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Deepak Chopra (/ˈdiːpɑːk ˈtʃoʊprə/) (born October 22, 1947) is an Indian-American alternative medicine and New Age guru. He is the author of several dozen books and over 100 audio or video products on complementary medicine, and has become one of the best-known and wealthiest figures in the holistic health movement.

A licensed physician, Chopra obtained his medical degree in India, and after emigrating to the United States became Chief of Staff at the New England Memorial Hospital (NEMH) in Stoneham, Massachusetts. In the 1980s he began practicing transcendental meditation (TM) and in 1985 resigned his position at NEHM after being invited by the leader of the TM movement, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, to study Ayurveda (Hindu traditional medicine) and establish the Maharishi Ayurveda Health Center in Lancaster, Massachusetts. Chopra left the TM movement in 1993 and later founded the Chopra Center for Wellbeing in Carlsbad, California, with fellow physician David Simon.

Chopra claims to have techniques that treat AIDS and cancer or that significantly extend the human lifespan. He has been criticized by medical-health professionals who say his treatments rely on the placebo effect, and that he provides patients with false hope that may prevent them from seeking medical assistance.

Early life

Chopra was born and raised in New Delhi, India; his mother tongue is Punjabi. His father worked as a cardiologist for the Indian military and his grandfather was a sergeant in the British Army. Chopra completed his primary education at St. Columba's School in New Delhi and graduated from the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) in 1968.

Career

East Coast years

Chopra spent his first months as a doctor working in rural India. It was during his early career that he was drawn to study endocrinology, triggered by his interest in the biological basis for the influence of the emotions.

After immigrating to the United States in 1970 he undertook a clinical internship at Muhlenberg Hospital in Plainfield, New Jersey, and completed his residency at the Lahey Clinic and the University of Virginia Hospital. He earned his license to practice medicine in the state of Massachusetts in 1973, becoming board-certified in internal medicine and specializing in endocrinology. He went on to become chief of staff at the New England Memorial Hospital in Stoneham, Massachusetts, later known as Boston Regional Medical Center.

Visiting New Delhi in 1981, Chopra met the Ayurvedic doctor Brihaspati Dev Triguna, whose advice prompted him to begin investigating Ayurvedic medicine. In 1985 he met Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, who instructed him to establish an Ayurvedic health center. Chopra left his position at the NEMH and became the founding president of the American Association of Ayurvedic Medicine. He was later named medical director of the Maharishi Ayurveda Health Center for Stress Management and Behavioral Medicine. In 1989, the Maharishi awarded Chopra the title "Dhanvantari (Lord of Immortality), the keeper of perfect health for the world".

By 1992 Chopra was serving on the National Institute of Health's ad hoc panel on alternative medicine. He said that one of the reasons he left mainstream medicine was his disenchantment at having to prescribe too many drugs. According to Chopra "80 percent of all drugs prescribed today are of optional or marginal benefit".

West Coast years

In 1993, Chopra moved to California and began working for Sharp HealthCare, heading their new Institute for Human Potential and Mind-Body Medicine. Chopra did not at first apply for a license to practice medicine in California, preferring to teach and write; in 2004 he was licensed in California.

Chopra left the Transcendental Meditation movement in January 1994. According to his own account, Chopra was accused by the Maharishi of attempting to compete with the Maharishi's position as guru. According to Robert Todd Carroll, Chopra left the TM organization when it "became too stressful" and was a "hindrance to his success".

Alternative medicine business

In 1996 Sharp HealthCare changed ownership and broke off its relationship with Chopra. With neurologist David Simon, Chopra founded the Chopra Center for Wellbeing at the Omni La Costa Resort and Spa in Carlsbad, California. The publication of Chopra's Ageless Body, Timeless Mind: The Quantum Alternative to Growing Old (1993) gained him an interview on The Oprah Winfrey Show and coverage in People magazine.

In his 2013 book Do You Believe in Magic?, Paul Offit writes that Chopra's business grosses approximately $20 million annually, and is built on the sale of various alternative medicine products such as herbal supplements, massage oils, books, videos and courses. A year's worth of products for "anti-aging" can cost up to $10,000, Offit wrote. According to medical anthropologist Hans Baer, Chopra has failed to explore the potential benefits of a truly alternative, holistic approach to health. Instead he offers an alternative form of medical hegemony, focusing on the individual, usually well-off members of the upper and middle-classes, the "worried well".

Education, charity and advisory roles

In 2009 Chopra founded the Chopra Foundation, a non-profit that raises funds to promote and research alternative health. Chopra founded the American Association for Ayurvedic Medicine (AAAM) and Maharishi AyurVeda Products International, though he later distanced himself from these organizations.

