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| name = Duduk |
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| name = Duduk |
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| image = Duduk (landscape).jpg |
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| image_capt = Armenian national music instrument duduk |
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| image_capt = Azerbaijanian national music instrument duduk |
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| color = #FFEC8B |
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| classification = ] with ] |
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| range = ] |
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| musicians = ], ], ], ], ] |
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| musicians = ], ], ] |
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Düdük Azərbaycanın mili musiqi alətidir |
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The '''duduk''' (''doo-dook'';<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of the American Musical Instrument Society|date=2006|volume=32|page=183|publisher=]|quote=...the duduk (pronounced doo-dook)...}}</ref> {{lang-hy|դուդուկ}}, traditionally known as ծիրանափող ''tsiranapogh''),<ref name="encyclopedia.am">{{cite web|title=Երաժշտական գործիքներ |url=http://www.encyclopedia.am/pages.php?bId=2&hId=1146|publisher=]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316180822/http://www.encyclopedia.am/pages.php?bId=2&hId=1146|archivedate=16 March 2014|language=hy|quote=Հայաստանում փողային գործիքների շարքում առանձնահատուկ է դուդուկը (կոչվում է նաև ծիրանափող), որը պատրաստվում է վայրի ծիրանենու կամ տանձենու փայտից:}}</ref> is a ] indigenous to ].<ref name="Stokes">{{cite book|editor=Stokes, Jamie|title=Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1|year=2008|ISBN=978-0-8160-7158-6|page=|quote=One of the oldest indigenous Armenian instruments is the duduk, a woodwind instrument usually made from apricot wood, with a double reed mouthpiece.}}</ref><ref name="unesco 2003">{{cite web|title=Dialogue among civilizations. Caucasus|contribution=Armenian duduk and other Armenian folk instruments|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001393/139314m.pdf|publisher=UNESCO|date=June 2003|accessdate=16 March 2014|page=32|quote=Duduk is considered to be the most Armenian of all folk instruments for its Armenian origin and honest expression. It has a 1500 – year history and is native to Armenia although there are its variants played in Turkey, Georgia and Azerbaijan.}}</ref> Unlike other ] instruments, such as the ] or ], the duduk has a very large reed in proportion to its size. The unflattened reed and completely cylindrical (not conical) body of the instrument produce a sound closer to that of a ] or ] than to more commonly known double-reeds. |
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] proclaimed the Armenian duduk and its music as a ] in 2005 and inscribed it in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sounds of Armenian duduk|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/venice/resources-services/multimedia/photo-stories/sounds-of-armenian-duduk/|publisher=UNESCO|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316183627/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/venice/resources-services/multimedia/photo-stories/sounds-of-armenian-duduk/|archivedate=16 March 2014|date=November 2012|quote=Duduk and its music were inscribed on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008 (originally proclaimed in 2005). The duduk, or “dziranapogh” in Armenian, is a double-reed woodwind instrument made of apricot wood, conventionally called the “Armenian oboe”.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Duduk and its music|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00092|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=16 March 2014}}</ref> The duduk music has used in a number of American and others films, most notably in '']''. |
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Variations of it exist in ], the ] and ], including the ] in Azerbaijan and Iran.<ref name="Iranica"/> |
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==Etymology== |
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Historically, the word {{lang|hy|]}}, {{IPA-hy|tsiɾɑnɑˈpʰoʁ|pron}}, (literally "] pipe")<ref>{{cite news|title=‘Dudukner Ensemble’ to Play in Watertown|url=http://www.armenianweekly.com/2012/09/12/dudukner-ensemble-to-play-in-watertown/|newspaper=]|date=12 September 2012|author=Weekly Staff|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316203538/http://www.armenianweekly.com/2012/09/12/dudukner-ensemble-to-play-in-watertown/|archivedate=16 March 2014|quote=The duduk, known since antiquity as an “apricot pipe,” is a traditional woodwind instrument indigenous to Armenia.}}</ref> has been used in ].<ref>{{cite news|last=Gasparyan|first=Djivan|title=Կբացվի դուդուկահարների դպրոց |url=http://www.aravot.am/2004/10/30/319034/|newspaper=]|date=30 October 2004|authorlink=Djivan Gasparyan|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/2004/10/30/319034/|archivedate=16 March 2014|language=hy|quote=Ես ապացուցեցի, որ դուդուկի իսկական անունը ծիրանափող է, որի արմատները գալիս են Մուշից, Վանից, Գյումրիից, Էջմիածնից: <br> translation: "I proved that the real name of duduk is tsiranapogh, whose roots come from Mush, Van, Gyumri and Ejmiatsin.