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| The '''Salafi methodology''', also known as the '''Salafist movement''', is a movement among ] named after the '']'' ("predecessors" or "ancestors"), the earliest Muslims, whom they consider the examples of Islamic practice.<ref>''Ghazali And The Poetics Of Imagination'', by Ebrahim Moosa ISBN 0-8078-5612-6 – Page 21</ref><ref> About Atheism/Agnosticism</ref> | The '''Salafi methodology''', also known as the '''Salafist movement''', is a movement among ] named after the '']'' ("predecessors" or "ancestors"), the earliest Muslims, whom they consider the examples of Islamic practice.<ref>''Ghazali And The Poetics Of Imagination'', by Ebrahim Moosa ISBN 0-8078-5612-6 – Page 21</ref><ref> About Atheism/Agnosticism</ref> | ||
| Who are the Salafists, the wild ass of them selves and their heads are the people Khvrannd Syria Syrian girls, they are fighting not to exceed intruders, they are killers and they destroy the world. | |||
| The movement is often described as related to, including, or synonymous with ], but Salafists consider the term Wahhabi derogatory.<ref>for example the ''Ahl-i Hadith'' which "have been active since the nineteenth century on the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan ... though designated as Wahhabis by their adversaries, ... prefer to call themselves `Salafis.`" | |||
| (from ''The Failure of Political Islam'', by Olivier Roy, translated by Carol Volk, Harvard University Press, 1994, p.118-9)</ref> At other times Salafism is deemed a hybrid of Wahhabism and other movements since the 1960s.<ref name=Lacroix>Stephane Lacroix, . ]'s ISIM Review, Spring 2008, #21.</ref> Salafism has become associated with ], ] and ] approaches to Islam and, particularly in the ], with the ] who espouse violent ] against civilians as a legitimate expression of Islam,<ref>Dr Abdul-Haqq Baker, ''Extremists in Our Midst: Confronting Terror,'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2011</ref> though leading Salafi scholars have condemned attacks on civilians,<ref name=suhaymee/><ref name=aal/><ref name=albani/><ref name=jaabiree/> and Salafi who support such attacks are in a minority.<ref name=threaten>{{cite news|last=Beaumont|first=Peter|title=Violent tide of Salafism threatens the Arab spring|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/feb/09/violent-salafists-threaten-arab-spring-democracies|accessdate=22 May 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=9 February 2013}}</ref> | |||
| Academics and historians use the term to denote "a school of thought which surfaced in the second half of the 19th century as a reaction to the spread of European ideas," and "sought to expose the roots of modernity within Muslim civilization."<ref name="KepelJihad">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&dq=islamism&printsec=frontcover |title=''Jihad'' By Gilles Kepel, Anthony F. Roberts |publisher=Books.google.com |date= 2006-02-24|accessdate=2010-04-18|isbn=978-1-84511-257-8}}</ref><ref>For example: "Salafism originated in the mid to late 19th Century, as an intellectual movement at al-Azhar University, led by Muhammad Abduh (1849-1905), Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (1839-1897) and Rashid Rida (1865-1935)." from | Trevor Stanley| Terrorism Monitor| Volume: 3 Issue: 14| July 15, 2005</ref> However contemporary Salafis follow "literal, traditional ... injunctions of the sacred texts", looking to ] rather than the "somewhat freewheeling interpretation" of 19th century figures ], ], and ].<ref name="KepelJihad"/><ref name=haykel>{{cite web|last=Haykel|first=Bernard|title=Sufism and Salafism in Syria|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/sufism-and-salafism-in-syria-by-itzchak-weismann/|work=11 May 2007|publisher=Syria Comment|accessdate=22 May 2013|quote="The Salafis of the Muhammad Abduh variety no longer exist, as far as I can tell, and certainly are not thought of by others as Salafis since this term has been appropriated/co-opted fully by Salafis of the Ahl al-Hadith/Wahhabi variety."}}</ref> | |||
| Salafism should not be confused with the ''ahl i-hadith'' sect of the Indian subcontinent. Salafis submit to scholarly authority ('']''), for example those of the Arabian countries are generally bound by ] ]. All Salafi scholars of Saudi Arabia, including Sheikh bin Baz, Sheikh Salih al-Uthaymeen, al Albanee, Sheikh Salih al-Fawzaan, Sheikh Saud bin Shuraim and Sheikh al-Sudais, advocate following an Imam rather than understanding scripture oneself. Sheikh al-Albanee stated "blind following of the earlier scholars is far better than this free-for-all; rather for the ordinary Muslim, following a scholar is obligatory and this free-for-all is '']''" ( i.e. forbidden, un-Islamic).<ref>http://islamqa.info/en/113687</ref> | |||
