Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 22:00, 1 October 2013

37°46′56.3″N 122°28′17.65″W / 37.782306°N 122.4715694°W / 37.782306; -122.4715694

The Internet Archive is a non-profit digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge." It provides permanent storage of and free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, music, moving images, and nearly three million public-domain books. As of October 2012, its collection topped 10 petabytes. In addition to its archiving function, the Archive is an activist organization, advocating for a free and open Internet.

The Internet Archive allows the public to upload and download digital material to its data cluster, but the bulk of its data is collected automatically by its web crawlers, which work to preserve as much of the public web as possible. Its web archive, The Wayback Machine, contains over 150+ billion web captures. The Archive also oversees one of the world's largest book digitization projects.

Founded by Brewster Kahle in 1996, the Archive is a 501(c)(3) non-profit operating in the United States. It has an annual budget of $10 million, derived from a variety of sources: revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations, and the Kahle-Austin Foundation. Its headquarters are in San Francisco, California, where about 30 of its 200 employees work. Most of its staff work in its book-scanning centers. The Archive has data centers in San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond, all in California. Its collection is mirrored for stability and endurance at the Bibliotheca Alexandrina in Egypt.

The Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium. This non-profit digital library was officially designated as a library by the State of California in 2007.

History

Kahle founded the Archive in 1996 at the same time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet. In 1996, The Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web. The archived content wasn't available until 2001, when it developed the Wayback Machine. In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the Web archive, beginning with the Prelinger Archives. Now the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of other projects: the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It, and the wiki-editable library catalog and book information site Open Library. Recently, the Archive has begun working to provide specialized services relating to the information access needs of the print-disabled; publicly accessible books were made available in a protected Digital Accessible Information System (DAISY) format.

According to its website:

Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture and heritage. Without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form. The Archive's mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars.

In August 2012, the Archive announced that it has added BitTorrent to its file download options for over 1.3 million existing files, and all newly uploaded files. This method is the fastest means of downloading media from the Archive, as files are served from two Archive datacenters, in addition to other torrent clients which have downloaded and continue to serve the files.

Wayback Machine

The Internet Archive has capitalized on the popular use of the term "WABAC Machine" from a segment of the old Rocky and Bullwinkle cartoon, and uses the name "Wayback Machine" for its service that allows archives of the World Wide Web to be searched and accessed. This service allows users to view archived web pages. The Wayback Machine was created as a joint effort between Alexa Internet and the Internet Archive when a three dimensional index was built to allow for the browsing of archived web content. Millions of websites and their associated data (images, source code, documents, etc.) are saved in a gigantic database. The service can be used to see what previous versions of websites used to look like, to grab original source code from websites that may no longer be directly available, or to visit websites that no longer even exist. The Internet Archive Terms of Use specify that users of the Wayback Machine are not to download data from the collection. Not all websites are available because many website owners choose to exclude their sites. As with all sites based on data from web crawlers, the Internet Archive misses large areas of the web for a variety of other reasons. International biases have also been found in its coverage, although this does not seem to be the result of a deliberate policy.

• Apple Computer
• Amazon
• Microsoft
• BBC News
• Google
• Open Directory
• Misplaced Pages

The use of the term "Wayback Machine" in the context of the Internet Archive has become so common that "Wayback Machine" and "Internet Archive" are almost synonymous. This usage occurs in popular culture, e.g., in the television show Law and Order: Criminal Intent ("Legacy", first run Aug. 3, 2008), an extra playing a computer tech uses the "Wayback Machine" to find an archive of a student's Facebook style website. Snapshots usually take at least 6–18 months to be added.

Open Library

The Open Library is another project of the Internet Archive. The site seeks to include a web page database for every book ever published, a sort of open source version of WorldCat. It holds 23 million catalog records of books, in addition to the full texts of about 1,600,000 public domain books, which are fully readable and downloadable. Open Library is a free/open source software project, with its source code freely available on the Open Library site.

