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| '''Anti-Irish sentiment or Hibernophobia''' may refer to or include persecution, discrimination, hatred or fear of the Irish as an ethnic or national group, whether directed against Ireland in general or against Irish immigrants and their descendants in the ]. | |||
| It is traditionally rooted in the medieval period, and is also evidenced in Irish immigration to other countries like the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. Anti-Irish feeling can include both social and cultural discrimination within the island of Ireland itself, such as ] or ethno-political conflicts in ] of ]. | |||
| Discrimination and racism towards ], an Irish minority group, is evident in both Ireland<ref>{{cite web|url=http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/rbr/travrbr2.html |title=Racism in Ireland – Travellers |publisher=Flag.blackened.net |date= |accessdate=21 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.jp/books?id=Zr6VRPmZjV8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=anti+traveller+racism+irish+government&source=bl&ots=-TJ-pYYXQs&sig=ncFKJr2NuEQNGwPitA7I_LfnN_c&hl=en&ei=fhHSTOjbGo-avAOb49zVDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=anti%20traveller%20racism%20irish%20government&f=false |title=Irish Travellers: Racism and the Politics of Culture – Jane Helleiner – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.co.jp |date= |accessdate=21 May 2012}}</ref> and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2000/0829/travellers.html |title=British court rules Irish travellers covered by Race Relations laws – RTÉ News |publisher=Rte.ie |date=29 August 2000 |accessdate=21 May 2012}}</ref> Such racism is open and can be compared to that experienced by the Irish diaspora in the 19th century, with the hanging of signs in private establishments in Ireland stating "No Travellers" in the same style as "No Irish Need Apply".<ref name="Racial p18">Racial,ethnic, and homophobic violence: killing in the name of otherness (p18) Marie-Claude Barbier, Bénédicte Deschamps, Michel Prum Routledge-Cavendish, 2007</ref><ref name="Jensen"/> The ] Committee of Enquiry on racism and ] found them to be amongst the most discriminated-against ] groups in Ireland.<ref>Traveller, Nomadic and Migrant Education by Patrick Alan Danaher, Máirín Kenny, Judith Remy Leder. 2009. Page 119.</ref> | |||
| ==Perspective== | |||
| ] | |||
| The negative stereotyping of the Irish began with the Norman propagandist Giraldus Cambrensis also known as Gerald of Wales. His wrote despairingly of the Irish to justify the Norman invasion of Ireland. "Gerald was seeking promotion by Henry II within the English church. His history was therefore written to create a certain effect—of supporting Henry II's claims to Ireland."<ref></ref> | |||
| Hostility increased towards the Irish who steadfastly remained Roman Catholic in spite of coercive force by Henry VIII and his administration and subsequent rulers to convert the Irish nation to Protestantism.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/Reformation_in_Ireland</ref> Thus a situation unusual in Western Europe developed where the religious majority were ruled over by a religious minority. Religious minorities were discriminated against all over Europe but in Ireland the majority of the people suffered discrimination from the minority ruling class. This led to endless social conflict and thus the consequent dehumanising of the vanquished Irish. | |||
| Many concerted efforts were made by English Protestant churches to evangelise the Irish but each attempt ended in failure and they publicly blamed their failures on the people they were trying to convert. In the middle of the 19th century when a great famine (caused by economic mismanagement and disrespect) struck, many saw it as God punishing the Irish for not converting to Protestantism.<ref>http://castle.eiu.edu/historia/archives/2006/Henderson.pdf</ref> | |||
| Therefore most of the negative stereotyping of the Irish is rooted in the politics of ], a principle that held that every ruler had the right to dictate what religion their subjects should believe in. | |||
| ==Middle Ages to Early Modern Era== | |||
| Negative English attitudes towards the ] date as far back as the reign of ]. In 1155 ] issued the ] called '']'', that gave Henry permission to conquer Ireland as a means of strengthening the Papacy's control over the Irish Church.<ref>Austin Lane Poole. . Oxford University Press 1993. pp. 303–304.</ref> Pope Adrian called the Irish a "rude and barbarous" nation. Thus, the ] began in 1169 with the backing of the Papacy. ], who was Pope at the time of the invasion, ratified the ''Laudabiliter'' and gave Henry dominion over Ireland. He likewise called the Irish a "barbarous nation" with "filthy practises".<ref>]. , from ''A History of Ireland and Her People'' (1931).</ref> | |||