| In the ], and possibly even more so now by Muslims in the West, the term ''Ahl-as-Sunnah'' ("People of the '']''") is frequently used instead, while the term '']'' ("People of the Tradition") is often used on the ] to identify adherents of Salafi ideology, though this term is used more often in the ] to indicate scholars and students of ]). The ] includes the term in the "About Us" section of its website<ref>{{Dead link|date=February 2010}}</ref> while others exclude that organisation<ref> Hasan al-Banna, the founder of the Muslim Brotherhood, "... is the imaam of this crooked path/way which makes permissible for itself every single way or means for the sake of actualizing what they call the 'benefit of the da'wah' but it is nothing but the 'benefits of dejected hizbiyyah (party-spirit)'..." | |||
| </ref> in the belief that the group commits religious innovations. | |||
| Salafism has been described as the fastest growing Islamic movement in a 2010 German domestic intelligence service annual report.<ref></ref><ref>, Source: Simon Shuster, SLATE</ref><ref>, By Christian Caryl, Foreign Policy</ref> | |||
| ==Etymology== | |||
| The first generations of Muslims are collectively referred to as the "Pious Predecessors" (''as-Salaf as-Saleh''),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://muttaqun.com/salafiyyah.html |title=Dawat-us-Salafiyyah (Call of those who preceded us) |publisher=Muttaqun.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-18}}</ref> and include the "Companions" ('']''), the "Followers" ('']'') and the "Followers of the Followers" ('']''). These are revered in Islamic ] and their example has been used to understand the texts and tenets of Islam by ] theologians since the fifth Muslim generation or earlier, sometimes to differentiate the creed of the first Muslims from subsequent variations in creed and methodology (''see ]''),<ref>{{cite web|title=أعزاءنا زوار وأعضاء الساحة العربية، (Salafiyyah is not a sect amongst sects)|url=http://www.alsaha.com/sahat/6/topics/77466 |publisher=alasha.com|author=Shaikh Saleh al-Fawzan|date= 5/24/2004 |accessdate= 5/19/2013}}</ref> to oppose religious innovation ('']'') and, conversely, to defend particular views and practices.<ref>Quote: "The way of the Sufis is the way of the Salaf, the Scholars among the Sahaba, Tabi’in, and Tabi’ at-Tabi’in. Its origin is to worship Allah and to leave the ornaments of this world and its pleasures.” (Ibn Khaldun (733-808 H/1332-1406 CE) ''Muqaddimat ibn Khaldan'', p. 328, quoted in; | retrieved March 2012</ref><ref>, Wien, 2009, retrieved March 2012 at</ref> | |||
| Bernard Haykel, professor of ], states that among Sunnis is "a strongly held view that temporal proximity to the Prophet Muhammad is associated with the truest form of Islam." <ref>{{cite book |last=Haykel |first=Bernard |editor-first=Roel |editor-last=Meijer |title=Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2009 |pages=34 |chapter=Chapter 1: On the Nature of Salafi Thought and Action |isbn=978-0-231-15420-8}}</ref> This veneration is based on a number of records of the sayings of ] who said, "I am the best ''Salaf'' for you"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://al-ibaanah.com/articles.php?ArtID=97 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080304023423/http://al-ibaanah.com/articles.php?ArtID=97 |archivedate=2008-03-04 |title=Why the Word Salafee? |publisher=Web.archive.org |accessdate=2010-04-18}}</ref> and, as narrated in the '']'' of ], a companion of Muhammad; "The best people are those of my generation, and then those who will come after them and then those who will come after them..."|'']'' collected by ].<ref>{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|8|76|437}}</ref> The term has been in use since the Middle Ages.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} | |||
| The terms Salafi, ''Ahl-as-Sunnah'' (i.e., "People of the ''Sunnah''") and '']'' ("People of the Tradition") are all considered to bear the same or similar connotation and have been used interchangeably by Muslim scholars throughout the ages, ''Ahl al-Hadeeth'' possibly being the oldest recorded term for these earliest adherents,<ref>شرف أصحاب الحديث (The Noble Status of the People of Hadeeth, al-Khateeb al-Baghdaadi</ref> while ''Ahl as-Sunnah'' is overwhelmingly used by Muslim scholars, including Salafis as well as others, such as the ] sect, leading to a narrower use of the term "Salafi".<ref>{{cite web|url= http://islameye.com/%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%81%D9%89-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%89%D8%AE-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89-t4699s150.html|title= حكم قول انا سلفي (The Ruling On Saying "I am Salafi", Shaikh al-Albani|publisher= |date= |accessdate= 10/12/2010}}{{dead link|date=March 2013}}</ref> | |||
| ==Tenets== | |||
| Salafis view the ''Salaf'' as an eternal model for all succeeding Muslim generations in their beliefs, exegesis, method of worship, mannerisms, ], ] and conduct: the Islam they practiced is seen as pure, unadulterated and, therefore, the ultimate authority for the interpretation of the ].<ref>Sharh Usool I'tiqaad Ahl as-Sunnah wal-Jama'ah, al-Laalika'ee, tahqeeq of Nash'at Kamaal Misree, 1/7-9</ref> This is not interpreted as an imitation of cultural norms or trends that are not part of the legislated worship of Islam but rather as an adherence to ].{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} Salafis reject ] philosophy ('']'') that involves discourse and debate in the development of the Islamic creed.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} They consider this process a foreign import from ] alien to the original practice of Islam.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} The ], ] (d. 748H / 1348) said: | |||