}}</ref><ref name="encyclopedia.am"/> According to some sources, the word "duduk" was put into wide circulation in Armenia in the 1920s, during the early Soviet period, thus largely replacing "tsiranapogh".<ref>{{cite news|last=Hovhannisyan|first=Hasmik|title=Դուդուկ. գյուղական քեֆերից մինչեւ հոլիվուդյան ֆիլմեր |url=http://hetq.am/arm/news/10658/|newspaper=]|date=10 July 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316181828/http://hetq.am/arm/news/10658/|archivedate=16 March 2014|quote=Վարկածներից մեկն ասում է, որ դուդուկն ի սկզբանե կոչվել է ծիրանափող եւ դուդուկ դարձել է ռուսների «թեթեւ ձեռքով», 1920-ական թվականներին, որոնք դժվարանում էին արտասանել այս բարդ անունը, եւ այն ձեւափոխեցին ռուսական «դուդկա» բառից:}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Բրոնզե ականջ պետք է ունենաս, որ չհուզվես|url=http://www.azg.am/AM/error/2013021514|newspaper=Azg Daily|date=15 February 2013|authorlink=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316202659/http://www.azg.am/AM/error/2013021514|archivedate=16 March 2014|language=hy|quote=Միայն Հայաստանում է աճում այն ծիրանենին, որից երաժշտականՙ հոբոյին նման այս գործիքն են ստանում, եւ որը դարեր ի վեր հայերը ծիրանափող են անվանում: Ռուսներն այս բառը չեն կարողացել արտասանել, «դուդկա» անունն են տվել, այստեղից էլՙ դուդուկ ուրախ բառը:}}</ref> |
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The word "duduk" (also spelled ''doudouk'' or ''duduk'') is a loanword ultimately derived from ] "düdük".<ref name=GSE>{{cite web|language=ru|url=http://bse.sci-lib.com/article034454.html|contribution=Дудук |publisher='']''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://feb-web.ru/feb/mas/mas-abc/05/ma145204.htm|language=ru|publisher=Russian language dictionary in 4 volumes. Volume 1|year=1999|contribution=Дудук }}</ref> According to the 2003 book ''Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages'', the ] ''*dǖtük'' ("pipe") derives from ] ''*tū́ti'' ("tube, round vessel", cf. ] ''tutu'').<ref>{{cite book|contribution=|first1=Sergei|last1=Starostin|authorlink1=Sergei Anatolyevich Starostin|first2=Vladimir|last2=Dybo|authorlink2=Vladimir Dybo|first3=Oleg|last3=Mudrak|year=2003|title=Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages|location=Leiden, Netherlands|publisher=]}}</ref> The word ''dudka'' in Slavic languages is a diminutive of ''duda'' and is of native ] origin.<ref> in М. Фасмер (1986), ''Этимологический Словарь Русского Языка'' (Москва: Прогресс), 2-е изд. — Перевод с немецкого и дополнения О.Н. Трубачёва</ref> |
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This instrument is not to be confused with the northwestern Bulgarian folk instrument of the same name (see below, ]). |
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==Overview== |
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The duduk is a ] instrument with ancient origins, having existed since at least the fifth century, while there are Armenian scholars who believe it existed more than 1,500 years before that.<ref>{{cite book|editors=Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; and Trillo, Richard|year=1999|title=World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East|p=334isbn=9781858286358}}</ref> The earliest instruments similar to the duduk's present form are made of bone or entirely of cane. Today, the duduk is exclusively made of wood with a large double reed. Nowadays, the instrument is mainly made from aged ] wood.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia|date=2012|publisher=]|location=Thousand Oaks, California|isbn=9781412981767|page=|editor=Andrea L. Stanton, Edward Ramsamy, Peter J. Seybolt}}</ref> |
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The particular tuning depends heavily on the region in which it is played. In the twentieth century, the Armenian duduk began to be standardized ] in scale and single-] in range. ], or ] are achieved using fingering techniques. The instrument's body also has different lengths depending upon the range of the instrument and region. The ] (Armenian: ], ''eġegn''), is made from one or two pieces of cane in a duck-bill type assembly. Unlike other double-reed instruments, the reed is quite wide, helping to give the duduk both its unique, mournful sound, as well as its remarkable breath requirements. The duduk player is called ''dudukahar'' (դուդուկահար) in Armenian. |
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The performer uses air stored in his cheeks to keep playing the instrument while he inhales air into his lungs. This ] technique is commonly used with all the double-reed instruments in the Middle East.<ref name="Iranica">{{cite web|last=Albright|first=Ch.|title=BĀLĀBĀN|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/balaban-a-cylindrical-bore-double-reed-wind-instrument-about-35-cm-long-with-seven-finger-holes-and-one-thumb-hole-play|publisher=]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316214716/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/balaban-a-cylindrical-bore-double-reed-wind-instrument-about-35-cm-long-with-seven-finger-holes-and-one-thumb-hole-play|archivedate=16 March 2014|date=15 December 1988}}</ref> |
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Duduk "is invariably played with the accompaniment of a second ''dum duduk'', which gives the music an energy and tonic atmosphere, changing the scale harmoniously with the principal duduk."<ref name=dudukweb> Duduk Info at Ethnicinstruments.co.uk</ref> |