Archive-It

Created in early 2006, Archive-It is a web archiving subscription service that allows institutions and individuals to build and preserve collections of digital content and create digital archives. Archive-It allows the user the option to customize their capture or exclusion of web content they want to preserve for cultural heritage reasons. Through a web application, Archive-It partners can harvest, catalog, manage, browse, search and view their archived collections. In terms of accessibility, the archived websites are full text searchable within seven days of capture. Content collected through Archive-It is captured and stored as a WARC file. A primary and back-up copy is stored at the Internet Archive data centers. A copy of the WARC file can be given to subscribing partner institutions for geo-redundant preservation and storage purposes to their best practice standards. The data captured through Archive-It is periodically indexed into the Internet Archive's general archive.

As of December 2012, Archive-It had over 225 partner institutions in 45 U.S. States and 15 countries that have captured over 4.9 billion URLs for over 1974 public collections. Archive-It partners are universities and college libraries, state archives, federal institutions, museums, law libraries and cultural organizations, including the Electronic Literature Organization, North Carolina State Archives and Library, Stanford University, Columbia University, American University in Cairo, Georgetown Law Library and many others.

NASA Images

NASA Images was created through a Space Act Agreement between the Internet Archive and NASA to bring public access to NASA's image, video, and audio collections in a single, searchable resource. The NASA Images team works closely with all of the NASA centers to keep adding to the ever-growing collection at NASA Images The site launched in July 2008 and now has more than 100,000 items online.

Media collections

In addition to web archives, the Internet Archive maintains extensive collections of digital media that are attested by the uploader to be in the public domain in the United States or licensed under a license that allows redistribution, such as Creative Commons licenses. Media are organized into collections by media type (moving images, audio, text, etc.), and into sub-collections by various criteria. Each of the main collections includes an "Open Source" sub-collection where general contributions by the public are stored.

Moving image collection

The Internet Archive holds a collection of approximately 3,863 feature films. Aside from feature films, the Internet Archive's Moving Image collection includes: newsreels; classic cartoons; pro- and anti-war propaganda; The Video Cellar Collection; Skip Elsheimer's "A.V. Geeks" collection; and ephemeral material from Prelinger Archives, such as advertising, educational and industrial films and amateur and home movie collections.

Subcategories of this collection include:

IA's Brick Films collection contains stop-motion animation filmed with Lego bricks, some of which are "remakes" of feature films. The Election 2004 collection is a non-partisan public resource for sharing video materials related to the 2004 United States Presidential Election. The Independent News collection includes sub-collections such as the Internet Archive's World At War competition from 2001, in which contestants created short films demonstrating "why access to history matters". Among their most-downloaded video files are eyewitness recordings of the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. The September 11th Television Archive contains archival footage from the world's major television networks of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 as they unfolded on live television.

Some of the films available on the Internet Archive are:

• The 39 Steps (1935)
• Battleship Potemkin
• The Birth of a Nation
• Broken Blossoms
• The Century of the Self
• Charade (1963)
• Columbia Revolt
• D.O.A. (1950)
• Danger Lights
• Das Cabinet des Dr. Caligari
• Dating Do's and Don'ts
• Detour
• Duck and Cover
• Escape from Sobibor
• Fire Over England
• The General
• Greed
• Hemp for Victory
• Intolerance
• The Kid
• Le voyage dans la Lune
• Lying Lips
• M
• The Man Who Knew Too Much
• Manos: The Hands of Fate
• Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media
• Night of the Living Dead
• Nosferatu (not public domain outside of the United States)
• Plan 9 from Outer Space
• Princess Iron Fan (1941)
• Reefer Madness
• Sex Madness
• She Done Him Wrong (1933)
• Triumph of the Will
• All seven episodes of Why We Fight

Links to the online film are in the "External links" section for each article. See also Misplaced Pages list of films freely available on the Internet Archive.

