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==Systematics and taxonomy== ==Systematics and taxonomy==
The calidrids' closest relatives are the two species of ], and if the calidrids were to be considered one or two ]s '''Calidriini''' and/or '''Arenariini''', and/or ] '''Eroliinae'''<!-- Calidriinae, Arenariinae are synonyms or nomna nuda? -->, the turnstones would be included in it.<ref name = thomasetal2004/> There exists a ] bone, a ] piece of ] found in the ] of ]. Dating from the mid-] some 4-3 million years ago, it appears to be from a calidriid somewhat similar to a ], but has some traits reminiscent of turnstones.<ref name=Wetmore/> Depending on which traits are ]ic and ]ic, it may be an ancestral representative of either lineage. It might also belong to some distinct prehistoric genus, as true calidriid sandpipers seem to have been present earlier (see below). The calidrids' closest relatives are the two species of ], and if the calidrids were to be considered one or two ]s '''Calidriini''' and/or '''Arenariini''', and/or ] '''Eroliinae'''<!-- Calidriinae, Arenariinae are synonyms or nomna nuda? -->, the turnstones would be included in it.<ref name = thomasetal2004/> There exists a ] bone, a ] piece of ] found in the ] of ]. Dating from the mid-] some 4-3 million years ago, it appears to be from a calidriid somewhat similar to a ], but has some traits reminiscent of turnstones.<ref name=Wetmore/> Depending on which traits are ]ic and ]ic, it may be an ancestral representative of either lineage. It might also belong to some distinct prehistoric genus, as true calidriid sandpipers seem to have been present earlier (see below).


The interrelationships of the calidrid group are not altogether well resolved. Several former genera have been included in ''Calidris'', such as the ] (previously ''Micropalama himantopus''){{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}, but the new placement was also not entirely satisfactory. It was suggested, for example, that the ] should be placed into a ] genus ''Crocethia'',<ref>{{cite web|author=Macwhirter, Bruce, Peter Austin-Smith, Jr. and Donald Kroodsma|url=http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/653/articles/systematics|title=Sanderling (Calidris alba)|work=The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). |publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology|published=2002|accessdate=2011-04-16}}</ref> and the other small ''Calidris'' species separated as ''Erolia''{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}. Alternatively, it was suggested that the monotypic ''Aphriza'', ''Limicola'' and ''Eurynorhynchus'' be also merged into ''Calidris''. The interrelationships of the calidrid group are not altogether well resolved. Several former genera have been included in ''Calidris'', such as the ] (previously ''Micropalama himantopus''){{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}, but the new placement was also not entirely satisfactory. It was suggested, for example, that the ] should be placed into a ] genus ''Crocethia'',<ref>{{cite web|author=Macwhirter, Bruce, Peter Austin-Smith, Jr. and Donald Kroodsma|url=http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/653/articles/systematics|title=Sanderling (Calidris alba)|work=The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). |publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology|published=2002|accessdate=2011-04-16}}</ref> and the other small ''Calidris'' species separated as ''Erolia''{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}. Alternatively, it was suggested that the monotypic ''Aphriza'', ''Limicola'' and ''Eurynorhynchus'' be also merged into ''Calidris''.

Revision as of 21:38, 8 September 2013

Typical waders
Red Knot, Calidris canutus.
Calidris s.str. are stout birds with bold pattern in breeding plumage
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Subclass: Neornithes
Infraclass: Neoaves
Order: Charadriiformes
Suborder: Scolopaci
Family: Scolopacidae (partim)
Genera

Calidris
and see text.

The calidrids or typical waders are a group of Arctic-breeding, strongly migratory wading birds. These birds form huge mixed flocks on coasts and estuaries in winter. They are the typical "sandpipers", small to medium-sized, long-winged and relatively short-billed.

Their bills have sensitive tips which contain numerous Corpuscles of Herbst. This enables the birds to locate buried prey items, which they typically seek with restless running and probing.