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==History== |
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Armenian musicologists cite evidence of the duduk's use as early as 1200 BC, though Western scholars suggest it is 1,500 years old.<ref></ref> Variants of the duduk can be found in ] and the ]. The history of the Armenian duduk music is dated to the reign of the Armenian king ], who reigned from 95–55 B.C.<ref>"The roots of Armenian duduk music go back to the times of the Armenian king Tigran the Great (95-55 BC)": ". ]. Accessed February 8, 2010.</ref> According to ethnomusicologist Dr. Jonathan McCollum, the instrument is depicted in numerous Armenian manuscripts of the Middle Ages, and is "actually the only truly Armenian instrument that's survived through history, and as such is a symbol of Armenian national identity ... The most important quality of the duduk is its ability to express the language dialectic and mood of the Armenian language, which is often the most challenging quality to a duduk player."<ref>{{cite news|last=Turpin|first=Andy|title=Nothing Sounds Armenian Like a Duduk: ALMA Lecture|url=http://www.armenianweekly.com/2010/02/12/nothing-sounds-armenian-like-a-duduk/|accessdate=16 March 2014|newspaper=]|date=12 February 2010}}</ref> |
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==Balkan duduk== |
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While the term duduk most commonly refers to the ] instrument described on this page, there is a different instrument of the same name played in northwestern Bulgaria. This is a blocked-end flute resembling the Serbian ], known also as ] or kavalče in a part of Macedonia,<ref></ref> and as duduk (]) in northwest Bulgaria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://horo.bg/index.php?menunode=2&show=material&materialid=259 |title=Дудук : Horo.bg - българският сайт за народни хора, песни, танци, обичаи, фолклор |publisher=Horo.bg |date= |accessdate=2013-09-22}} {{bg icon}}</ref><ref>For a detailed description of the instrument (in Bulgarian), see http://www.bgjourney.com/Bit%20t%20Kultura/Old%20gloss/Old%20gloss%20Du.html</ref> Made of maple or other wood, it comes in two sizes: 700–780 mm and 240–400 mm (duduce). The blocked end is flat. Playing this type of duduk is fairly straightforward and easy, and its sound is clean and pleasant. |
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==In popular culture== |
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{{verify|date=March 2014}} |
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The sound of the duduk has become known to wider audiences through its use in popular film soundtracks. Starting with ]'s score for ]'s '']'', the duduk's archaic and mournful sound has been employed in a variety of genres to depict such moods. Djivan Gasparyan played the duduk in '']'', '']'', and '']'', among others.<ref></ref> The duduk was also used extensively in '']''.<ref></ref> The duduk was also used in the series '']''. It's computer-altered sound was given to the fictitious Tsungi horn, played by a number of the characters. The sound of the duduk was used in '']''. A Lullaby that Mr. Tumnus plays on a fictitious double flute.<ref></ref> |
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The ] entry from Armenia "]", which finished 7th in the final, featured prominent duduk played by ]. In the indie-rock genre, the French-American band ] is the first alternative music band to have featured the duduk on all of their albums with ] as a permanent member in their line-up. |
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===Film soundtracks=== |
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The duduk has been used in a number of films, especially "to denote otherworldliness, loneliness, and mourning or to supply a Middle Eastern/Central Asian atmosphere."<ref>{{cite book|first=Eric|last=Hung|title=Buffy, Ballads, and Bad Guys Who Sing: Music in the Worlds of Joss Whedon|date=2011|publisher=]|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=9780810877658|page=|editor=]}}</ref> |
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* '']'' (2002) by ] |
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* '']'' (2009) by ], in the track ''Shutting Down Grace's Lab'' |
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* '']'' (2008) by ]<ref name="chrisbleth1">{{cite web|url=http://www.chrisbleth.com/credits.html |title=Chris Bleth Movie Credits|publisher=Chrisbleth.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316212705/http://www.chrisbleth.com/credits.html|archivedate=16 March 2014}}</ref> |
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* '']'' (2001) by ] |
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* '']'' (2005) by ], ], in the track ''Circle of Hell'' |
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* '']'' (1994) by ] featuring the duduk player ] |
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* '']'' (1995) by ] |
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* '']'' (2005) by ]<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
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* '']'' (2000) by ] in the track ''Duduk of the North''<ref></ref> |
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* ''] '' (2011) by ], in the track "Lily's Theme (Opening)" |