| {{Quote|It is authentically related from ad-Daaraqutnee that he said: There is nothing more despised by me than ''kalam''. I say: He never entered into ''kalam'' nor argumentation. Rather, he was a Salafi.<ref name=salafipublications.com>''Statements from the Salaf on Ascription to the Salaf'', , Article ID: SLF010001</ref>}} | |||
| Salafis believe that the ], the ] and the consensus ('']'') of approved scholarship ('']'') along with the understanding of the ] as being sufficient guidance for the Muslim. As the Salafi '']'' is a methodology and not a '']'' in fiqh as commonly misunderstood, Salafis can come from the ], ], ] or the ] schools of Sunni ]<ref name=global>GlobalSecurity.org </ref> and accept teaching of all four if supported by clear and authenticated evidence from the Sunnah. They support qualified scholars to engage in ijtihad in the face of a clear evidence be it from Qur'an of Hadeeth as opposed to total blind imitation ('']'') if he is qualified. Their views in theology are based on the ] creed as opposed to engaging in kalam, dialectics or any form of speculative philosophy.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} | |||
| Salafis condemn certain common practices as ] ('']'') and ] of religious figures, such as venerating the graves of Islamic prophets and ] or using amulets to seek protection.<ref>http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/pv/Hasb-e-Haal/3/ep-9906/ALL/2013-09-13</ref> They maintain that such practices are ''bid‘ah'' or heretical innovations are not permissible and should not be taught or practiced.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} Salafis believe that Islam declined after the early generations because of religious innovations and an abandoning of what they consider to be pure Islamic teachings; and that an Islamic revival will only result through emulation of early generations of Muslims and purging of foreign influences.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} | |||
| Salafis place great emphasis on following acts in accordance with the known sunnah, not only in prayer but in every activity in daily life. Many are careful to always use three fingers when eating, drink water in three pauses with the right hand while sitting,<ref>''Six Points of Tabligh'', the chapter on "Desired Manners of Eating and Drinking" includes 26 norms on the etiquette of eating and drinking. From: ''Globalized Islam : the Search for a New Ummah'', by ], ], 2004.</ref> and make sure their '']'' or other garment worn by them does not extend below the ankle so as to follow the example of Muhammad and his companions.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} | |||
| ===Opposition to the use of Kalam=== | |||
| Salafi scholars are in staunch opposition to the use of ], dialectics or speculative philosophy in theology. This is because it is seen as a heretical innovation in Islam which opposes the primordial aspiration to follow the original methodology of the ] with regards to ]. Statements of the early Imams of the early Muslims are in corroboration with this such as Imam ] who prohibited his students from engaging in kalam, stating that those who practice it are of the "regressing ones."<ref>al-Makkee, Manaaqib Abee Haneefah, pg. 183-184</ref> Imam ] referred to kalam in the Islamic religion as being "detested",<ref>Dhammul-Kalaam (B/194)</ref> and that whoever "seeks the religion through kalam will deviate".<ref>Dhammul-Kalaam (Q/173/A)</ref> In addition Imam ] said that no knowledge of Islam can be gained from books of kalam, as kalam "is not from knowledge"<ref>Dhammul-Kalaam (Q/213)</ref><ref>], as-Siyar (10/30)</ref> and that "It is better for a man to spend his whole life doing whatever ] has prohibited – besides ] with Allah – rather than spending his whole life involved in kalam."<ref>Ibn Abi Hatim, Manaaqibush-Shaafi'ee, pg. 182</ref> Imam ] also spoke strongly against kalam, stating his view that no one looks into kalam unless there is "corruption in his heart,"<ref>Jaami' Bayaanul-'Ilm wa Fadlihi (2/95)</ref> and even went so far as to prohibit sitting with people practicing kalam even if they were defending the ],<ref>Manaaqibul-Imaam Ahmad, pg. 205</ref> and instructing his students to warn against any person they saw practicing kalam.<ref>Ibn Battah, al-Ibaanah (2/540)</ref> | |||
| ==History== | |||
