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| '''Andhra Pradesh''' ({{IPAc-en|,|ah|n|d|r|@|_|p|r|@|'|d|E|sh}}) |
'''Andhra Pradesh''' ({{IPAc-en|,|ah|n|d|r|@|_|p|r|@|'|d|E|sh}}) is one of the 29 ], situated on the country's southeastern coast. It is India's ] and ]. Andhra Pradesh is having bordered by the ] in the east, ] to the south and ] to the west, ], ] and ] in the north. | ||
| At {{convert|972|km|mi|abbr=on}}, the state has the second longest ] among all the states of ], only second to ].<ref name="AP profile">{{cite web|title=Geographic profile of AP|url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/downloads/spsp/SPSP_Andhra%20Pradesh.pdf|publisher=Department of Land Resources|accessdate=29 May 2014|format=PDF}}</ref> The small enclave ({{convert|30|km2}}) of ], a district of ], lies in the ] delta to the northeast of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yanam of Puducherry|url=http://yanam.gov.in/Mapofyanam.asp|publisher=Gov.t of Yanam|accessdate=6 June 2014}}</ref> ] and ]. ] is the joint capital of both Andhra Pradesh and ] states for a period of 10 years.<ref></ref> | At {{convert|972|km|mi|abbr=on}}, the state has the second longest ] among all the states of ], only second to ].<ref name="AP profile">{{cite web|title=Geographic profile of AP|url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/downloads/spsp/SPSP_Andhra%20Pradesh.pdf|publisher=Department of Land Resources|accessdate=29 May 2014|format=PDF}}</ref> The small enclave ({{convert|30|km2}}) of ], a district of ], lies in the ] delta to the northeast of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yanam of Puducherry|url=http://yanam.gov.in/Mapofyanam.asp|publisher=Gov.t of Yanam|accessdate=6 June 2014}}</ref> ] and ]. ] is the joint capital of both Andhra Pradesh and ] states for a period of 10 years.<ref></ref> | ||
Revision as of 17:13, 7 June 2014
State of India in South India
Andhra Pradesh (/ˌndrə prəˈdɛʃ/) is one of the 29 states of India, situated on the country's southeastern coast. It is India's eighth-largest state by area and tenth-largest by population. Andhra Pradesh is having bordered by the Bay of Bengal in the east, Tamil Nadu to the south and Karnataka to the west, Chhattisgarh, Telangana and Odisha in the north.
At 972 km (604 mi), the state has the second longest coastline among all the states of India, only second to Gujarat. The small enclave (30 square kilometres (12 sq mi)) of Yanam, a district of Pondicherry, lies in the Godavari delta to the northeast of the state. [ The state comprises two regions of Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema. Hyderabad is the joint capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states for a period of 10 years.
History
Main article: History of Andhra PradeshEarly history
Andhra was mentioned in the Sanskrit epics such as Aitareya Brahmana (800 BCE) and Mahabharata (400 BCE). It is mentioned that Andhras were Aryans who migrated to south of Vindhya mountains. The Natya Shastra written by Bharata (1st century BCE) also mentions about the Andhra people.
There are several references about an Andhra kingdom and a people called Andhras in the Sanskrit epics such as Mahabharata and Ramayana. It is said in Mahabharata that Rukmini from the hailed from Vidarbha, the Kingdom stretching through the Deccan Plateau, around the Vindhya ranges which includes the present day Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka regions, including the little-known, now apparently submerged archipelago in the Bay of Bengal.
The roots of the Telugu language have been seen on inscriptions found near the Guntur district and from others dating to the rule of Renati Cholas in the 5th century CE.
Satavahana Empire
The Early Satavahanas ruled Andhra. The puranas refer to Satavahanas as Andhra Bhrityas. The Purāṇas list 30 Andhra rulers. Many are known from their coins and inscriptions as well. Satavahanas made Amaravati as their capital.