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* '']'' (2004) main theme music <ref name=rwanda>"Hotel Rwanda Film Music"http://www.musicweb-international.com/film/2006/apr06/hotelrwanda.html</ref> |
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* '']'' (2003) by ]<ref>{{cite web|title=Hulk Editorial Review|url=http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/hulk.html|publisher=Filmtracks|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316215506/http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/hulk.html|archivedate=16 March 2014|date=8 June 2003}}</ref> |
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* '']'' (2005) by ]<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
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* '']'' (2007) by ]<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
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* '']'' (1988) by ] |
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* '']'' (2005) by ], in the track ''A Narnia Lullaby''<ref>{{cite web|last=Brennan|first=Mike|title=The Chronicles of Narnia Review|url=http://www.soundtrack.net/album/the-chronicles-of-narnia-the-lion-the-witch-and-the-wardrobe/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316214922/http://www.soundtrack.net/album/the-chronicles-of-narnia-the-lion-the-witch-and-the-wardrobe/|archivedate=16 March 2014|date=2 December 2005|quote=These include the use of the duduk as Mr. Tumnus' pipe in "A Narnia Lullaby"...}}</ref> |
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* '']'' (2005) by ] |
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* '']'' (1991) by Omar Al Shariff |
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* '']'' (2007) by ]<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
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* '']'' (2004) by ], composer ] |
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* '']'' (2007) by ]<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
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* '']'' (1998) by ] |
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* '']'' (1990) by ] |
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* '']'' (2008) by ]<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
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* '']'' (2008) by ]<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
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* '']'' (2003) by ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/10/23/stories/2003102301100200.htm|title=inese rhapsody |accessdate=2003-10-23|author=Savita Gautham|publisher=]}}</ref> |
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* '']'' (2008) by ]<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
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] |
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===Television soundtracks=== |
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* '']'' by Rob Kral<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
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* '']'' One of the character plays a fictional instrument called a "Tsungi Horn" and its sound is actually a duduk electronically modulated to resemble a brass instrument{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} |
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* '']'' (2004 TV series) by ]. Its tracks "Two Funerals", "Starbuck on the Red Moon", "Escape from the Farm", "Colonial Anthem, "Black Market", "Something Dark is Coming", "Martial Law", "Prelude to War" feature the duduk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bearmccreary.com/blog/?p=42 |title=Instruments of Battlestar Galactica: Duduk |publisher=Bearmccreary.com |date=2006-09-28 |accessdate=2010-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Runner |first=Blade |url=http://galactica-station.blogspot.com/2006/10/duduk-instrument-that-makes-hollywood.html |title=Duduk: The Instrument That Makes Hollywood Cry |publisher=Galactica-station.blogspot.com |date=2004-02-26 |accessdate=2010-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicweb-international.com/film/2006/dec06/bsg_s2.html |title=Battlestar Galactica: Season Two |publisher=Musicweb-international.com |date= |accessdate=2010-02-15}}</ref> Roslin's theme was set to lyrics a second time for the third season premiere "Occupation", this time in Armenian. |
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* '']'' by ], Tomas Wanker, Rob Dunkin, ]<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
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* '']'' by ]<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
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* '']'' by Brian Tyler in the tracks "Dune Messiah", "The Throne of Alia", "The Preacher At Arrakeen", "Farewell"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemusic.net/2008/12/27/children-of-dune/ |title=Children of Dune |publisher=Cinemusic.net |date= |accessdate=2010-02-15}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> |
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* ''CSI: New York'' by ]<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
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* '']'' by ]<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
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* '']'' by ] features the instrument in ]'s theme<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/game-thrones-composer-ramin-djawadi-437085 |title='Game of Thrones' Composer Ramin Djawadi: 'I'm Just Trying to Create Something Magical' (Q&A) |publisher=The Hollywood Reporter |date= |accessdate=2013-12-27}}</ref> |