| Landmarks claimed in the history of Salafi ] are ] (d.240 AH / 855 AD) who is known among Salafis as ''Imam Ahl al-]'', and one of the three scholars commonly titled with the honorific '']'', namely, Taqi ad-Deen ] (d.728 AH / 1328 AD) and ] (d.751 AH / 1350).<ref>التجديد بمفهومية Renewal and its Understanding, Shaikh Muhammad Aman al-Jaamee, Part 1</ref><ref>صور من الجاهليات المعاصرة Glimpses From the Modern Jahiliyyah, Shaikh Muhammad Amaan al-Jaamee</ref><ref>سلسلة مفهوم السلفية Understanding Salafiyyah, A Series On, by Shaikh Muhammad Naasir ad-Deen al-Albaani, Parts 1-2, 6</ref> | |||
| ===Early examples of usage=== | |||
| *] wrote: "There is no criticism for the one who proclaims the '']'' of the Salaf, who attaches himself to it and refers to it. Rather, it is obligatory to accept that from him by unanimous agreement because the way of the Salaf is nothing but the truth."<ref name="salafipublications.com"/> | |||
| *The term ''salafi'' has been used to refer to the theological positions of particular scholars. Abo al-Hasan Ali ibn Umar al-Daraqutuni (d. 995 C.E., 385 A.H.) was described by ] as: "Never having entered into ], instead he was ''salafi''."<ref name="Siyar pg. 457">''Siyar 'Alam al-Nubula'', by al-Dhahbi, vol. 16, pg. 457, no. 332, Mua'ssash al-Risalah, Beirut, 11th edition, 2001.</ref> | |||
| *Also, al-Dhahabi described ], a prominent 12th century hadith specialist, as: "Firm in his religiosity, ''salafi'' in his generality and correct in his denomination. refrained from falling into common pitfalls, believed in ] and in what Allah has informed us of from His names and description."<ref>''Siyar 'Alam al-Nubala'', vol. 23, pg. 142-3, by al-Dhahabi, Muassah al-Risalah, Beirut, 11th Edition, 2001.</ref> | |||
| *In another of his works, ''Tadhkirat al-huffaz'', al-Dhahabi said of Ibn al-Salah: "I say: He was ''salafi'', of sound creed, abstaining from the interpretations of the scholars of ], believing in what has been textually established, without recourse to unjustified interpretation or elaboration.<ref>''Tadhkirah al-huffaz'', vol. 4, pg. 1431, Da'irah al-Ma'arif al-'Uthmaniyyah, India.</ref> | |||
| *In his book, ''Tabsir al-Muntabih'', ] mentioned the ascription ''al-Salafi'' and named Abd al-Rahman ibn Abdillah ibn Ahmad Al-Sarkhasi al-Salafi as an example of its usage. Ibn Hajar then said: "And, likewise, the one ascribing to the ''salaf''."<ref>''Tabsir al-Muntabih Bitahrir al-Mushtabih'', vol. 2, pg. 738, published by: ''Al-Mu'assasah al-Misriyyah al-'Ammah Lil-Talif wa Al-Anba' wa al-Nashr'', edited by: Ali al-Bajawi, no additional information.</ref> | |||
| *Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani also used the term, ''salafi'' in describing Muhammad ibn al-Qaasim ibn Sufyan al-Misri al-Maliki (d. 966 C.E., 355 A.H.) He said that al-Malaiki was: "''Salafi al-madh'hab'' – ''salafi'' in his school of thought."<ref>''Lisan al-Mizan'', by Ibn Hajar, vol. 5, pg. 348, no. 1143, Dar al-Kitab al-Islami, no additional information; it is apparently a reprint of the original Indian print. The quoted segment of Ibn Hajar's biography for al-Misri originated from Ibn Hajar, as this was not included in al-Dhahabi's biography of the same individual (who is named 'ibn Sha'ban' instead of ibn Sufyan).</ref> | |||
| *In the book ''Al-Ansaab'' by Abu Sa'd Abd al-Kareem as-Sama'ni, who died in the year 1166 (562 of the ]), under the entry for the ascription ''al-Salafi'' he mentions an example or more of people who were so described in his time.<ref>''Al-Ansab'', by Abu Sa'd Abd al-Kareem Al-Sama'ni, vol. 7, pg. 168, photocopied from the ''Da'iah Al-Ma'arif Al-Uthmaniyah'' edition by the ''Al-Faruq'' publishing company of Egypt, no date provided. The names of those using this ascription were described by the verifier as being blank in all of the manuscript copies of the book, he obtained them by means of cross referencing.</ref> In commenting upon as-Sama'ni, ] wrote: "And a group were known by this epithet."<ref>''A Reply to the Doubts of the Qutubiyyah Concerning Ascription to Sunnah and Salafiyyah'', page 29, , Article ID: SLF010004.</ref> | |||
| ===Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab=== | |||
| {{Main|Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab}} | |||
| Many today consider Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab as the first figure in the modern era to push for a return to the religious practices of the ''salaf as-salih''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salafipublications.com/sps/sp.cfm?subsecID=SLF02&articleID=SLF020001&articlePages=1 |title=The Principles of Salafiyyah |publisher=Salafipublications.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-18}}</ref> His evangelizing in 18th century ] was a call to return to the practices of the early Muslims. His works, especially ''Kitab at-Tawhid'', are still widely read by Salafis around the world today, and the majority of Salafi scholars still reference his works frequently.<ref>Shaikh Muhammad Ibn Abdul-Wahhab: His Salafi Creed, Reformist Movement and Scholars' Praise of Him, 4th ed. by Judge Ahmad Ibn 'Hajar Ibn Muhammad al-Butami al-Bin Ali, Ad-Dar as-Salafiyyah, Kuwait, 1983, p.108-164</ref> After his death, his views flourished under his descendants, the ], and the generous financing of the ] and initiated the current worldwide Salafi movement.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} | |||
