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Such chemicals will either excite or inhibit the firing of ]s in the brain, with a greater firing rate allowing the brain to register the occurrence of more events within a given interval (speed up time) and a decreased firing rate reducing the brain's capacity to distinguish events occurring within a given interval (slow down time).<ref name="Carter 186–187">{{cite book |title=The Human Brain Book |first1=Rita |last1=Carter |publisher=Dorling Kindersley Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7566-5441-2 |pages=186–187 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=eCV6cwU3qm0C}}</ref> | |||
| ] is the use of response time in perceptual-motor tasks to infer the content, duration, and temporal sequencing of cognitive operations. | |||
| === Alterations === | |||
| In addition to psychoactive drugs, judgements of time can be altered by ]s (like the ]<ref name="Wada">Wada Y, Masuda T, Noguchi K, 2005, "Temporal illusion called 'kappa effect' in event perception" Perception 34 ECVP Abstract Supplement | |||
| </ref> | |||
| ), age,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16422180.900-look-how-time-flies|title=Look how time flies.. |last=Robert |first=Adler |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| and ].<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a790232921~db=all |title=Hypnosis and the perception of time |publisher=International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis |volume=27 |issue=1 |date=January 1979|pages=29–41 |doi=10.1080/00207147908407540|author=Bowers, Kenneth |journal=International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis |pmid=541126 |last2=Brenneman |first2=HA |postscript=<!--None--> }} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| The sense of time is impaired in some people with neurological diseases such as ] and ]. | |||
| Psychologists assert that time seems to go faster with age, but the literature on this age-related perception of time remains controversial.<ref>{{cite book |title=Studies on the structure of time: from physics to psycho(patho)logy |chapter=Subjective Time Versus Proper (Clock) Time |editor1-first=R. |editor1-last=Buccheri | |||
| |editor2-first=V. |editor2-last=Di Gesù |editor3-first=Metod |editor3-last=Saniga |first1=Ronald P. |last1=Gruber |first2=Lawrence F. |last2=Wagner |first3=Richard A. |last3=Block |publisher=Springer |year=2000 | |||
| |isbn=0-306-46439-X |page=54 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LMsDqsvcxckC |accessdate=2011-04-09}}, | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Those who support this notion argue that young people, having more excitatory neurotransmitters, are able to cope with faster external events.<ref name="Carter 186–187"/> | |||
| == Use of time == | |||
| {{See also|Time management|Time discipline}} | |||
| In ] and ], ] is the general name given to ] and ] rules, conventions, customs, and expectations governing the measurement of time, the ] and awareness of time measurements, and people's expectations concerning the observance of these customs by others. ] and ] have written on the use of time from a sociological perspective. | |||
| The use of time is an important issue in understanding ], ], and ]. ] is a developing field of study. The question concerns how time is allocated across a number of activities (such as time spent at home, at work, shopping, etc.). Time use changes with ], as the ] or the ] created new opportunities to use time in different ways. However, some aspects of time use are relatively stable over long periods of time, such as the amount of time spent traveling to work, which despite major changes in ], has been observed to be about 20–30 minutes one-way for a large number of cities over a long period. | |||
| ] is the organization of tasks or events by first estimating how much time a task requires and when it must be completed, and adjusting events that would interfere with its completion so it is done in the appropriate amount of time. Calendars and day planners are common examples of time management tools. | |||
| A sequence of events, or series of events, is a ] of items, facts, events, actions, changes, or procedural steps, arranged in time order (chronological order), often with ] relationships among the items.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sequence - Order of Important Events|url=http://www.austinschools.org/curriculum/la/resources/documents/instResources/LA_res_Seq_ORS_Module.pdf|publisher=]|year=2009}} | |||