Machinima archive

One of the sub collections of the Internet Archive's Video Archive is the Machinima Archive. This small section hosts many Machinima videos (see Machinima: Virtual Filmmaking). Machinima is a digital artform in which computer games, game engines or software engine are used in a sandbox mode like mode to create motion pictures, recreate plays or even publish presentations/keynotes. The archive collects a range of Machinima films from internet publishers such as Rooster Teeth and Machinima.com as well as independent producers. The sub collection is a collaborative effort between the Internet Archive, the How They Got Game research project at Stanford University, the Academy of Machinima Arts and Sciences and Machinima.com.

TV News Search & Borrow

In September 2012, the Internet Archive launched the TV News Search & Borrow service for searching U.S. national news programs. The service is built on closed captioning transcripts and allows user to search and stream 30-second video clips. Upon launch, the service contained "350,000 news programs collected over 3 years from national U.S. networks and stations in San Francisco and Washington D.C." According to Kahle, the service was inspired by the Vanderbilt Television News Archive, a similar library of televised network news programs. In contrast to Vanderbilt, which limits access to streaming video to individuals associated with subscribing colleges and universities, the TV News Search & Borrow allows open access to its streaming video clips.

Audio collection

The Audio Archive includes music, audio books, news broadcasts, old time radio shows and a wide variety of other audio files. There are over 200,000 free digital recordings in the collection. The subcollections include audio books and poetry, podcasts, non-English audio and many others.

The Live Music Archive sub-collection includes over 100,000 concert recordings from independent artists, as well as more established artists and musical ensembles with permissive rules about recording their concerts such as the Grateful Dead, and more recently, The Smashing Pumpkins. Also, Jordan Zevon has allowed Internet Archive to host a definitive collection of his father Warren Zevon concert recordings. The catalog ranges from 1976-2001 and contains 1,137 free songs.

Netlabels

The Archive has a collection of freely distributable music that is downloadable and streamable via its Netlabels service. The music in this collection generally have Creative Commons-license catalogs of virtual record labels.

Text collection

The Internet Archive Text Archive collection includes digitized books and special collections from various libraries and cultural heritage institutions from around the world. The Internet Archive operates twenty-three scanning centers in five countries, digitizing about 1,000 books a day, financially supported by libraries and foundations. As of November 2008, when there were about 1 million texts, the entire collection was over 0.5 petabytes, which includes raw camera images, cropped and skewed images, PDFs, and raw OCR data.

Between about 2006 and 2008 Microsoft Corporation had a special relationship with Internet Archive texts through its Live Search Books project, scanning over 300,000 books which were contributed to the collection, as well as financial support and scanning equipment. On May 23, 2008, Microsoft announced it would be ending the Live Book Search project and no longer scanning books. Microsoft made its scanned books available without contractual restriction and donated its scanning equipment to its former partners.

Around October 2007 Archive users began uploading public domain books from Google Book Search. As of May 2011 there were over 900,000 Google-digitized books in the Archive's collection, out of a total of 2.8 million books. The books are identical to the copies found on Google, except without the Google watermarks, and are available for unrestricted use and download.

Physical media

Voicing a strong reaction to the idea of books simply being thrown away, and inspired by the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Kahle now envisions collecting one copy of every book ever published. "We're not going to get there, but that's our goal," he said. Alongside the books, Kahle plans to store the Internet Archive's old servers, which were replaced in 2010.

Software

The Internet Archive is «the largest collection of historical software online in the world», spanning 50 years of computer history in terabytes of computer magazines and journals, books, shareware discs, FTP websites, videogames etc.

Controversies and legal disputes

Omni magazine

In a story at his Web site headed "What the heck is going on at Internet Archive?", author Steven Saylor noted, “Sometime in 2012, the entire run of Omni magazine was uploaded (and made downloadable) at Internet Archive.... Since those old issues must contain hundreds of works still under copyright by numerous contributors, how is this legal?" At least one contributor to the magazine, author Steve Perry, has publicly complained that he never gave permission for his work to be uploaded ("they didn't say a word in my direction"), and it has been noted that all issues containing the work of Harlan Ellison have apparently been taken down. Glenn Fleishmann, investigating the question "Who Owns Omni?", writes that "Almost all of the authors, photographers, and artists whose work appeared in the magazine had signed contracts that granted only short-term rights.... could simply reprint or post the content from older issues."