| The vast majority of Salafis reject the Wahhabi label because they consider it unfounded, an object of controversy,<ref>The Wahhabi Myth, H.J.Oliver</ref> holding that Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab did not establish a new school of thought but restored the Islam practiced by the earliest generations of Muslims.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} Followers of Salafiyyah consider it wrong to be called "Wahhabis" as the 17th Name of God is ''al-Wahhab'' ("the Bestower") and to be called a "Wahhabi" denotes the following of a person other than what in actuality is the believed following of the Qur'an and Sunnah.<ref>Laurent Bonnefoy, ''Salafism in Yemen. Transnationalism and Religious Identity,'' Columbia University Press/Hurst, 2011, ISBN 978-1-84904-131-7 - page 245</ref> Wahhabism has been called a "belittling" and derogatory term for Salafi,<ref name="thewahhabimyth.com"></ref> while another source defines it as "a particular orientation within Salafism,"<ref name="global"/> an orientation some consider strongly apolitical,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/04/AR2006090401107_2.html |title=Washington Post, For Conservative Muslims, Goal of Isolation a Challenge |publisher=Washingtonpost.com |date=2007-01-15 |accessdate=2010-04-18 | first=Caryle | last=Murphy}}</ref><ref>John L. Esposito, ''What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam'', p.50</ref> and yet another describes it as a formerly separate current of Islamic thought that appropriated "language and symbolism of Salafism" until the two became "practically indistinguishable" in the 1970s.<ref>Abou El Fadl, Khaled M., ''The Great Theft'', HarperSanFrancisco, 2005, p.79</ref> | |||
| Trevor Stanley states that, while the origins of the terms ''Wahhabism'' and ''Salafism'' "were quite distinct" – "Wahhabism was a pared-down Islam that rejected modern influences, while Salafism sought to reconcile Islam with modernism" – they both shared a rejection of "traditional" teachings on Islam in favor of a direct, more puritan interpretation. Stéphane Lacroix, a postdoctoral fellow and lecturer at ] in ], also affirmed a distinction between the two: "As opposed to Wahhabism, Salafism refers here to all the hybridations that have taken place since the 1960s between the teachings of Muhammad bin ‘Abd al-Wahhab and other Islamic schools of thought. ] discourse can therefore be a form of Salafism, while being critical of Wahhabism."<ref name=Lacroix/> | |||
| The migration of Muslim Brotherhood members from Egypt to Saudi Arabia and ]'s "embrace of Salafi ] resulted in cross-pollination between Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab's teachings on ''tawhid, shirk'' and ''bid‘ah'' and Salafi interpretations of the sayings of Muhammad.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stanley |first=Trevor |url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Bswords%5D=8fd5893941d69d0be3f378576261ae3e&tx_ttnews%5Bany_of_the_words%5D=%20Trevor%20Stanley%20&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=528&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=a5ad45ee77 |title=Understanding the Origins of Wahhabism and Salafism by Trevor Stanley |publisher=Jamestown.org |date= |accessdate=2010-04-18}}</ref> | |||
| ===Contemporary Salafism=== | |||
| Salafism is attractive to its adherents because it underscores Islam's universality.<ref name='Next'>''The Next Attack'', By ] ], ISBN 0-8050-7941-6 – Page 55</ref> It insists on affirmation of the literal truth as understood by its apparent meaning of Qur'anic scripture and Hadeeth,<ref name='Next' /> yet may challenge ] by appropriating secularism's traditional role of defending the socially and politically weak against the powerful.<ref>''Brief History of Islam'', Hassan Hanafi, ISBN 1-4051-0900-9 – Page 258-259</ref> | |||
| ==Opposition to extremism== | |||
| In recent years the Salafi methodology has wrongly come to be associated with the jihad of extremist groups and related groups that advocate the killing of innocent civilians.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} While some terrorists claim to be Salafi, these acts have consistently been strongly opposed by some Salafi scholars such as Sheikh ], Sheikh ] and Sheikh ] who had all issued fatawa (religious verdicts) forbidding suicide bombing declaring the act as being totally haram (forbidden).<ref name=suhaymee>| islamagainstextremism.com</ref> | |||
| <ref name=aal>| islamagainstextremism.com</ref> | |||
| <ref name=albani>| (audio with English translation - Youtube)| islamagainstextremism.com</ref> | |||
| <ref name=jaabiree>| islamagainstextremism.com</ref> | |||
| Sheikh ] said with regards to suicide bombings: | |||
