| Revision as of 14:37, 9 February 2014 view source187.95.180.4 (talk) →Earthquake protection← Previous edit | Revision as of 18:16, 12 February 2014 view source 24.43.118.130 (talk)No edit summaryTag: nonsense charactersNext edit → | ||
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| My friend had got her house 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 years ago. And she IS DEAD! :) | |||
| {{about|the form of dwelling|other uses|House (disambiguation)}} | |||
| ♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥ | |||
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| ] house in ], ], ]]] | |||
| ], ].]] | |||
| ], ], Russia]] | |||
| ] in ], US]] | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ] house from the beginning of 20th century in ]]] | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ] | |||
| ], ]]] | |||
| ], ]]] | |||
| A '''house''' is a ] that functions as a ] for ]s or other creatures,<ref>Shelter By Lloyd Kahn. Shelter Publications, Inc., May 1, 2000.</ref><ref>American Shelter: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the American Home By Les Walker. Overlook Press, July 1, 1998</ref> including simple ]s ranging from rudimentary huts of ] and complex structures composed of many systems.<ref name=schoenauer>Schoenauer, Norbert (2000). ''6,000 Years of Housing'' (rev. ed.) (New York: W.W. Norton & Company).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/TTD-113.pdf|title=housing papers|publisher=clerk.house.gov|date= |accessdate=18 December 2012}}</ref> | |||
| The social unit that lives in a house is known as a ]. Most commonly, a household is a ] unit of some kind, although households may also be other ] or individuals. | |||
| ==Etymology== | |||
| The English word '']'' derives directly from the Old English ''Hus'' meaning "dwelling, shelter, home, house," which in turn derives from ] ''Khusan'' (reconstructed by etymological analysis) which is of unknown origin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=house |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}}</ref> The house itself gave rise to the letter 'B' through an early ] hieroglyphic symbol depicting a house. The symbol was called ] in various related languages, and became '']'', the Greek letter, before it was used by the Romans.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=G8bKgl-BTTkC&pg=PT66 |pages=65–66 |title=Letter perfect: the marvelous history of our alphabet from A to Z |last=Sacks |first=David |publisher=Random House Digital |year=2004 |isbn=0-7679-1173-3}}</ref> | |||
| == Inside the house == | |||
| === Layout === | |||
| ] "Gingerbread House" in ], United States, built in 1855]] | |||
| Ideally, ]s of houses design rooms to meet the needs of the people who will live in the house. Such designing, known as "]", has become a popular subject in universities. ], originally a ] method of moving houses according to such factors as rain and micro-climates, has recently expanded its scope to address the design of interior spaces, with a view to promoting harmonious effects on the people living inside the house. Feng shui can also mean the "aura" in or around a dwelling. Making it comparable to the ] sales concept of "indoor-outdoor flow". | |||
| The ] of a house in the United States reports the area of "living space", excluding the garage and other non-living spaces. The "square metres" figure of a house in Europe <!-- including Malta ? --> reports the area of the walls enclosing the home, and thus includes any attached garage and non-living spaces.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} The number of floors, or levels making up the house can clearly affect the square footage of a home. | |||
| === Parts === | |||
| ] of a "]" house]] | |||
| Many houses have several large rooms with specialized functions and several very small rooms for other various reasons. These may include a living/eating area, a sleeping area, and (if suitable facilities and services exist) separate or combined washing and ] areas. Additionally, spa room, indoor pool, indoor basketball court, and so forth. In traditional agriculture-oriented societies, ] such as chickens or larger livestock (like cattle) often share part of the house with human beings. Most conventional modern houses will at least contain a ], ], ] or cooking area, and a ]. A typical "] house" (as pictured) occurred commonly in the early history of the US where they were mainly built, with a ] in the center of the house, surrounded by four rooms, and connected to other sections of the home (including in more recent eras a ]). | |||
| ===History of the interior=== | |||
| {{main|House plan}} | |||
| {{see also|Room (architecture)}} | |||
| Little is known about the earliest origin of the house and its interior, but it can be traced back to the simplest form of shelters. ] architect ] theories have claimed the first form of ] as a frame of timber branches finished in mud, also known as the ].<ref name="ReferenceA">], “Immaterial Architecture”, New York: ], 2006.</ref> | |||
| Philip Tabor later states the contribution of 17th century Dutch houses as the foundation of houses today. | |||
| :"As far as the idea of the home is concerned, the home of the home is the ]. This idea's crystallization might be dated to the first three-quarters of the 17th century, when the ] Netherlands amassed the unprecedented and unrivalled accumulation of capital, and emptied their purses into domestic space.<ref>Tabor, Philip, "Striking Home: The Telematic Assault on Identity". Published in ], editor, ''Occupying Architecture: Between the Architect and the User''.</ref> | |||