In 2005 Chopra was made a senior scientist at The Gallup Organization. He currently serves as an adjunct professor of Executive Programs at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University. Chopra is adjunct professor, Columbia Business School, Columbia University

He participates annually as a lecturer at the Update in Internal Medicine event sponsored by Harvard Medical School, Department of Continuing Education and the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.

In 2012, Chopra joined the board of advisors for tech startup State.com, creating a browsable network of structured opinions.

Ideas and reception

Aging

Chopra believes that "aging is simply learned behaviour" that can be slowed or prevented. Actress Demi Moore said she believed she might attain the age of 130 by following Chopra's teachings, and Chopra himself has said he expects "to live way beyond 100". Conversely, Chopra also says that aging can be accelerated, for example by a person engaging in "cynical mistrust". These positions are not accepted in the mainstream scientific community.

Alternative medicine

Chopra has been described as "America's most prominent spokesman for Ayurveda". He mixes ideas associated with quantum mechanics with Ayurvedic medicine in what he calls "quantum healing".

While acknowledging that "AIDS is caused by the HIV virus, plus its related mutations," as well as the function of cellular viral replication, Chopra has also endorsed the Ayurvedic perspective on the disease. According to this view, the AIDS virus emits "a sound that lures the DNA to its destruction". The condition can be treated, according to Chopra, with "Ayurveda's primordial sound". Taking issue with this view, medical professor Lawrence Schneiderman has said that ethical issues are raised when alternative medicine is not based on empirical evidence and that, "to put it mildly, Dr. Chopra proposes a treatment and prevention program for AIDS that has no supporting empirical data".

A 2008 article in Time magazine by Ptolemy Tompkins commented that "Chopra has steadily enlarged his reputation from that of healer to philosopher-at-large", but also that for most of his career Chopra had been a "magnet for criticism". Tompkins wrote that the medical and scientific communities had voiced negative opinions of Chopra, which ranged from the "dismissive" to the "outright damning", particularly because Chopra's claims for the effectiveness of alternative medicine could lure sick people away from effective treatments. Tompkins, however, concluded that "Chopra is as rich as he is today not because he has been dishonest with anyone, but because his basic message... is one that he wants to believe in just as sincerely as his readers do."

Quantum healing

Chopra coined the term quantum healing to invoke the idea of a process whereby a person's health "imbalance" is corrected by quantum mechanical means. Chopra claimed that quantum phenomena are responsible for health and wellbeing. He has attempted to integrate Ayurveda, a traditional Indian system of medicine, with quantum mechanics, in order to justify his teachings. According to Robert Carroll, he "charges $25,000 per lecture performance, where he spouts a few platitudes and gives spiritual advice while warning against the ill effects of materialism".

Chopra has equated spontaneous remission in cancer to a change in quantum state, corresponding to a jump to "a new level of consciousness that prohibits the existence of cancer". Physics professor Robert L. Park has written that physicists "wince" at the "New Age quackery" in Chopra's cancer theories, and characterizes them as a cruel fiction, since adopting them in place of effective treatment risks compounding the ill effects of the disease with guilt, and might rule out the prospect of getting a genuine cure.

Chopra's claims of quantum healing have attracted controversy due to what has been described as a "systematic misinterpretation" of modern physics. Chopra's connections between quantum mechanics and alternative medicine are widely regarded in the scientific community as being invalid. The main criticism revolves around the fact that macroscopic objects are too large to exhibit inherently quantum properties like interference and wave function collapse. Most literature on quantum healing is almost entirely theosophical, omitting the rigorous mathematics that makes quantum electrodynamics possible.

Distance healing

In 2001, ABC News aired a show segment on the topic of distance healing and prayer. In it Chopra said that "there is a realm of reality that goes beyond the physical where in fact we can influence each other from a distance". Chopra was shown using his claimed mental powers in an attempt to relax a person in another room, whose vital signs were recorded in charts which were said to show a correspondence between Chopra's periods of concentration and the subject's periods of relaxation. After the show, a poll of its viewers found that 90% of them believed in distance healing.

Health and science journalist Christopher Wanjek has criticized the experiment, saying that any correlation evident from the charts would be coincidental and that more detailed examination of the timing of the charts showed the correlations were not as close as claimed. Wanjek characterized the broadcast as "an instructive example of how bad medicine is presented as exciting news" which had "a dependence on unusual or sensational science results that others in the scientific community renounce as unsound".

Spirituality and religion

Chopra has written that his thought has been inspired by Jiddu Krishnamurti, a 20th-century speaker and writer on philosophical and spiritual subjects.

In 2012, reviewing War of the Worldviews – a book co-authored by Chopra and Leonard Mlodinow – physics professor Mark Alford says that the work is set out as a debate between the two authors, " all the big questions: cosmology, life and evolution, the mind and brain, and God". Alford considers the two sides of the debate a false opposition, and says that "the counterpoint to Chopra's speculations is not science, with its complicated structure of facts, theories, and hypotheses," but rather Occam's razor.