Simuka (c.230–207 BCE) After becoming independent around 230 BCE, Simuka, the founder of the dynasty, conquered the present-day Maharashtra and parts of Madhya Pradesh (including Malwa). He was succeeded by his brother Kanha (or Krishna) (r. 207–189 BCE), who further extended his state to the present day Andhra Pradesh. Later, Simuka made Srikakulam as his capital.
Satakarni (c.180–124 BCE)
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His successor Sātakarnī I was the sixth ruler of the Satavahana. He is said to have ruled for 56 years. The Mauryans extended their rule over Andhra in the 4th century BCE. With the fall of the Maurya Empire in the 3rd century BCE, the Satavahanas became independent. After the decline of the Satavahanas in 220 CE, the Ikshvaku dynasty, Pallavas, Ananda Gotrikas, Rashtrakutas, Vishnukundinas, Eastern Chalukyas, and Cholas ruled the land.
Andhra Ikshvaku
Andhra Ikshvakus (Sanskrit इक्श्वाकू, Telugu ఇక్ష్వాకులు) were one of the earliest recorded ruling dynasties of the Krishna-Guntur regions of Andhra Pradesh.They ruled the eastern Andhra country along the Krishna river during the later half of the 2nd century CE. Their capital was Vijayapuri (Nagarjunakonda). It is a strong common belief that Andhra Ikshvakus were related to the mythological Ikshvakus, although Andhra Ikshvakus seem to be a local tribe who adopted the title.
Archaeological evidence has suggested that the Andhra Ikshvakus immediately succeeded the Satavahanas in the Krishna river valley. Ikshvakus have left inscriptions at Nagarjunakonda, Jaggayyapeta, Amaravati and Bhattiprolu.
Salankayanas
The Salankayanas were an ancient dynasty that ruled the Andhra region between Godavari and Krishna with their capital as Vengi, modern Pedavegi near Eluru in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh, India's from 300 to 440 AD. They were Brahmins and their name is derived from their symbol and gotra name, which stood for Nandi (the bull of Shiva).
Modern history
Inspired by their success, the Vijayanagara Empire, one of the greatest empires in the history of Andhra Pradesh and India, was founded by Harihara and Bukka, who served as treasury officers of the Kakatiyas of Warangal. In 1347 CE, an independent Muslim state, the Bahmani Sultanate, was established in south India by Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah in a revolt against the Delhi Sultanate. The Qutb Shahi dynasty held sway over the Andhra country for about two hundred years from the early part of the 16th century to the end of the 17th century. Although Hyderabad was founded less than 500 years ago, archaeologists have unearthed Iron Age sites near the city that could date back to 500 BCE. Approximately over 1000 years ago this region was ruled by Kakatiyas until 1310 CE, and fell under Delhi sultanate from (1310–1345), when the central sultanate became weak the Bahmani Sultan revolted against the Sultan of Delhi Muhammad bin Tughluq and established an independent state in Deccan within the Delhi Sultanates southern provinces and ruled until 1518 CE. Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk, governor of Golconda, declared independence from the Bahmani Dynasty and proclaimed himself Sultan of Golconda in that year, and he founded the Qutb Shahi dynasty.
In Colonial India, Northern Circars became part of the British Madras Presidency. Eventually this region emerged as the Coastal Andhra region. Later the Nizam rulers of Hyderabad ceded five territories to the British which eventually emerged as Rayalaseema region. The Nizams retained control of the interior provinces as the princely state of Hyderabad, acknowledging British rule in return for local autonomy. However, Komaram Bheem, a tribal leader, started his fight against the erstwhile Asaf Jahi Dynasty for the liberation of Hyderabad State. Meanwhile, the French occupied Yanam, in the Godavari delta, and (save for periods of British control) would hold it until 1954.
India became independent from the United Kingdom in 1947. The Nizam wanted to retain the independence of the Princely Hyderabad State from India, but the people of the region launched a movement to join the Indian Union. The state of Hyderabad was forcibly joined to the Republic of India with Operation Polo in 1948.