| ====Communal rooms==== | |||
| In the ], the ] facilitated different activities and events. Furthermore, the houses accommodated numerous people, including family, relatives, employees, servants and their guests.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Their lifestyles were largely communal, as areas such as the ] enforced the custom of dining and meetings and the ] intended for shared sleeping beds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/manor-house.htm |title=Manor House |publisher=Middle-ages.org.uk |date=2007-05-16 |accessdate=2012-01-04}}</ref> | |||
| ====Interconnecting rooms==== | |||
| During the 15th and 16th centuries, the ] consisted of plentiful rooms of connectivity. Unlike the qualities and uses of the Manor Houses, most rooms of the ] contained no purpose, yet were given several ]s. These doors adjoined rooms in which ] describes as a "matrix of discrete but thoroughly interconnected chambers."<ref name="ReferenceB">Evans, Robin “Translations from Drawing to Building: Figures, Doors and Passages” London: Architectural Associations Publications 2005</ref> The layout allowed occupants to freely walk room to room from one door to another, thus breaking the boundaries of ]. | |||
| :"Once inside it is necessary to pass from on room to the next, then to the next to traverse the building. Where passages and staircases are used, as inevitably they are, they nearly always connect just one space to another and never serve as general distributors of movement. Thus, despite the precise architectural containment offered by the addition of room upon room, the villa was, in terms of occupation, an open plan, relatively permeable to the numerous members of the household."<ref name="ReferenceB"/> | |||
| Although very public, the open ] encouraged sociality and connectivity for all inhabitants.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> | |||
| ====Corridor==== | |||
| An early example of the segregation of rooms and consequent enhancement of privacy may be found in 1597 at the Beaufort House built in ]. It was designed by English ] ] who wrote on his plans, "A Long Entry through all".<ref>Summerson, John “The Book Of Architecture of John Thorpe in Sit John Soan's museum: 40th Volume of the Walpole Society” England: The Society 1964</ref> The separation of the passageway from the room developed the function of the ]. This new extension was revolutionary at the time, allowing the integration of one door per room, in which all universally connected to the same corridor. ] architect ] states "the common way in the middle through the whole length of the house, the offices from one molesting the other by continual passing through them."<ref name="ReferenceC">Pratt, Sir Roger “Sir R. Pratt on Architecture” 1928</ref> ] within the 17th century was highly regarded, as architecture was able epitomize the servants and the upper class. More privacy is offered to the ] as Pratt further claims, "the ordinary servants may never publicly appear in passing to and fro for their occasions there."<ref name="ReferenceC"/> This social divide between rich and poor favored the physical integration of the corridor into housing by the 19th century. | |||
| Sociologist ] wrote, "the subdivision of the house into day and night uses, and into formal and informal areas, had begun."<ref>{{cite book |last=Rybczynski |first=Witold |authorlink=Witold Rybczynski |title=Home: A Short History of An Idea |page=56 |location=London |publisher=Penguin |year=1987 |isbn=0-14-010231-0}}</ref> Rooms were changed from public to private as single entryways forced notions of entering a room with a specific purpose.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> | |||
| ====Employment-free house==== | |||
| Compared to the large scaled houses in England and the Renaissance, the ] house was smaller, and was only inhabited by up to four to five members.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> This was due to their embracing "self-reliance",<ref name="ReferenceA"/> in contrast to the dependence on servants, and a design for a lifestyle centered on the ]. It was important for the Dutch to separate work from domesticity, as the ] became an escape and a place of ]. This way of living and the home has been noted as highly similar to the ] family and their dwellings. House layouts also incorporated the idea of the corridor as well as the importance of function and privacy. | |||
| By the end of the 17th Century, the house layout was soon transformed to become employment-free, enforcing these ideas for future. This came in favour for the ], gaining large-scale factory production and workers.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The house layout of the Dutch and its functions are still relevant today. | |||
| The names of parts of a house often echo the names of parts of other buildings, but could typically include: | |||
| {{col-begin}} | |||
| {{col-break}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ]/] | |||
| * ] (in various senses of the word) | |||
| :* ]/] | |||
| :* ] | |||
| * ] (or ], for infants or small children) | |||
| * ] / storage room | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] or ] | |||
| :*] (for warmth during winter; generally not found in warmer climates) | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] (in various senses of the phrase) | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] / ] / ] | |||
| {{col-break}} | |||
| * ] – often an important symbolic focus of family togetherness | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] or ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ]/] | |||