As the common name "sandpiper" is shared by some calidrids with more distantly related birds such as the Actitis species, the term stint is preferred in Britain for the smaller species of this group.

Systematics and taxonomy

The calidrids' closest relatives are the two species of turnstone, and if the calidrids were to be considered one or two tribes Calidriini and/or Arenariini, and/or subfamily Eroliinae, the turnstones would be included in it. There exists a fossil bone, a distal piece of tarsometatarsus found in the Edson Beds of Sherman County, Kansas. Dating from the mid-Blancan some 4-3 million years ago, it appears to be from a calidriid somewhat similar to a Pectoral Sandpiper, but has some traits reminiscent of turnstones. Depending on which traits are apomorphic and plesiomorphic, it may be an ancestral representative of either lineage. It might also belong to some distinct prehistoric genus, as true calidriid sandpipers seem to have been present earlier (see below).

The interrelationships of the calidrid group are not altogether well resolved. Several former genera have been included in Calidris, such as the Stilt Sandpiper (previously Micropalama himantopus), but the new placement was also not entirely satisfactory. It was suggested, for example, that the Sanderling should be placed into a monotypic genus Crocethia, and the other small Calidris species separated as Erolia. Alternatively, it was suggested that the monotypic Aphriza, Limicola and Eurynorhynchus be also merged into Calidris.

A comprehensive analysis in 2004 –, based on newly available DNA sequence data – indicated that the extended Calidris is indeed paraphyletic (or polyphyletic if all calidrids are combined in it), but found the present DNA sequence data insufficient to resolve the relationships of some more unusual taxa such as the Curlew Sandpiper. In addition, it is known that the calidriid lineages are able to hybridize to a considerable extent and in the past, this was probably even more frequent and more hybrids would have been viable; therefore studies based on mtDNA data alone can be unreliable.

Still, three groups of close relatives emerge:

  1. The largest contains the smaller species, including the Sanderling, and probably also the Buff-breasted Sandpiper. If this group is considered a distinct genus, the name Ereunetes would apply, first published in 1811. The Curlew Sandpiper might also belong here; it is the type species of Erolia, first published in 1816.
  2. The genus Calidris sensu stricto contains the knots and the surfbird.
  3. Another small group contains somewhat aberrant species, namely the Ruff, the Broad-billed Sandpiper, and the Sharp-tailed Sandpiper, which would use the name Philomachus.

Genera and species

The species, according to updated / traditional taxonomy, are as follows:

Purple Sandpiper, a small sandpiper close to the stint group
Ruff (Philomachus pugnax), satellite male.
This species seems to belong to a small divergent radiation
Juvenile of the enigmatic Curlew Sandpiper
  • Genus Calidris sensu stricto – knots

Other calidrids (all at some time placed in Calidris too)

As mentioned above, there exists some material of birds essentially identical to calidriid sandpipers from before the Pleistocene. An undescribed species is known from the Early Miocene of Dolnice (Czechia). Tringa gracilis (Early Miocene of WC Europe) and Tringa minor (= Totanus minor, Erolia ennouchii) from the Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban (France) are scolopacids of rather uncertain affiliations; they might be charadriids.

See also

References

  1. Nebel, S.; Jackson, D.L. & Elner, R.W. (2005). "Functional association of bill morphology and foraging behaviour in calidrid sandpipers" (PDF). Animal Biology. 55 (3): 235. doi:10.1163/1570756054472818.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A. & Székely, Tamás (2004). "A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 4: 28. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-28. PMC 515296. PMID 15329156.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) Supplementary Material
  3. Wetmore, Alexander (1937). "The Eared Grebe and other Birds from the Pliocene of Kansas" (PDF). Condor. 39 (1): 40.
  4. Macwhirter, Bruce, Peter Austin-Smith, Jr. and Donald Kroodsma. "Sanderling (Calidris alba)". The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 2011-04-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |published= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press, Prague.
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