| ] accompanied King Henry's son, ], on his ]. As a result of this he wrote '']'' ("Topography of Ireland") and ''Expugnatio Hibernia'' ("Conquest of Ireland"), both of which remained in circulation for centuries afterwards. Ireland, in his view, was rich; but the Irish were backward and lazy: | |||
| <blockquote>They use their fields mostly for pasture. Little is cultivated and even less is sown. The problem here is not the quality of the soil but rather the lack of industry on the part of those who should cultivate it. This laziness means that the different types of minerals with which hidden veins of the earth are full are neither mined nor exploited in any way. They do not devote themselves to the manufacture of flax or wool, nor to the practice of any mechanical or mercantile act. Dedicated only to leisure and laziness, this is a truly barbarous people. They depend on their livelihood for animals and they live like animals.<ref>Gerald of Wales, Giraldus, John Joseph O'Meara. ''The History and Topography of Ireland''. Penguin Classics, 1982. Page 102.</ref></blockquote> | |||
| Gerald was not atypical, and similar views may be found in the writings of ] and ]. When it comes to Irish marital and sexual customs Gerald is even more biting: "This is a filthy people, wallowing in vice. They indulge in ], for example in marrying – or rather debauching – the wives of their dead brothers". Even earlier than this ] accused the Irish of ''wife swapping'', "exchanging their wives as freely as other men exchange their horses". | |||
| One will find these views echoed centuries later in the words of ], twice ] during the reign of ], and in those of Edmund Tremayne, his secretary. In Tremayne's view the Irish "commit whoredom, hold no wedlock, ravish, steal and commit all abomination without scruple of conscience".<ref>James West Davidson. ''Nation of Nations: A Concise Narrative of the American Republic''. McGraw-Hill, 1996. Page 27.</ref> In ''A View of the Present State of Ireland'', circulated in 1596 but not published until 1633, the English official and renowned poet ] wrote "They are all ]s by profession but in the same so blindingly and brutishly informed that you would rather think them atheists or infidels". In a "Brief Note on Ireland," Spenser argued that "Great force must be the instrument but famine must be the means, for till Ireland be famished it cannot be subdued. . . There can be no conformitie of government whereis no conformitie of religion. . . There can be no sounde agreement betwene twoe equall contraries viz: the English and Irish".<ref name = "Hastings 1997, 83-84">Hastings, Adrian (1997). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59391-3, ISBN 0-521-62544-0. pp. 83–84.</ref> | |||
| This "civilising mission" embraced any manner of cruel and barbaric methods to accomplish its end goal. For instance, in 1305 Piers Bermingham received a financial bonus and accolades in verse after beheading thirty members of the ] clan and sending them to Dublin. In 1317 one Irish chronicler opined that it was just as easy for an Englishman to kill an Irishman or English women to kill an Irish women as he/she would a dog. The Irish were thought of as the most barbarous people in Europe, and such ideas were modified to compare the Scottish Highlands or ] where traditionally ] is spoken to medieval Ireland.<ref>Travels to terra incognita: the Scottish Highlands and Hebrides in early modern travellers accounts. c1600-1800. Martin Rackwitz. Waxmann Verlag 2007.p33, p94</ref> | |||
| ==Modern period== | |||
| In the ] following the advent of ] in Great Britain, the Irish people suffered both social and political discrimination for refusing to renounce ]. This prejudice sometimes manifested itself in areas with large ] or ] populations such as the northeastern parts of Ireland, the ] of Scotland, and parts of Canada.<ref>The Irish in Atlantic Canada, 1780–1900</ref><ref>IRISH IMMIGRANTS AND CANADIAN DESTINIES IN MARGARET ATWOOD'S "ALIAS GRACE" Ecaterina Hanţiu University of Oradea.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/scotland/2014961.stm |title=Kirk 'regret' over bigotry – BBC.co.uk |publisher=BBC News |date=29 May 2002 |accessdate=9 October 2012}}</ref> Thinly veiled nationalism under the guise of religious conflict has occurred in both the UK and Ireland.<ref>Irish society: sociological perspectives By Patrick Clancy</ref> | |||