| <blockquote>" ...such an act is never correct because it is a form of killing oneself and Allāh subhanahu wa ta'ala says: 'And do not kill yourselves. ' And the prophet salAllahu 'aleihi wa selim said: 'Whoever kills himself by any means, he will be punished by it on the Day of Resurrection. ' The person should rather strive and seek to guide them and if fighting is legalized and legislated, then he fights alongside the Muslims. If he’s then killed in this way, then Allāh is praised. But as for killing himself by booby-trapping his body with explosives, thereby killing others and himself, this is wrong and completely impermissible. Rather, he should fight with the Muslims only when fighting is legitimately legislated. As for the actions of (some of) the Palestinians, they are wrong and produce no benefit. Instead, it is compulsory upon them to call to Allāh by teaching, guiding, and advising and not by such actions as these."<ref>{{cite web | |||
| | url= http://www.faithinallah.org/sheikh-abdul-aziz-bin-baz-on-suicide-bombings/ | |||
| | title= Sheikh Abdul Aziz Bin Baz on Suicide Bombings | |||
| | accessdate= | |||
| | date= | |||
| | publisher= faithinallah.org | |||
| | archiveurl= | |||
| | archivedate=}}{{dead link|date=March 2013}}</ref></blockquote> | |||
| The groups and individuals that carry out terrorist attacks are regarded as being out of the fold of the methodology of the Salaf, misguided and deviant; chiefly erroneous "Qutubi ]" groups. | |||
| It has been noted that the Western association of Salafi ideology with violence stems from writings done "through the prism of security studies" that were published in the late 20th century, having persisted well into contemporary literature.<ref>{{cite book |last=Meijer |first=Roel |editor-first=Roel |editor-last=Meijer |title=Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement |publisher=Columbia University Presss |year=2009 |pages=34 |chapter=Introduction |isbn=978-0-231-15420-8}}</ref> More recent attempts have been made by academics and scholars who challenge these major assumptions. | |||
| ==Trends Loosely Associated with Salafism== | |||
| ===Salafist jihadism=== | |||
| Salafi Jihadism was a term coined by ]<ref name="BLivesey"></ref><ref></ref> to describe those self claiming Salafi groups who began developing an interest in jihad during the mid-1990s. Practitioners are often referred to as Salafi jihadis or Salafi jihadists. Journalist ] estimates Salafi jihadists constitute less than 0.5 percent of the world's 1.9 billion Muslims (c. 10 million).<ref name="BLivesey"/> However those who take their actions beyond the limits of the shari'ah (such as terrorist attacks against civilians) are seen as deviant and not being true "Salafis". | |||
| *Another definition of Salafi jihadism, offered by Mohammed M. Hafez, is an "extreme form of ] ] that rejects ] and ] rule." Hafez distinguished them from apolitical and conservative Salafi scholars (such as ], ], ] and ]), but also from the '']'' movement associated with ] or ].<ref name="MHafez"></ref> | |||
| ===Purists, Madkhalism=== | |||
| "Purists" are Salafists who focus on non-violent da'wah, education, and "purification of religious beliefs and practices". They dismiss politics as "a diversion or even innovation that leads people away from Islam".<ref name="Whatever Happened to the Islamists">| edited by Olivier Roy, Amel Boubekeur|Columbia University Press, 2012</ref> | |||
| ] is a term typically referring to the strain of Salafists viewed as supportive of authoritarian regimes in the Middle East.<ref name=rich41>Richard Gauvain, ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'', pg. 41. ]: Routledge, 2013.</ref><ref>Roel Meijer, ''Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement'', pg. 49. ]: ], 2009.</ref><ref name=jof>George Joffé, ''Islamist Radicalisation in Europe and the Middle East: Reassessing the Causes of Terrorism'', pg. 317. ]: ], 2013.</ref> Originally taking its name from controversial Saudi Arabian cleric ], the movement lost its support in Saudi Arabia proper when several members of the country's clerical body known as the ] denounced Madkhali personally.<ref name=harald>''The Transmission and Dynamics of the Textual Sources of Islam: Essays in Honour of Harald Motzki'', eds. Nicolet Boekhoff-van der Voort, ] and Joas Wagemakers, pg. 382. ]: ], 2011.</ref> Influence of both the movement and its figureheads have waned so much within the Muslim world that analysts have declared it to be a largely European phenomenon.<ref name=harald/> | |||
| ===Salafist activism=== | |||
| It has sometimes been described as a third strain of the global movement, being different from the Salafist Jihadists by eschewing violence and from the Salafist Madkhalists by engaging in modern political processes.<ref name=meij48>Meijer, pg. 48.</ref> Due to numerical superiority, the movement has been referred to the mainstream of the Salafist movement at times.<ref name=jof/> This trend, sometimes called "politicos", see politics as "yet another field in which the Salafi creed has to be applied" in order to safeguard justice and "guarantee that the political rule is based upon the Shari'a"<ref name="Whatever Happened to the Islamists"/> | |||
| ===Qutbism=== | |||