| * ] / ] / ] room | |||
| * ]s to serve the religious functions associated with a family | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| {{col-end}} | |||
| <center><gallery mode=packed heights=150px> | |||
| File:Faza in Kenya's Coast Province.JPEG|Traditional houses in ], ] | |||
| File:La cabaña de Alpina.jpg|Traditional house in ] | |||
| File:Bhutanese Farmhouse Soe Yaksa.jpg|Farmhouse in ] | |||
| File:Tamraght-daleharvey-17-house.jpg|House in ] | |||
| File:Seoul-Deoksugung-06.jpg|Traditional Deoksugung palace in ], ] | |||
| File:Brgule 006.jpg|House in Brgule, ] | |||
| File:Cambo 169.jpg|Khmer house in ] | |||
| </gallery></center> | |||
| ====Technology and privacy==== | |||
| The introduction of ] and electronic systems within the house has questioned the impressions of privacy as well as the segregation of work from ]. Technological advances of ] and ] allow insight of personal habits and private lives.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> As a result, the "private becomes ever more public, the desire for a protective home life increases, fuelled by the very media that undermine it" writes ].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Work also, has been altered due to the increase of communications. The "deluge of information",<ref name="ReferenceA"/> has expressed the efforts of work, conveniently gaining access inside the house. Although commuting is reduced, "the desire to separate working and living remains apparent."<ref name="ReferenceA"/> In ]'s book ''Immature Architecture'', he identifies this new invasion of privacy as ''] Weather''. Natural or man-made ] remains concurrent inside or outside the house, yet the electromagnetic weather is able to generate within both positions.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>{{clarify|date=December 2011}}<!-- garbled syntax --> On the other hand, some architects have designed homes in which eating, working and living are brought together. | |||
| == Construction == | |||
| {{See also|House-building}} | |||
| ] | |||
| In the ], modern house-construction techniques include ] (in areas with access to supplies of wood) and ] or sometimes ] (in arid regions with scarce wood-resources). Some areas use ] almost exclusively, and quarried ] has long provided walling. To some extent, aluminum and steel have displaced some traditional ]s. Increasingly popular alternative construction materials include ]s (foam forms filled with ]), structural insulated panels (foam panels faced with ] or fiber cement), and light-gauge steel framing and heavy-gauge steel framing.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} | |||
| ]. Bamboo-made houses are popular in China, Japan and other Asian countries, because of their resistance from ] and ].]] | |||
| More generally, people often build houses out of the nearest available material, and often tradition and/or culture govern construction-materials, so whole towns, areas, counties or even states/countries may be built out of one main type of material. For example, a large fraction of American houses use wood, while most British and many European houses utilize stone or brick. | |||
| In the 1900s (decade), some house designers started using ]. ] first marketed their ]s to the general public in 1908. Prefab techniques became popular after ]. First small inside rooms framing, then later, whole walls were prefabricated and carried to the ]. The original impetus was to use the ] inside a shelter during inclement weather. More recently builders have begun to collaborate with structural engineers who use computers and ] to design prefabricated ] homes with known resistance to high wind-loads and ] forces. These newer products provide labor savings, more consistent quality, and possibly accelerated construction processes. | |||
| Lesser-used construction methods have gained (or regained) popularity in recent years. Though not in wide use, these methods frequently appeal to homeowners who may become actively involved in the construction process. They include: | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ]s | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ]" (right) buildings]] | |||
| === Energy efficiency === | |||
| In the developed world, ] has grown in importance in house-design. Housing produces a major proportion of ] (], for example).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/HomeAndCommunity/BuyingAndSellingYourHome/Energyperformancecertificates/DG_177026 |title=Energy Performance Certificates - what they are : Directgov - Home and community |publisher=Direct.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}}</ref> | |||
| Development of a number of ] types and techniques continues. They include the ], the ], the ], the ] and houses built to the '']'' standard. | |||
| === Earthquake protection === | |||
| One tool of ] is ] which is increasingly used for ] protection. ] is a collection of structural elements of a ] that should substantially ] it from the shaking ground thus protecting the building's integrity<ref>{{cite web|author=neesit |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HuSiRRoz72Y&feature=related |title=YouTube – Testing of a New Line of Seismic Base Isolators |publisher=Youtube.com |date=2007-04-27 |accessdate=2012-01-04}}</ref> and enhancing its ]. This technology, which is a kind of seismic ], can be applied both to a newly designed building and to seismic upgrading of existing structures.<ref>{{cite web |author=James M. Kelly, Professor Emeritus Civil and Environmental Engineering |title=Base Isolation: Origins and Development |url=http://nisee.berkeley.edu/lessons/kelly.html |publisher=National Information Service for Earthquake Engineering, ], Berkeley}}</ref> | |||