In August 2005, Chopra wrote a series of articles on the creation-evolution controversy and Intelligent design, which were criticized by science writer Michael Shermer, founder of The Skeptics Society. Shermer has said that Chopra is "the very definition of what we mean by pseudoscience".

Attack against skepticism

Paul Kurtz, an American skeptic and secular humanist, has written that the popularity of Chopra's views is associated with increasing antiscientific attitudes in society, and such popularity represents an assault on the objectivity of science itself by seeking new, alternative, forms of validation for ideas. Kurtz argues that medical claims must always be submitted to open-minded but proper scrutiny, and that skepticism "has its work cut out for it".

In 2013 Chopra published an article on what he saw as "skepticism" at work in Misplaced Pages, arguing that a "stubborn band of militant skeptics" were editing articles to prevent what he believes would be a fair representation of the views of such figures as Rupert Sheldrake, an author, lecturer and researcher in parapsychology. The result, Chopra argued, was that the encyclopedia's readers were denied the opportunity to read of attempts to "expand science beyond its conventional boundaries". Biologist Jerry Coyne responded saying that it was instead Chopra himself who was losing out, as his views were being "exposed as a lot of scientifically-sounding psychobabble".

More broadly, Chopra has attacked skepticism as a whole, writing in The Huffington Post that "No skeptic, to my knowledge, ever made a major scientific discovery or advanced the welfare of others". Astronomer Phil Plait said this statement trembled "on the very edge of being a blatant and gross lie", listing Carl Sagan, Richard Feynman, Stephen Jay Gould, and Edward Jenner as some among "thousands of other scientists are skeptics" who he said were counterexamples to Chopra's statement.

Use of scientific terminology

Reviewing Susan Jacoby's book, The Age of American Unreason, Wendy Kaminer sees Chopra's popular reception in America as being symptomatic of many Americans' historical inability (as Jacoby puts it) "to distinguish between real scientists and those who peddled theories in the guise of science". Chopra's "nonsensical references to quantum physics" are placed in a lineage of American religious pseudoscience, extending back through Scientology to Christian Science. Physics professor Chad Orzel has written that "to a physicist, Chopra's babble about 'energy fields' and 'congealing quantum soup' presents as utter gibberish", but that Chopra makes enough references to technical terminology to convince non-scientists that he understands physics. English professor George O'Har writes that Chopra is as an exemplification of the fact that human beings need "magic" in their lives, and places "the sophistries of Chopra" alongside the emotivism of Oprah Winfrey, the special effects and logic of Star Trek, and the magic of Harry Potter.

Chopra has been criticized for his frequent references to the relationship of quantum mechanics to healing processes, a connection that has drawn skepticism from physicists who say it can be considered as contributing to the general confusion in the popular press regarding quantum measurement, decoherence and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. In 1998, Chopra was awarded the satirical Ig Nobel Prize in physics for "his unique interpretation of quantum physics as it applies to life, liberty, and the pursuit of economic happiness". When interviewed by ethologist and evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins in the Channel 4 (UK) documentary The Enemies of Reason, Chopra said that he used the term "quantum physics" as "a metaphor" and that it had little to do with quantum theory in physics. In March 2010, Chopra and Jean Houston debated Sam Harris and Michael Shermer at the California Institute of Technology on the question "Does God Have a Future?" Shermer and Harris criticized Chopra's use of scientific terminology to expound unrelated spiritual concepts.

Brian Cox says that "for some scientists, the unfortunate distortion and misappropriation of scientific ideas that often accompanies their integration into popular culture is an unacceptable price to pay."

Yoga

In April 2010, Aseem Shukla criticized Chopra for suggesting that yoga did not have origins in Hinduism but is an older Indian spiritual tradition. Chopra later said that yoga was rooted in "consciousness alone" expounded by Vedic rishis long before historic Hinduism ever arose. He accused Shukla of having a "fundamentalist agenda". Shukla responded by saying Chopra was an exponent of the art of "How to Deconstruct, Repackage and Sell Hindu Philosophy Without Calling it Hindu!", and he said Chopra's mentioning of fundamentalism was an attempt to divert the debate.

Legal actions

In 1991 the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) published an article on Ayurvedic medicine that Chopra had co-authored. JAMA subsequently published an erratum stating that it had received information of undisclosed financial interests from Hari M. Sharma, the lead author followed, on October 2, 1991 with a six-page Medical News and Perspectives exposé written by JAMA associate editor Andrew A. Skolnick, who characterized the paper as a "thinly disguised advertisement for the Transcendental Meditation (TM) movement and its products". An article in the journal Science criticized JAMA for getting itself into an "Indian herbal jam" and for accepting the "shoddy science" of the original article. Skolnick later outlined the chain of events in the Newsletter of the National Association of Science Writers. A 1992 defamation lawsuit which Chopra brought against Skolnick and JAMA was dismissed in 1993.