| ] is a movement which has, at times, been described both as a strain of Salafism and an opposing movement,<ref name="thewahhabimyth.com"/> providing the foil to Madkhalism in that the movement is typically found in radical opposition to the ruling regimes of the Middle East.<ref name=rich41/> Qutbism has, at times, been associated with the above mentioned Salafist Jihadist trend.<ref name=meij48/> | |||
| Despite some similarities, the different contemporary self-proclaimed Salafist groups often strongly disapprove of one another and deny the other's Islamic character.<ref>Abou El Fadl, Khaled, ''The Great Theft'' Harper San Francisco, 2005, p.62-8</ref> | |||
| ===Comparison with other movements=== | |||
| {{Main|Islamism}} | |||
| Some Salafi Muslims often preach disengagement from Western activities, and advocate being apolitical and being against any form of extremism, "even by giving them an Islamic slant."<ref>''Globalized Islam :the Search for a New Ummah'', by ], ], 2004 (p.245)</ref> Instead, it is thought that Muslims should stick to traditional activities, particularly Dawah. Nevertheless, Salafis do not preach willful ignorance of civil or state law.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} While preaching that the Sharia takes precedence, Salafi Muslims conform to civil or state law as far as they are required, for example in purchasing mandatory auto insurance.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} | |||
| ===Arab Spring=== | |||
| Salafi have been notable following insurrections in Egypt, Tunisia and Libya. In the ], the ] led by Al‑Nour party despite having only "a few months of party politicking experience" managed to receive 27.8% of the vote, or 127 of the 498 parliamentary seats contested, to form the second-largest parliamentary bloc.<ref name=Brown> Jonathan Brown| Carnegie Paper|December 2011</ref> According to Ammar Ali Hassan of al-Ahram, while Salafis and the Muslim Brotherhood agree on many issues such as the need to “Islamize” society and restricting private property rights by legally requiring all Muslims to give alms, the former has nevertheless rejected the flexibility of the latter on the issue of whether women and Christians should be entitled to serve in high office, as well as the Brotherhood's relatively tolerant attitude towards Shia Iran in its foreign policy.<ref name=ahram>{{cite web|last=Hassan|first=Ammar Ali|title=Muslim Brothers and Salafis|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/502/32/Muslim%20Brothers%20and%20Salafis.aspx|work=06-12-2012|publisher=Al Ahram|accessdate=19 May 2013}}</ref> | |||
| ==Criticism== | |||
| Salafism has been recently criticized by Professor ] of ]. El Fadl argues that the Salafi methodology "drifted into stifling apologetics" by the mid-20th century, a reaction against "anxiety" to "render Islam compatible with modernity," by its leaders earlier in the century.<ref>Abou El Fadl, Khaled, ''The Great Theft,'' Harper San Francisco, 2005, p.77</ref> He attacks those who state "any meritorious or worthwhile modern institutions were first invented and realized by Muslims". He argues the result was that "an artificial sense of confidence and an intellectual lethargy" developed, according to Abou El Fadl, "that took neither the Islamic tradition nor" the challenges of the modern world "very seriously."<ref>Abou El Fadl, Khaled, ''The Great Theft'' Harper San Francisco, 2005, p.78-9</ref><ref>Abou El Fadl, Khaled, ''The Great Theft'' Harper San Francisco, 2005, p.52-56</ref> | |||
| According to the ], the Salafi and Wahhabi movements are strongly opposed by a long list of ] scholars.<ref>, ''Wahhabism: Understanding the Roots and Role Models of Islamic Extremism'', by Zubair Qamar. This article lists 65 Sunni scholars from different time periods, whom the article claims were opposed to either the Salafi or the Wahhabi movements. The article claims that the Wahhabi movement is the same thing as the Salafi movement.</ref> The Saudi government has been criticised for ].<ref>, ''The photos Saudi Arabia doesn't want seen – and proof Islam's most holy relics are being demolished in Mecca '', by Jerome Taylor, 15 March 2013. The article says that the Saudis are dismantling some old parts the Grand Mosque at Mecca, as part of work to make the mosque larger, and that the sites of other very old buildings in Mecca and Medina have been redevloped over the past twenty years. The article claims that many senior Wahhabis believe that preserving historic relics for their own sake is undesirable because it encourages idolatry (shirq).</ref><ref>, ''Saudi's Destruction Of The Islamic Heritage'', by AhleSunnaTV.</ref> Though Salafis when told about this were as opposed to it as other Muslims.<ref>, ''Why don't more Muslims speak out against the wanton destruction of Mecca's holy sites?'', by Jerome Taylor, 28 October 2012.</ref> The Salafi movement has been linked by ] to some terrorists group around the world.<ref>, ''Statement of Marc Sageman to the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States'', 9 July 2003</ref> | |||
| ===Treatment of Salafism in China=== | |||