| Normally, excavations are made around the building and the building is separated from the foundations. Steel or ] beams replace the connections to the foundations, while under these, the isolating pads, or ''base isolators'', replace the material removed. While the '']'' tends to restrict transmission of the ground motion to the building, it also keeps the building positioned properly over the foundation. Careful attention to detail is required where the building interfaces with the ground, especially at entrances, stairways and ramps, to ensure sufficient ] of those structural elements. | |||
| ] is an earthquake-resistant material, and is very versatile because it comes from fast-grow plants. Adding that bamboos are common in Asia, bamboo-made houses are popular in some Asian countries. | |||
| == Found materials == | |||
| In many parts of the world, houses are constructed using scavenged materials. In ]'s ] neighborhood, slum houses are often made of material sourced from a nearby garbage dump.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/philippines/reallives_12171.html |title=Below the poverty line: living on a garbage dump |work=Real Lives |publisher=UNICEF |last=Brown |first=Andy |year=2009 |accessdate=July 12, 2013 |quote=Slum houses, often made of materials scavenged from the dump site...}}</ref> | |||
| In ] it is not uncommon to see houses made of recycled materials standing atop a mixture of garbage and sand which serves as a foundation. The garbage-sand mixture is also used to protect the house from flooding.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/03/world/africa/03garbage.html | work=The New York Times | first=Adam | last=Nossiter | title=In Senegal, Building on Perilous Layers of Trash | date=2009-05-02}}</ref> | |||
| == Legal issues == | |||
| Buildings with historical importance have restrictions. | |||
| === United Kingdom === | |||
| New houses in the UK are not covered by the ]. When purchasing a new house the buyer has different legal protection than when buying other products. New houses in the UK are covered by a ] guarantee. | |||
| === United States and Canada === | |||
| In the US and Canada, many new houses are built in ], which provide homeowners a sense of "belonging" and the feeling they have "made the best use" of their money. However, these houses are sometimes built as cheaply and quickly as possible by large builders seeking to maximize profits. Many ] issues may be ignored or minimized in the construction of these structures. In one case in ], ], a ] was built over an old landfill. Home buyers were never told, and only found out when some began having reactions to high levels of ] and ].{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} | |||
| == Identifying houses == | |||
| With the growth of dense settlement, humans designed ways of identifying houses and/or ] of land. Individual houses sometimes acquire ]s; and those names may acquire in their turn considerable emotional connotations: see for example the house of '']'' or the castle of '']''. A more systematic and general approach to identifying houses may use various methods of ]. | |||
| == Animal houses == | |||
| Humans often build "houses" for domestic or ], often resembling smaller versions of human domiciles. ] houses built by humans include ], ]s/chicken-coops and ]s (]s); while housed agricultural animals more often live in ]s and ]s. However, human interest in building houses for animals does not stop at the domestic ]. People build bat-houses, nesting-sites for wild ducks and other birds, bee houses, giraffe houses, kangaroo houses, worm houses, ] houses, as well as shelters for many other animals. | |||
| ], ]]] | |||
| ], ]]] | |||
| == Houses and symbolism == | |||
| Houses may express the circumstances or opinions of their builders or their inhabitants. Thus a vast and elaborate house may serve as a sign of conspicuous wealth, whereas a low-profile house built of recycled materials may indicate support of energy conservation. | |||
| Houses of particular historical significance (former residences of the famous, for example, or even just very old houses) may gain a protected status in ] as examples of built ] and/or of street scape. ] may mark such structures. | |||
| ] provides a common measure of ] in ]. Contrast the importance of house-destruction, tent dwelling and house rebuilding in the wake of many ]s. | |||
| Peter Olshavsky's "House for the Dance of Death"<ref>http://www.mcgill.ca/files/architecture-theory/olshavsky.pdf</ref> provides a ] variation on the house. | |||
| == See also == | |||
| {{portal|Home|Home improvement}} | |||
| {{div col|colwidth=21em}} | |||
| ;Building | |||
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| ;Functions | |||
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| ;Types | |||
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| ;Lists | |||
| * ] | |||
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| ;Economics | |||
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| ;Miscellaneous | |||
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| {{div col end}} | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| == External links == | |||
| *{{Commons category-inline|Houses}} | |||
| {{Buildings and structures}} | |||
| {{Room}} | |||
| {{Link GA|bg}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 18:16, 12 February 2014
My friend had got her house 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 years ago. And she IS DEAD! :) ♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