Scientology

In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites critical of Scientology from the Wayback Machine. The error message stated that this was in response to a "request by the site owner." It was later clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the actual site owners did not want their material removed.

Healthcare Advocates, Inc.

In 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The lawyers were able to show that the plaintiff's claims were invalid based on the content of their web site from several years prior. The plaintiff, Healthcare Advocates, then amended their complaint to include the Internet Archive, accusing the organization of copyright infringement as well as violations of the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Healthcare Advocates claimed that, since they had installed a robots.txt file on their website, even if after the initial lawsuit was filed, the Archive should have removed all previous copies of the plaintiff website from the Wayback Machine. The lawsuit was settled out of court.

Robots.txt is used as part of the Robots Exclusion Standard, a voluntary protocol the Internet Archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by the creator as off-limits. As a result, the Internet Archive has rendered unavailable a number of websites that are now inaccessible through the Wayback Machine. Currently, the Internet Archive applies robots.txt rules retroactively; if a site blocks the Internet Archive, like Healthcare Advocates, any previously archived pages from the domain are also rendered unavailable. In cases of blocked sites, only the robots.txt file is archived.

However, the Internet Archive also states, "Sometimes a web site owner will contact us directly and ask us to stop crawling or archiving a site. We comply with these requests." In addition, the website says: "The Internet Archive is not interested in preserving or offering access to Web sites or other Internet documents of persons who do not want their materials in the collection."

Suzanne Shell

On December 12, 2005, activist Suzanne Shell demanded Internet Archive pay her US$100,000 for archiving her website profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell’s copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities, which will also go forward.

On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said, “Internet Archive has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation. We are happy to have this case behind us.” Shell said, “I respect the historical value of Internet Archive’s goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm.”

Grateful Dead

In November 2005, free downloads of Grateful Dead concerts were removed from the site. John Perry Barlow identified Bob Weir, Mickey Hart, and Bill Kreutzmann as the instigators of the change, according to a New York Times article. Phil Lesh commented on the change in a November 30, 2005, posting to his personal website:

It was brought to my attention that all of the Grateful Dead shows were taken down from Archive.org right before Thanksgiving. I was not part of this decision making process and was not notified that the shows were to be pulled. I do feel that the music is the Grateful Dead's legacy and I hope that one way or another all of it is available for those who want it.

A November 30 forum post from Brewster Kahle summarized what appeared to be the compromise reached among the band members. Audience recordings could be downloaded or streamed, but soundboard recordings were to be available for streaming only. Concerts have since been re-added.

National security letter

On May 8, 2008, it was revealed that the Internet Archive successfully challenged an FBI National Security Letter asking for logs on an undisclosed user.

Uncensored hosting

On August 17, 2011, Middle East Media Research Institute published "Al-Qaeda, Jihadis Infest the San Francisco, California-Based 'Internet Archive' Library" which detailed how members can post anonymously and enjoy free uncensored hosting.

Opposition to Google Books settlement

The Internet Archive is a member of the Open Book Alliance, which has been among the most outspoken critics of the Google Book Settlement. The Archive advocates an alternative digital library project.

Opposition to SOPA and PIPA bills

The Internet Archive blacked out its website for twelve hours on 18 January 2012 in protest of the Stop Online Piracy Act and the PROTECT IP Act bills, two pieces of pending legislation in the United States Congress that they claim will "negatively affect the ecosystem of web publishing that led to the emergence of the Internet Archive." This occurred in conjunction with the English Misplaced Pages blackout, as well as numerous other protests across the internet.