| Salafism is intensely opposed by a number of ] ], by the ] and Sufi ] and ]. So much so that even the ] (Ikhwan) Chinese sect, which is fundamentalist and was founded by ] who was originally inspired by the Salafis, condemned Ma Debao and Ma Zhengqing as heretics when they attempted to introduce Salafism as the main form of Islam. Ma Debao established a Salafi school, called the Sailaifengye (Salafi) ] in ] and ], and it is a completely separate group from other ].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&pg=PA72&dq=ma+anliang&q=wahhabism%20ma%20debao|title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects|author=Michael Dillon|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|location=Richmond|page=208|isbn= 978-0-7007-1026-3|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Muslim Hui avoid Salafis, even if they are family members, and they constantly disagree.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=b21aKLh6_KkC&pg=PA79&dq=gedimu+ikhwan#v=onepage&q=gedimu%20ikhwan&f=false|title=Between Mecca and Beijing: modernization and consumption among urban Chinese Muslims|author=Maris Boyd Gillette|year=2000|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=|page=279|isbn=0-8047-3694-4|accessdate=2010-6-28}}</ref> The number of Salafis in China are not included on percentage lists of Muslim sects in China.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=imw_KFD5bsQC&pg=PA458&dq=gedimu+ikhwan#v=onepage&q=kubrawiyya%20percent%20gedimu%20hui%20ma%20tong&f=false|title=The Oxford History of Islam|author=John L. Esposito|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press US|location=|page=749|isbn=0-19-510799-3|accessdate=2010-6-28}}</ref> The ] Sufi Muslim General ], who backed the Yihewani (Ikhwan) Muslims, persecuted the Salafis, forcing them into hiding. They were not allowed to move or worship openly. The Yihewani had become secular and Chinese nationalists, and they considered the Salafiyya to be "heterodox" (xie jiao), and people who followed foreigners' teachings (waidao). Only after the ] took over were the Salafis allowed to come out and worship openly again.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79&dq=ma+bufang+secret+war#v=onepage&q=ma%20bufang%20secret%20war&f=false|title=Guide to Islamist Movements|author=BARRY RUBIN|year=2000|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|location=|page=800|isbn=0-7656-1747-1|accessdate=2010-6-28}}</ref> | |||
| === German government's statement on Salafism=== | |||
| German government officials<ref name="verfassungsschuetz"></ref> have stated that Salafism has a strong link to terrorism but have clarified that not all Salafists are terrorists. The statements by German government officials criticizing Salafism were televised on Deutsche Welle broadcasts for the week of April 18, 2012.<ref></ref><ref></ref> | |||
| ==Prominent Salafi scholars== | |||
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| ] Yusuf Estes has been refuted by the Salafi movement <ref>http://salaf-us-saalih.com/tag/yusuf-estes/</ref> <ref>http://salaficentre.com/2012/09/some-speakers-at-greenlane-involved-themselves-in-the-scandalous-cover-up-of-the-mistakes-of-yusuf-estes/</ref> <ref>http://www.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_YusufEstes</ref> <ref>http://ahlulbidahwalhawa.com/2012/08/26/serious-errors-of-yusuf-estes-in-basic-muslim-creed/</ref> <ref>http://xahu-writes.blogspot.ca/2012/08/refutation-yusuf-estes-quran-is-not.html</ref> <ref>http://ahlulbidahwalhawa.com/2012/05/22/shaykh-saalim-at-taweel-refutes-the-falsehood-statements-of-yusuf-estes-arabicenglish/</ref> | |||
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| *] Zakir Naik has been refuted by the Salafi movement <ref>http://ahlulbidahwalhawa.com/2012/02/15/salafi-refutation-of-zakir-naik/</ref> <ref>http://aqidah-as-salafiyyah.blogspot.ca/2012/01/salafi-refutation-of-zakir-naik.html</ref> | |||
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| *]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fatwa-online.com/scholarsbiographies/15thcentury/assumaalee.htm |title=SCHOLARS BIOGRAPHIES \ 15th Century \ Shaykh Muhammad ibn 'Abdullaah as-Sumaalee |publisher=Fatwa-online.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-18}}</ref> | |||
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| == See also == | |||
| {{Portal|Islam}} | |||
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| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist|2}} | |||
| {{Islam topics|state=collapsed}} | |||
| ] | |||
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The Salafi methodology, also known as the Salafist movement, is a movement among Sunni Muslims named after the Salaf ("predecessors" or "ancestors"), the earliest Muslims, whom they consider the examples of Islamic practice.
Who are the Salafists, the wild ass of them selves and their heads are the people Khvrannd Syria Syrian girls, they are fighting not to exceed intruders, they are killers and they destroy the world.
- Ghazali And The Poetics Of Imagination, by Ebrahim Moosa ISBN 0-8078-5612-6 – Page 21
- salafiyya About Atheism/Agnosticism