| Anti-Irish sentiment is found in works by several 18th-century writers such as ], who depicted the Catholic Irish as savage and backward, and defended British rule in the country.<ref>"Voltaire's writing, particular in this field of history, show by this stage in his career Ireland and the Catholic Irish had become shorthand reference to extreme religious fanaticism and general degeneracy".Gargett, Graham: "Some Reflections on Voltaire's ''L'lngenu'' and a Hitherto Neglected Source: the ''Questions sur les miracles''" in ''The Secular City: Studies in the Enlightenment : Presented to Haydn Mason'' edited by T. D. Hemming, Edward Freeman, David Meakin University of Exeter Press, 1994 ISBN 0859894169.</ref> | |||
| ===19th century=== | |||
| Anti-Irish racism in ] Britain and 19th century United States included the ] of the Irish as ], and implications that they monopolised certain (usually low-paying) job markets.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} They were often called "white Negroes." Throughout Britain and the US, newspaper illustrations and hand drawings depicted a prehistoric "ape-like image" of Irish faces to bolster evolutionary racist claims that the Irish people were an "inferior race" as compared to Anglo-Saxons.<ref name="Wohl">Wohl, Anthony S. (1990) "". ''The Victorian Web''</ref> | |||
| ] trying to raise "McGinty" {]}; {McGinty refers to an 1889 song about the comics misadventures of a foolish Irishman who ends up at the bottom of the sea-and doesn't come up!}]] | |||
| Similar to other immigrant populations, they were sometimes accused of ] and subjected to misrepresentations of their religious and cultural beliefs. The Irish were labelled as practising ]s and in that time (19th century), anyone not being a "Christian" in a traditional British sense was deemed "immoral" and "demonic". ]s were particularly singled out, and ], ], and customs were ridiculed.<ref name="Wohl" /> | |||
| In ] where many Irish immigrants settled following the ], anti-Irish prejudice was widespread. The sheer numbers of people coming across the Irish sea and settling in the poorer districts of the city led to physical attacks and it became common practice for those with Irish accents or even Irish names to be barred from jobs, public houses and employment opportunities. | |||
| British Prime Minister ] stated publicly, "The Irish hate our order, our civilization, our enterprising industry, our pure religion. This wild, reckless, indolent, uncertain and superstitious race have no sympathy with the English character. Their ideal of human felicity is an alternation of clannish broils and coarse idolatry. Their history describes an unbroken circle of bigotry and blood."<ref>{{cite book|last=Cahill|first=Thomas|title=How the Irish Saved Civilization – The Untold Story of Ireland's Heroic Role from the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Medieval Europe|year=1995|publisher=Doubleday|location=1540 Broadway, New York, NY 10036|isbn=0-385-41849-3|page=6}}</ref> | |||
| Nineteenth-century Protestant American "]" prejudice against Irish Catholics reached a peak in the mid-1850s when the ] tried to oust Catholics from public office. Much of the opposition came from Irish Protestants, as in the 1831 riots in ].<ref>Hoeber, Francis W. (2001) "Drama in the Courtroom, Theater in the Streets: Philadelphia's Irish Riot of 1831" ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'' 125(3): 191–232. ISSN 0031-4587</ref> | |||
| During the 1830s, riots broke out in rural areas among rival labour teams from different parts of Ireland, and between Irish and "native" American work teams competing for construction jobs.<ref>Prince, Carl E. (1985) "The Great 'Riot Year': Jacksonian Democracy and Patterns of Violence in 1834." ''Journal of the Early Republic'' 5(1): 1–19. ISSN 0275-1275 examines 24 episodes including the January labor riot at the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal, the New York City election riot in April, the Philadelphia race riot in August, and the Baltimore & Washington Railroad riot in November.</ref> | |||
| Irish Catholics were isolated and marginalised by society. Both ministers and priests discouraged intermarriage between Catholics and Protestants. In addition, the creation of a parochial school system and numerous colleges affiliated with the Church tended to compound rather than alleviate anti-Catholic discrimination.<ref>John G. West, Iain S. MacLean, <u>Encyclopedia of religion in American politics, Volume 2</u>, Greenwood Publishing Group (1999).</ref> | |||