List of additional collections

See also

Similar projects

• Internet memory
• Library of Congress Digital Library project
• National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program
• Ourmedia
• Project Gutenberg
• UK Government Web Archive at The National Archives (United Kingdom)
• UK Web Archiving Consortium
• WebCite
• Archive.is

Other

• Archive Team
• Digital Dark Age
• Digital preservation
• Heritrix
• Link rot
• Memory hole
• PetaBox
• Wayback Machine
• Web archiving
• Web crawler

References

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4. "10,000,000,000,000,000 bytes archived!". Collections Team blog. Internet Archive. October 26, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-27. On Thursday, 25 October, hundreds of Internet Archive supporters, volunteers, and staff celebrated addition of the 10,000,000,000,000,000th byte to the Archive's massive collections.
5. Brown, A. (2006) Archiving websites: A practical guide for information management professionals. London: Facet Publishing. pp. 9.
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7. Grotke, A. (2011). Web Archiving at the Library of Congress. Computers In Libraries, 31 no. 10 (December 2011), p. 15-19.
8. "Cabinet Magazine". Cabinet Magazine. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
9. Donation to the new Library of Alexandria in Egypt; Alexandria, Egypt; April 20, 2002. Bibliotheca Alexandrina.
10. Members (International Internet Preservation Consortium)
11. "Internet Archive officially a library", May 2, 2007.
12. "Daisy Books for the Print Disabled", February 25, 2013.
13. Kahle, Brewster (August 7, 2012). "Over 1,000,000 Torrents of Downloadable Books, Music, and Movies". Archive.org blog.
14. ^ "Internet Archive Starts Seeding 1,398,875 Torrents". TorrentFreak. August 7, 2012. Retrieved August 7, 2012. {{cite web}}: |first= missing |last= (help)
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19. Thelwall, Mike; Vaughan, Liwen (Spring 2004). "A fair history of the Web? Examining country balance in the Internet Archive" (PDF). Library & Information Science Research. 26 (2): 162–176. doi:10.1016/j.lisr.2003.12.009.
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25. "nasaimages.org". nasaimages.org. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
26. "Internet Archive Search: Collection: Feature Films". Internet Archive. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
27. Aune, Sean. "The 40 best free legal movies you can download right now". blorge.com. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
28. Internet Archive. Welcome to Machinima. Retrieved from http://archive.org/details/machinima
29. "TV NEWS : Search Captions. Borrow Broadcasts : TV Archive : Internet Archive". Archive.org. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
30. Fowler, Geoffrey A.; Hagey, Keach (September 18, 2012). "Let's Go to the Videotape: Nonprofit Offers News Clips". The Wall Street Journal Online. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
31. Brewster Kahle (September 17, 2012). "Launch of TV News Search & Borrow with 350,000 Broadcasts" (Blog). archive.net. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
32. Internet Archive. Welcome to Audio Archive. Retrieved from http://archive.org/details/audio
33. Tirpack, Alex. "Warren Zevon live shows hit the web, possible film in the works". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
34. Internet Archive. Welcome to Netlabels. Retrieved from http://archive.org/details/netlabels
35. Boswell, Wendy (October 21, 2006). "Download free music at the Internet Archive". Lifehacker. Retrieved February 20, 2012. The Internet Archive has a ginormous collection of free, downloadable music in their NetLabels category
36. "Books Scanning to be Publicly Funded", announcement by Brewster Kahle, May 23, 2008.
37. "Bulk Access to OCR for 1 Million Books", via Open Library Blog, by raj, November 24, 2008.
38. ^ "Book search winding down", Live Search Blog. Official announcement from Microsoft. Last accessed May 23, 2008.
39. Google Books at Internet Archive.
40. Books imported from Google have a metadata tag of scanner:google for searching purposes. The archive links back to Google for PDF copies, but also maintains a local PDF copy, which is viewable under the "All Files: HTTP" link.
41. "Internet Archive founder turns to new information storage device – the book". culture. The Guardian. 1 August 2011. Archived from the original (news) on 2012-08-21. Retrieved 21 August 2012. Brewster Kahle, the man behind a project to file every webpage, now wants to gather one copy of every published book