| </ref><ref> | |||
| {{cite web|title=Sequence of Events Worksheets|url=http://www.reference.com/motif/Science/sequence-of-events-worksheets|publisher=]}} | |||
| </ref><ref> | |||
| {{cite web|author=Compiled by David Luckham and Roy Schulte|title=Event Processing Glossary – Version 2.0|url=http://www.complexevents.com/2011/08/23/event-processing-glossary-version-2-0/|publisher=Complex Event Processing}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Because of ], cause precedes ], or cause and effect may appear together in a single item, but effect never precedes cause. A sequence of events can be presented in text, ], ]s, or ]s. The description of the items or events may include a ]. A sequence of events that includes the time along with place or location information to describe a sequential path may be referred to as a ]. | |||
| Uses of a sequence of events include stories,<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Nordquist|title=narrative|url=http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/narrative2term.htm|publisher=]}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| ] events (]), directions and steps in ],<ref>{{cite web|author=David J. Piasecki|title=Inventory Accuracy Glossary|url=http://www.accuracybook.com/glossary.htm|publisher=AccuracyBook.com (OPS Publishing)}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| and timetables for scheduling activities. A sequence of events may also be used to help describe ] in science, technology, and medicine. A sequence of events may be focused on past events (e.g., stories, history, chronology), on future events that must be in a predetermined order (e.g., ]s, ], procedures, timetables), or focused on the observation of past events with the expectation that the events will occur in the future (e.g., processes). The use of a sequence of events occurs in fields as diverse as ]s (]), ] ('']''), ] (]), ] (]), and ]<ref>{{cite web|title=Utility Communications Architecture (UCA) glossary|url=http://www.nettedautomation.com/glossary_menue/glossary_uca.html|publisher=NettedAutomation}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| (]). A specific example of a sequence of events is the ]. | |||
| == See also == | |||
| {{Misplaced Pages books}} | |||
| {{Portal|Time}} | |||
| ]]] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| === Books === | |||
| * '']'' by ] | |||
| * '']'' by ] | |||
| * '']'' by ] | |||
| * ''The Physical Basis of The Direction of Time'' by ] | |||
| * '']'' by ] | |||
| * '']'' by ] | |||
| * '']'' by ] | |||
| === Organizations === | |||
| ''Leading scholarly organizations for researchers on the history and technology of time and timekeeping'' | |||
| * ] – AHS (United Kingdom) | |||
| * ] (Switzerland) | |||
| * ] – DGC (Germany) | |||
| * ] - NAWCC (United States) | |||
| {{col-begin}} | |||
| {{col-break|width=25%}} | |||
| === Miscellaneous arts and sciences === | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] (NTP) | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| {{col-break|width=25%}} | |||
| ===Miscellaneous units of time=== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| {{col-end}} | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} | |||
| == Further reading == | |||
| <div style="font-size:90%;"> | |||
| {{div col|2}} | |||
| * {{cite book |authorlink=Julian Barbour |last=Barbour |first=Julian |title=The End of Time: The Next Revolution in Our Understanding of the Universe |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-19-514592-5}} | |||
| * {{cite book |authorlink=David S. Landes |last=Landes |first=David |title=] |publisher=] |year=2000 |isbn=0-674-00282-2}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Das |first=Tushar Kanti |title=The Time Dimension: An Interdisciplinary Guide |year=1990 |location=New York |publisher=Praeger |isbn=0-275-92681-8 }}- Research bibliography | |||
| * {{cite book |authorlink=Paul Davies |last=Davies |first=Paul |title=About Time: Einstein's Unfinished Revolution |year=1996 |isbn=0-684-81822-1 |publisher=Simon & Schuster Paperbacks |location=New York}} | |||
| * {{cite book |authorlink=Richard Feynman |last=Feynman |first=Richard |title=The Character of Physical Law |year=1994 |origyear=1965 |location=Cambridge (Mass) |publisher=The MIT Press |isbn=0-262-56003-8 |pages=108–126 |url=http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=5277}} | |||