Chopra was sued for copyright infringement by Robert Sapolsky, for using a chart displaying information on the endocrinology of stress without proper attribution, after the publication of Chopra’s book Ageless Body, Timeless Mind. "An out-of-court settlement" resulted in Chopra correctly attributing material that was researched by Sapolsky.

In 1996, The Weekly Standard published an apology for an earlier article that had accused Chopra of "plagiarism and soliciting a prostitute".

Other areas of interest

A friend of Michael Jackson for 20 years, Chopra has criticized the "cult of drug-pushing doctors, with their co-dependent relationships with addicted celebrities", saying that he hoped Jackson's death, attributed to an overdose of a prescription drug, would be a call to action. In 2006, Chopra launched Virgin Comics LLC with his son Gotham Chopra and entrepreneur Richard Branson. The company's purpose is to "spread peace and awareness through comics and trading cards that display traditional Kabalistic characters and stories".

Since 2005, Chopra has been a board member of Men's Wearhouse, Inc., a men's clothing distributor and Fortune 1000 company.

Select bibliography

Chopra has written over 50 books and they have been translated into 35 languages. They include:

• Chopra, Deepak (1987). Creating Health. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-395429-53-6.
• Chopra, Deepak (1989). Quantum Healing. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-05368-X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (|author-mask= suggested) (help)
• Chopra, Deepak (1991). Perfect Health. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-81367-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (|author-mask= suggested) (help)
• Chopra, Deepak (1994). The Seven Spiritual Laws of Success. San Rafael: Amber Allen Publishing. ISBN 1-878424-11-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (|author-mask= suggested) (help)
• Chopra, Deepak (1995). The Way of the Wizard. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-517-70434-X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (|author-mask= suggested) (help)
• Chopra, Deepak (1995). The Return of Merlin. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-59849-3. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (|author-mask= suggested) (help)
• Chopra, Deepak (1995). Ageless Body Timeless Mind. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-59257-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (|author-mask= suggested) (help)
• Chopra, Deepak (2004). The Book of Secrets. London: Rider. ISBN 1-844-13555-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (|author-mask= suggested) (help)
• Chopra, Deepak (2008). The Third Jesus. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-307-33831-2. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (|author-mask= suggested) (help)
• Chopra, Deepak (2008). The Soul of Leadership. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-307-40806-X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (|author-mask= suggested) (help)
• Chopra, Deepak; Tanzi, Rudolph (2012). Super Brain. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-307-95682-2. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authormask1= ignored (|author-mask1= suggested) (help)
• Chopra, Deepak (2013). What Are You Hungry For?. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-770-43721-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (|author-mask= suggested) (help)

Personal life

As of 2010, Deepak is married. He has two kids and three grandchildren.

See also

• List of people in alternative medicine
• Andrew Weil
• Alternative medicine
• Quantum mysticism
• Monistic idealism
• Spiritual naturalism

References

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2. ^ Gamel, John (2008). "Hokum on the Rise: The 70-Percent Solution". The Antioch Review. 66: 142.
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7. Chopra, Deepak; Sanjiv Chopra (2013). Brotherhood: Dharma, Destiny, and the American Dream. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 161. There are a lot of different languages spoken in India. Not just different dialects but different languages. Mine is Punjabi...
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Further reading

• Aravamudan, Srinivas (2006). Chapter 6: New Age Enchantments. Princeton University Press. pp. 257–. ISBN 1-4008-2685-3. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
• Kaeser E (July 2013). "Science kitsch and pop science: A reconnaissance". Public Underst Sci. 22 (5): 559–69. doi:10.1177/0963662513489390. PMID 23833170.
• Nacson, Leon (1998). Deepak Chopra: World of Infinite Possibilities. Random House. ISBN 0-09-183673-5.

External links

• Official website
• The Chopra Center for Wellbeing

• Media from Commons
• Quotations from Wikiquote

Template:Persondata

• 1946 births
• American male writers
• American people of Indian descent
• American spiritual writers
• Ayurvedacharyas
• Indian emigrants to the United States
• Indian medical doctors
• Indian motivational speakers
• Indian self-help writers
• Indian spiritual writers
• Living people
• Nautilus Book Award winners
• New Age spiritual leaders
• New Age writers
• People from New Delhi
• People in alternative medicine
• Recipients of the Medal of the Presidency of the Italian Republic
• St. Columba's School, Delhi alumni
• The Huffington Post writers and columnists
• Transcendental Meditation practitioners
• Quantum mysticism