State reorganisation
See also: Andhra State and Vishalandhra Movement
In an effort to gain an independent state based on the linguistic basis and protect the interests of the Telugu-speaking people of Madras State, Potti Sreeramulu fasted until death in 1952. As Madras city became bone of contention, in 1949 JVP committee report stated "Andhra Province could be formed provided the Andhras give up their claim on the city of Madras (now Chennai)". After Potti Sreeramulu's death, the Telugu speaking areas i.e., Andhra state was carved out of Madras State on 1 October 1953, with Kurnool as its capital city.
The State Reorganisation Commission had recommended that the residual Hyderabad State continue as a separate entity. On the basis of Agreement called Gentlemen Agreement on 1 November 1956, the States Reorganisation Act formed Andhra Pradesh by merging the Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking areas of the already existing Hyderabad State. Hyderabad was made the capital of the new state. The Marathi-speaking areas of Hyderabad State merged with Bombay State and the Kannada-speaking areas were merged with Mysore State.
Geography and climate
Main articles: Geography of Andhra Pradesh and List of districts of Andhra Pradesh
Geographically, Andhra Pradesh is bestowed with two mighty river systems of Krishna and Godavari. Its varied topography ranging from the hills of Eastern Ghats and Nallamallas to the shores of Bay of Bengal supports varied ecotypes, rich diversity of flora & fauna. The state has two regions Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema. The plains to the east of Eastern Ghats form the Eastern coastal plains. The coastal plains are for the most part of delta regions formed by the Godavari, Krishna, and Penna rivers. The Eastern Ghats are discontinuous and individual sections have local names. The Eastern Ghats are a major dividing line in the state's geography. The Kadapa Basin formed by two arching branches of the Eastern Ghats is a mineral-rich area. The Ghats become more pronounced towards the south and extreme north of the coast. Most of the coastal plains are put to intense agricultural use. The Rayalaseema region has semi-arid conditions.
The climate of Andhra Pradesh varies considerably, depending on the geographical region. Monsoons play a major role in determining the climate of the state. Summers last from March to June. In the coastal plain, the summer temperatures are generally higher than the rest of the state, with temperature ranging between 20 °C and 41 °C.
July to September is the season for tropical rains in Andhra Pradesh. The state receives heavy rainfall from the Southwest Monsoon during these months. About one third of the total rainfall in Andhra Pradesh is brought by the Northeast Monsoon. October and November see low-pressure systems and tropical cyclones form in the Bay of Bengal which, along with the Northeast Monsoon, bring rains to the southern and coastal regions of the state. November, December, January, and February are the winter months in Andhra Pradesh. Since the state has a long coastal belt the winters are not very cold. The range of winter temperature is generally 12 °C to 30 °C.
Natural vegetation
See also: Andhra Pradesh Forest Department
Andhra Pradesh Forest Department deals with protection, conservation and management of forests. The total forest cover of the state after the bifurcation is left with an area of 22,862 sq.km. The forest in the state can be broadly divided into four major biotic provinces. They are
- Deccan Plateau
- Central Plateau
- Eastern Highland
- East Coastal Plains
Eastern Ghats region is home to dense tropical forests, while the vegetation becomes sparse as the Ghats give way to the Deccan Plateau, where shrub vegetation is more common. These ghats has rich biological diversity with wide variety of plants, birds and lesser forms of animal life. The vegetation found in the state is largely of dry deciduous type with a mixture of Teak, Terminalias, Dalbergias, Pterocarpus, Anogeissus etc. The State possesses some rare and endemic plants like Cycas beddomei, Pterocarpus santalinus, Terminalia pallida, Syzygium alternifolium, Shorea talura, Shorea tumburgia, Psilotum nudam etc.
The varied diversity of fauna includes Tiger, Panther, Hyena, Black Buck, Cheetal, Sambar, sea turtles and a number of Birds and Reptiles. The estuaries of river Godavari and Krishna support rich mangrove forests with Fishing Cat and Otters as key stone species.