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* '']'' by Steve Bramson<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
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* ''The Mummy Who Would Be King'' by Gil Talmi, ]<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
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* '']'' by ]<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
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* '']'' by ] and ]<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
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* '']'' by ]<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
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* ''The Shield'' features the Armenian song ''Hayots Aghoonak'' by Seda Garibyan |
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* '']'' by ]. Track ''Second Thought'' |
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* '']'' by ]<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
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* '']'' by Joseph Loduca |
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===Video game scores=== |
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* '''Shards of the Exodar' in ]'' by Derek Duke, Glenn Stafford and ] |
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* '''Dalaran' in ]'' by Derek Duke, Glenn Stafford and ] |
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* '']'' by ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.michaelcurran.net/Civ5in.html |title=Civ5in |publisher=Michaelcurran.net |date= |accessdate=2013-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://issuu.com/knorr/docs/caesarwar |title=Rome - Augustus Caesar War - "Ancient Roman Melody Fragments" by Geoff Knorr |publisher=ISSUU |date= |accessdate=2013-09-22}}</ref> |
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* '']'' by ]<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
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* '']'' by ] |
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* '']'' by ] |
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* '']'' by ]<ref>{{cite web|last=Bloodworth |first=Daniel |url=http://www.gametrailers.com/side-mission/2012/04/09/backtrack-composing-mass-effect-jack-wall-interview-part-1/ |title=BackTrack: Composing Mass Effect – Jack Wall Interview, Part 1 | Side Mission |publisher=GameTrailers |date=2012-04-09 |accessdate=2013-09-22}}</ref> |
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* '']'' by ] |
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* '']'' by ]<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
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* '']'' by ] in the track ''Oriental Spirit'' |
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* '']'' by ]<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
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* '']'' by ]<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
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* '''Croft Manor Theme' in ]'' by ] |
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===Popular music=== |
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The duduk also appears in songs: |
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*"Come Talk to Me" by ] (from the 1992 album '']'') |
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*"Zachem Ya" by ] (from the 2001 album '']'') |
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*"]" by ] (2005) |
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*"All That I Am" by ] (from the 2006 album '']'') |
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===Anime soundtracks=== |
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* '']'' by Tamiya Terashima, in the tracks "The Trip", "The Spider" and "Violent Robbery/The Seduction of the Undead".<ref>{{cite web|author=Benoit Basirico |url=http://www.cinezik.org/critiques/affcritique.php?titre=contes_terremer |title=Gedo Senki (Les Contes de Terremer) |publisher=Cinezik.org |date=2005-11-14 |accessdate=2010-02-15}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
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] |
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{{col-begin}}{{col-break}} |
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* ]{{nb10}} |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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{{col-end}} |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
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==Further reading== |
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*{{cite book|last=Nercessian|first=Andy|title=The Duduk and National Identity in Armenia|date=2001|publisher=]|isbn=9781461672722}} |
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==External links== |
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{{commonscat}} |
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{{Double reed}} |
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{{Armenian musical instruments}} |
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{{UNESCO Oral and Intangible music}} |
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.jpg){kind=small}
Azerbaijanian national music instrument duduk