| ]'' between 1851 and 1923.<ref name="Jensen"/>]]After 1860 many Irish sang songs about signs reading "HELP WANTED – NO IRISH NEED APPLY"; these signs came to be known as "NINA signs." (This is sometimes written as "IRISH NEED NOT APPLY" and referred to as "INNA signs").<ref name="Jensen">Jensen, Richard (2002, revised for web 2004) "". ''Journal of Social History'' issn.36.2 pp.405–429</ref> The 1862 song, "No Irish Need Apply", was inspired by NINA signs in London. Later Irish Americans adapted the lyrics, and the songs perpetuated the belief among Irish Americans that they were discriminated against.<ref name="Jensen"/> | |||
| Historians have hotly debated the issue of anti-Irish job discrimination in the United States. Some insist that the "No Irish need apply" signs were common, but one scholar, Richard Jensen, argues that anti-Irish job discrimination was not a significant factor in the United States, these signs and print advertisements being most commonly posted by the limited number of early 19th-century English immigrants to the United States who shared the prejudices of their homeland.<ref name="Jensen"/>{{-}} | |||
| ===20th century=== | |||
| A 2004 report by the ] stated that ] were treated more harshly in ] because British officers had "a racist bias against Irish soldiers".<ref>. '']'', 7 August 2005. Retrieved 16 March 2013.</ref> | |||
| Since the ] in 1921, there has been tension and violence between its two main communities. Most of the ]/] community are Catholic and see themselves as Irish, while most of the ]/] community are Protestant and see themselves as British. Since ] began in the late 1960s, loyalists have occasionally expressed anti-Irish sentiment. ], daubed with the loyalist slogan "Kill All Irish" (KAI), have been burnt on the yearly ] bonfires.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2006/jul/13/northernireland.northernireland | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Owen | last=Bowcott | title=Army off streets for July 12 | date=13 July 2006}}</ref> In August 1993 the ] announced that it would attack pubs or hotels where ] is played, although it withdrew the threat shortly after.<ref>. ] (CAIN).</ref> In 2000, loyalists made posters and banners that read "The Ulster conflict is about nationality. IRISH OUT!".<ref>. ]. Retrieved 16 March 2013.</ref> Some of the ]'s bombings in England led to anti-Irish sentiment and attacks on the Irish community there. After the ], for example, there was a wave of attacks on Irish people and Irish-owned businesses.<ref name="sydney">{{cite news|title=Every Briton now a target for death|publisher='']''|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZXxXAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UvEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1156%2C450835|date=1 December 1974}}</ref> In the 1990s, writers for the '']'' newspaper "called for Irish people to be banned from UK sporting events and fined for IRA disruption to public transport".<ref>. '']'', 25 September 2005. Retrieved 16 March 2013.</ref> | |||
| ===21st century=== | |||
| In 2002, English journalist ] narrowly escaped prosecution for ], following a column in ''The Guardian'' where she described Ireland as being synonymous with "child molestation, Nazi-sympathising, and the oppression of women."<ref name=spost>'']'', 25 August 2002, </ref> Burchill had expressed anti-Irish sentiment several times throughout her career, announcing in the London journal '']'' that "I hate the Irish, I think they're appalling".<ref>Lindsay Shapero, 'Red devil', ''Time Out'', 17–23 Mary 1984, p. 27</ref> | |||
| In 2012, '']'' carried a report on anti-Irish prejudice in Britain. It claimed that far-right ] groups continued to use "anti-IRA" marches as "an excuse to attack and intimidate Irish immigrants".<ref>{{cite news|first=Brian|last=Whelan|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/blogs/generationemigration/2012/07/17/return-of-anti-irish-racism-in-britain/?via=mr|title=Return of anti-Irish prejudice in Britain?|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=17 July 2012|accessdate=17 July 2012}}</ref> Shortly before the ], British athlete Daly Thompson made an anti-Irish statement on live television. When Thompson was shown an image of a runner with a misspelt tattoo, he said that the person responsible for the misspelling must have been Irish. The BBC issued an apology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Daley Thompson in race row over anti-Irish joke on BBC|url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/other-sports/olympics-2012/other-news/daley-thompson-in-race-row-over-antiirish-joke-on-bbc-3179004.html|publisher=Irish Independent}}</ref> | |||
| In Australia, some employers are issuing a policy of "No Irish Need Apply", in response to the influx of Irish immigrants since the recession.<ref>http://www.irishcentral.com/news/Australian-bricklayer-employment-ad-says-No-Irish-need-apply--142442405.html</ref> | |||
