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| '''Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov''' (], ] - ], ]) who used the alias '''Lenin''', was a ]n revolutionary, first leader of the ] and the namesake of ]. He was born in ], ] and died of syphilis in ], ] (now ], Russia), after a series of strokes resulting from an assassination attempt. His embalmed body is on permanent exhibition in ]. | |||
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| Lenin was the son of a civil service official, and distinguished himself in the study of ] and ]. In May of ] his eldest brother Alexander was hanged for participation in a plot on the life of ] ]. This radicalized Lenin and later that year he was arrested, and expelled from ] for participating in student protests. He continued to study independently and by ] had earned a license to practice law. | |||
| However, rather that settle into a legal career he became more involved in propaganda efforts, and the study of ], much of it in ]. On ] ] he was arrested and held by authorities for an entire year, then exiled to ]. | |||
| In July of ] he married N.K. Krupskaya and in April of ] he published the book '']''. In ] his exile ended. He travelled in Russia and Europe, and published the paper '']'' as well as other tracts and books related to the movement. | |||
| He was active in the ] (]), and in | |||
| ] he led the ] faction after its split with the ] in 1903 that was partly inspired by his pamphlet ''What is to be Done?''. In ] he was elected to the Presidium of the RSDLP. In ] he moved to ] for security reasons. He continued to travel in Europe and partipated in many ] meetings and activities. | |||
| In ] he returned to ] after Tsar ] abdicated and took a leading role within the Bolshevik movement, publishing the ''April Theses''. After a failed Bolshevik uprising in July, Lenin fled to Finland, but returned in October to successfully lead an armed coup against the Kerensky provisional government. | |||
| A ] government was formed with Lenin as Chairman. In August of ] he survived a failed assassination attempt by ]. | |||
| In ], on Lenin's initiative, the New Economic Policy (NEP) was adopted, at least partly in response to an uprising among sailors at Kronstadt ("the Kronstadt rebellion"). The NEP allowed a limited amount of private enterprise in an attempt to rebuild industry and especially agriculture. | |||
| In May of ] Lenin had his first stroke. His role in government declined and after a second stroke in December the ] ordered that he be kept in isolation. In March of ] he suffered a third stroke and was no longer able to speak and died of a fourth stroke in January of ]. | |||
| After his first stroke he published a number of papers indicating future directions for the government and criticising ]; however, some of these were suppressed for decades and after his death Stalin gained control of the Party. | |||
| Lenin was known for his great intellect (he was a friend of ]), his modesty and was not given to personal excess. While he was kind in personal matters, he was hard-willed in political matters and was not above exiling, imprisoning, and executing thinkers and artists who opposed his regime. | |||
| '''See also:''' ], ], ], ] | |||
| '''Links:''' | |||
| http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/ | |||
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