| * {{cite book |authorlink=Peter Galison |last=Galison |first=Peter |title=Einstein's Clocks and Poincaré's Maps: Empires of Time |year=1992 |location=New York |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=0-393-02001-0}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Highfield |first=Roger |title=Arrow of Time: A Voyage through Science to Solve Time's Greatest Mystery |publisher=Random House |year=1992 |isbn=0-449-90723-6}} | |||
| * {{cite book |authorlink=Mermin |last=Mermin |first=N. David |title=It's About Time: Understanding Einstein's Relativity |year=2005 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-12201-6 |url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8112.html}} | |||
| * {{cite book |authorlink=Roger Penrose |last=Penrose |first=Roger |title=The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics |year=1999 |origyear=1989 |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-286198-0 |pages=391–417 |url=http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780192861986.do |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Price |first=Huw |title=Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point |year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-511798-0 |url=http://sydney.edu.au/time/price/TAAP.html|accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| * {{cite book |authorlink=Hans Reichenbach |last=Reichenbach |first=Hans |title=The Direction of Time |year=1999 |origyear=1956 |location=New York |publisher=Dover |isbn=0-486-40926-0 |url=http://store.doverpublications.com/0486409260.html}} | |||
| * ], '']'' | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Quznetsov |first=Gunn A. |title=Logical Foundation of Theoretical Physics |publisher=Nova Sci. Publ. |year=2006 |isbn=1-59454-948-6}} | |||
| * {{cite book |authorlink=Gerald James Whitrow |last=Whitrow |first=Gerald J. |title=The Nature of Time |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Wilson (New York) |year=1973}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Whitrow |first=Gerald J. |title=The Natural Philosophy of Time |publisher=Clarendon Press (Oxford) |year=1980}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Whitrow |first=Gerald J. |title=Time in History. The evolution of our general awareness of time and temporal perspective |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1988 |isbn=0-19-285211-6}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Rovelli |first=Carlo |title=What is time? What is space? |publisher=Di Renzo Editore |location=Rome |year=2006 |isbn=88-8323-146-5 |url=http://www.direnzo.it/main.phtml?Language=en&Doc=0001&ISBN=8883231465}} | |||
| * ], (2005) ''Art, Time and Technology: Histories of the Disappearing Body'', Berg | |||
| * Craig Callendar, ''Introducing Time'', Icon Books, 2010, ISBN 978-1848311206 | |||
| * Benjamin Gal-Or, ''Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy'', Springer Verlag, 1981, 1983, 1987, ISBN 0-387-90581-2, ISBN 0-387-96526-2. | |||
| </div> | |||
| {{div col end}} | |||
| == External links == | |||
| {{Sister project links|n=no|s=no|v=no}} | |||
| * from Planck Time to the lifespan of the universe | |||
| * | |||
| * {{In Our Time|Time|p005465z|Time}} | |||
| * {{cite encyclopedia | |||
| |url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/time/ | |||
| |title=Time | |||
| |first=Bradley (California State University, Sacramento) | |||
| |last=Dowden | |||
| |year=2007 | |||
| |encyclopedia=The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy | |||
| |editor=James Fieser, PhD, Bradley Dowden, PhD | |||
| |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| * {{cite encyclopedia | |||
| |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2004/entries/time-experience | |||
| |title=The Experience and Perception of Time | |||
| |last=Le Poidevin | |||
| |first=Robin | |||
| |year=Winter 2004 | |||
| |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy | |||
| |editor=Edward N. Zalta | |||
| |accessdate=2011-04-09}} | |||
| * | |||
| {{Nature nav}} | |||
| {{Time topics}} | |||
| {{Navboxes | |||
| |title=Time articles: Detailed navigation | |||
| |titlestyle=background:#ee9; border:1px solid silver; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 6.5em; | |||
| |list1= | |||
| {{Time measurement and standards}} | |||
| {{Chronology}} | |||
| {{Time in religion and mythology}} | |||
| {{Time in philosophy}} | |||
| {{metaphysics}} | |||
| }} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| Line 1,005: | Line 8: | ||
| ] | ] | ||
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| {{link FA|la}} | |||
Revision as of 00:57, 1 September 2013
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