| On 8 August 2012, an article appeared in Australian newspapers titled "Punch Drunk: Ireland intoxicated as Taylor swings towards boxing gold". The article claimed that ] was not "what you'd expect in a fighting Irishwoman, nor is she surrounded by people who'd prefer a punch to a potato". The journalist who wrote it apologised for "indulging racial sterotypes".<ref name="irishtimes1">{{cite web|title='Fighting Irish' article prompts apology|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2012/0807/breaking41.html|publisher=Irish Times}}</ref> The following day, Australian commentator Russell Barwick asserted that athletes from Ireland should compete for the British Olympic team, likening it to "an Hawaiian surfer not surfing for the USA". When fellow presenter Mark Chapman explained that the Republic of Ireland was an independent state, Barwick remarked: "It's nothing but an Irish joke".<ref>{{cite web|title=Aussie journalist 'sorry' for suggesting Ireland should join Team GB|url=http://thescore.thejournal.ie/aussie-journalist-sorry-for-suggesting-ireland-should-join-team-gb-550317-Aug2012/|publisher=thejournal.ie}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ESPN's Aussie presenter's Irish Olympic rant|url=http://www.irishecho.com.au/2012/08/09/espns-aussie-sports-presenters-irish-rant/20082|publisher=Irish Echo}}</ref> | |||
| On 25 June 2013, In an Orange Order HQ in Everton, Liverpool an Irish Flag was burned. Considering that Liverpool is a city with many second and third-generation Irish immigrants, this was seen by members of Liverpool's Irish community as a hate crime.<ref>http://www.liverpoolconfidential.co.uk/News-and-Comment/Irish-tricolour-burning-in-Liverpool-branded-deplorable</ref> | |||
| In response to the relatively high numbers of Irish immigrants being murdered in Australia, the parent's of one victim, David Greene who was attacked and killed in August 2012, have issued wallet sized cards to be given to any Irish people travelling to Australia, with a list of the names and contact details for people who need help in the form of legal assistance or advice if they are attacked.<ref>http://www.rte.ie/news/2013/0917/474702-david-greene/</ref> | |||
| ==Irish Traveller discrimination== | |||
| ] are an indigenous minority present for centuries in Ireland, who suffer overt discrimination throughout Ireland<ref name="kruckenberg">{{cite web |url=http://slu.edu/Documents/law/PLR/Archives/PLR30-2_Kruckenberg_Article.pdf |title=On the Road to Recognition: Irish Travellers' quest for Ethnic Identity (Saint Louis University of Law) |format= |work= |accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref>The political geography of anti-Traveller racism in Ireland: the politics of exclusion and the geography of closure. Jim MacLaughlin Department of Geography, University College, Cork, Ireland</ref> and the United Kingdom.<ref name="Helleiner2003">{{cite book|author=Jane Helleiner|title=Irish Travellers: Racism and the Politics of Culture|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Zr6VRPmZjV8C&pg=PA29|accessdate=17 December 2012|date=1 May 2003|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-8628-0|pages=29–}}</ref> Similar in nature to ] (prejudice against gypsies)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ezaf.org/node/2 |title=Was ist EZAF ? | Europäisches Zentrum für Antiziganismusforschung und -bekämpfung |publisher=Ezaf.org |date= |accessdate=21 May 2012}}</ref> in the United Kingdom and Europe.<ref name="Helleiner2003" /> Anti-Traveller racism is similar to that experienced by the Irish during the diaspora of the 19th century,<ref name="Racial p18"/> with media attack campaigns in the United Kingdom,<ref>{{cite web|author=Jaya Narain |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1257169/Anger-judge-awards-illegal-travellers-camp-postcode--despite-opposition-local-council-residents.html |title=Anger as judge awards 'illegal' travellers' camp its own postcode... despite opposition from local council and residents | Mail Online |publisher=Dailymail.co.uk |date=11 March 2010 |accessdate=21 May 2012}}</ref> and in Ireland using both national/local newspapers and radio.<ref>"They are dirty and unclean. Travelling people have no respect for themselves and their children". (County Councillor quoted in Irish Times, 13 March 1991) cited in http://www.paveepoint.ie/pav_irerac_3.html</ref><ref>"Killarney is literally infested by these people." (County Councillor quoted in Cork Examiner, 18 July 1989) cited in http://www.paveepoint.ie/pav_irerac_3.html</ref><ref>"Deasy suggests birth control to limit traveller numbers" (Headline in Irish Times, Friday, 15 June 1996.) cited in http://www.paveepoint.ie/pav_irerac_3.html</ref> Irish Travellers in the Irish media have stated they are living in Ireland under an ] ].