42. Jason Scott, Change Computer History Forever: Well, Here We Are, April 13, 2013.
43. "Accessed 9 January 2013". Stevensaylor.com. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
44. "Another Can of Worms," 8 January 2013 posting by Steve Perry at http://harlanellison.com/heboard/unca.htm. Accessed 9 January 2013.
45. Posting of 8 January 2013 headed "OMNI, Digital Rights, and Voodoo" at http://harlanellison.com/heboard/unca.htm. Accessed 9 January 2013.
46. Posting of 2 August 2013 by Glenn Fleishmann headed "The rebirth of Omni—and its vibe" at http://boingboing.net/2013/08/02/omni.html#.Ufu6AXbf_Sc.email. Accessed 2 August 2013.
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50. Dye, Jessica (2005). "Website Sued for Controversial Trip into Internet Past". EContent. 28. (11): 8–9.
51. Bangeman, Eric (2006). "Internet Archive Settles Suit Over Wayback Machine". Ars technica. Retrieved 2007-11-29. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
52. Some sites are not available because of Robots.txt or other exclusions.
53. How can I remove my site's pages from the Wayback Machine?.
54. ^ Lewis T. Babcock (February 13, 2007). Internet Archive v. Shell (PDF), Civil Action No. 06cv01726LTBCBS.
55. Claburn, Thomas (March 16, 2007). "Colorado Woman Sues To Hold Web Crawlers To Contracts". InformationWeek. Retrieved 2007-07-29.
56. Samson, Martin. Internet Archive v. Suzanne Shell. via Phillips Nizer LLP.
57. Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell Settle Lawsuit, April 25, 2007.
58. Jeff Leeds (December 1, 2005). "Wrath of Deadheads stalls a Web crackdown". International Herald Tribune (republication of article from The New York Times). Retrieved July 14, 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
59. Phil Lesh (November 30, 2005). "An Announcement from Phil Lesh" (Blog). Hotline. PhilLesh.net. Retrieved 2007-01-05.
60. Brewster Kahle (December 1, 2005). "Good News and an Apology: GD on the Internet Archive". Live Music Archive Forum. Internet Archive. Retrieved July 14, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Authors and date indicate the first posting in the forum thread.
61. FBI rescinds secret order for Internet Archive records, CNet.
62. Nakashima, Ellen, "FBI Backs Off From Secret Order for Data After Lawsuit", Washington Post, May 8, 2008.
63. www.memri.org. "Al-Qaeda, Jihadis Infest the San Francisco, California-Based 'Internet Archive' Library". Memri.org. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
64. "opencontentalliance.org". opencontentalliance.org. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
65. Kahle, Brewster (17 January 2012). "12 Hours Dark: Internet Archive vs. Censorship". Internet Archive. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
66. "Mathematics Library : Free Texts : Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Archive.org. 2001-03-10. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
67. "Microfilm : Free Books : Free Texts : Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Archive.org. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
68. "RECAP US Federal Court Documents : Free Books : Free Texts : Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Archive.org. Retrieved 2013-04-13.

Further reading

• Kahle, Brewster, "Archiving the Internet", November 4, 1996
• Ringmar, Erik, "Liberate and Disseminate," Times Higher Education Supplement, April 10, 2008.

External links

• Official website in California, United States
  • Template:Official blog
• Internet Archive Mirror at the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Egypt
• Netlabels release collection
• The Other Minds Archive – New Music Resource from radiom.org
• Web Archiving at archive.org, details of Internet Archive operations
• Pictures and descriptions of the Wayback Machine hardware in 2003 (prior to the Petabox), with cost information
• Current Petabox storage hardware
• Earliest known website of Internet Archive (www.archive.org) from 1997
• Early websites from 1996

• 1996 establishments in California
• Digital libraries
• E-book suppliers
• Film archives
• Foundations based in the United States
• History of the Internet
• Internet properties established in 2001
• Non-profit organizations based in San Francisco, California
• Online archives
• Organizations established in 1996
• Public libraries in California
• Sound archives
• Web archiving initiatives
• Internet Archive projects
• Mass digitization
• Access to Knowledge movement