<ref name="examiner.ie">{{cite web|last=Buckley |first=Dan |url=http://www.examiner.ie/archives/2006/1215/ireland/racist-attitudes-towards-travellers-must-be-dealt-with-urgently-20856.html |title=Racist attitudes towards Travellers must be dealt with urgently | Irish Examiner |publisher=Examiner.ie |date=15 December 2006 |accessdate=21 May 2012}}</ref> In 2013, Irish journalist Jennifer O'Connell writing in the '']'' carried an article rasing the question 'Our casual racism against Travellers is one of Ireland's last great shames'.<ref>http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/our-casual-racism-against-travellers-is-one-of-ireland-s-last-great-shames-1.1315730</ref> While there is a willingness to acknowledge that there is widespread prejudice towards Travellers in Irish society, and a recognition of discrimination against Travellers, there is still strong resistance among the Irish public to calling the treatment of Travellers racist.<ref name="examiner.ie"/> While discrimination may occur to Travellers in employment <ref>{{cite web|author=Pavee Point – Unless otherwise noted |url=http://www.paveepoint.ie/fs_work_a.html |title=Pavee Point Factsheets – Travellers and Work |publisher=Paveepoint.ie |date= |accessdate=21 May 2012}}</ref> and secondary school place allocation,<ref>{{cite web|author=Email Us |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2011/0705/1224300090076.html |title=School appeals entry bias against Traveller – The Irish Times – Tue, Jul 05, 2011 |publisher=The Irish Times |date=5 July 2011 |accessdate=21 May 2012}}</ref> it is limited. | |||
| Abuses of social systems like the housing scheme and resource teachers for Travellers in primary schools perpetuate the social conflict between Travellers and "the settled community" examples being burning down of houses allocated to the Travellers by the state due to Traveller feuds<ref>http://www.waterfordcity.ie/documents/reports/TAP2009-2013.doc</ref> In 2013 a Traveller home in Ballyshannon, Co Donegal was destroyed by fire days before members of a Traveller family were due to move in.<ref>http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/our-casual-racism-against-travellers-is-one-of-ireland-s-last-great-shames-1.1315730</ref> Local Councillor Pearse Doherty said the house was specifically targeted because it was to house a Traveller family and was destroyed due to a 'hatred of Travellers'.<ref>http://donegalnews.com/2013/02/controversial-ballyshannon-house-burned-down/</ref> Another local Councillor Sean McEniff of Bundoran caused controversy and a complaint under the 'Incitement to Hatred Act' when he stated due to the houses initial purchase that Travellers “should live in isolation from the settled community.” and "I would not like these people (the family) living beside me,”.<ref>http://donegalnews.com/2013/02/controversial-ballyshannon-house-burned-down/</ref> | |||
| The British television series '']'' has been accused of bullying and an instigation of racial hatred against Irish Travellers in England. The series has faced a number of controversies, including allegations of racism in its advertising<ref>{{cite web|title=Big Fat Gypsy Wedding sponsors forced to apologise for 'racist' advert|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/big-fat-gypsy-wedding-sponsors-730825|publisher=The Mirror|accessdate=12 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Big Fat Gypsy Weddings poster 'endorsed negative stereotypes'|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2012/oct/03/big-fat-gypsy-weddings-stereotypes|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=12 November 2012}}</ref> and instigating a rise in the rate of racially motivated bullying.<ref>{{cite web|title=Big Fat Gypsy Weddings 'has increased bullying of Gypsies and Travellers'|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2012/oct/16/big-fat-gypsy-weddings-bullying-travellers|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=12 November 2012}}</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
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| ==References== | |||
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| ==External links== | |||
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| {{Racism topics}} | |||
| {{Anti-cultural sentiment}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Anti-Irish Racism}} | |||
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Revision as of 18:37, 17 December 2013
[[File:TheUsualIrishWayofDoingThings.jpg|right|thumb|200px|American political cartoon by Thomas Nast titled "The .</ref>