Demographics
Population statistics
Telugu is the official language of the state, spoken by 91.00%. Other linguistic minority groups are Urdu (7.01%), Hindi (1.05%), and Tamil (1.01%). Other languages spoken in Andhra Pradesh by less than 1% are Kannada (0.74%) and Oriya (0.64%). Languages spoken by less than 0.2% of the population include Malayalam (0.09%), Gujarati (0.02%), Bengali (0.05%), Gorkhali/Nepali (0.03%), Punjabi (0.02%) and Sindhi (0.01%).
Andhra Pradesh ranks tenth of all Indian States in the Human Development Index scores with a score of 0.416. The National Council of Applied Economic Research district analysis in 2001 reveals that Krishna, West Godavari and Chittoor are the three districts in rural AP with the highest Human Development Index scores in ascending order.
The data show that the poor make up 16.3% of the total population in rural AP, and expenditure on consumption is around 13.5% of the total consumption expenditure. The female literacy rate is 0.66 compared to male literacy rate in rural AP. The district-wise variations for poverty ratio are high and low for the ratio of female/male literacy rate. The gender gap in illiteracy is one of the issues being addressed by Asmita Resource Centre for Women, an Indian NGO based in Andhra Pradesh that works to better the socio-economic status of women and communities in India.
Religions
| Religion in Andhra PradeshSource APSMFC | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percent | ||||
| Hinduism | 91.25% | |||
| Islam | 7.01% | |||
| Christianity | 1.59% | |||
| Jainism | 0.04% | |||
| Sikhism | 0.01% | |||
| Buddhism | 0.004% | |||
| Others | 0.001% | |||
| Religion not stated | 0.10% | |||
Andhra Pradesh is the secular state that houses people of diverse faiths. Although mostly Hindu(91%), Andhra Pradesh has a significant Muslim minority(7%) and smaller amounts of Christians, Jains, Sikhs, and Buddhists.
An important figure is Saint Yogi Sri Potuluri Virabrahmendra Swami, born in the Vishwabrahmin (goldsmith) caste and had Brahmin and Dalit disciples. Fisherman Raghu was a Shudra saint where as Saint Kakkayya was a chura (sweeper) Harijan saint.
Most Telugu Christians are Protestant belonging to major Indian Protestant denominations such as the Church of South India, the Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church, the Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches and several others.
Languages
The official language of Andhra Pradesh is Telugu. The Minister of Tourism and Culture has issued declaration of Telugu language as Classical Language. Other languages often spoken in the state include Hindi, Tamil, Kannada and Oriya.
Administration
Main articles: Government of Andhra Pradesh, Politics of Andhra Pradesh, and List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh has a Vidhan Sabha (legislative assembly, lower house) of 175 seats, and a Vidhan Parishad (legislative council, upper house) of 54 members. In the Parliament of India Andhra Pradesh has 11 in the Rajya Sabha, the Upper House, and 25 in the Lok Sabha, the Lower House. Currently, Andhra Pradesh is administratively divided into 13 districts.
Andhra Pradesh had a series of governments headed by Indian National Congress (INC) Party until 1982. Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao is the founder of Telugu Desam party and served as the first chief minister from the party. N. Chandrababu Naidu held the record for the longest serving chief minister (1995 to 2004). P. V. Narasimha Rao served as the chief minister of the state from 1971 to 1973, and went on to become the Prime Minister of India in 1991. The first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh was Neelam Sanjiva Reddy who later served as President of India.
Politics
Until 1962, the CPI, along with socialist parties, played an important role as opposition parties. Parties—namely Praja Socialist Party and Krishi Lok Party—played an important role in the 1950s. In the 1967 state assembly elections, all socialist parties were eliminated and CPI lost opposition party status. N.G. Ranga's Swatantra Party became the opposition Party. They also failed to hold control later and became defunct. In 1978 Jalagam Vengal Rao and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy formed the Reddy Congress and contested against INC but lost.
In 1983 the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) won the state elections and N.T. Rama Rao (NTR) became the chief minister of the state for the first time. This broke the long time single party monopoly enjoyed by the INC from 1956 until 1982. A few months after the election, Nadendla Bhaskara Rao usurped power when NTR was away in the United States for medical treatment. After coming back, NTR campaigned for a comeback by demonstrating the support of the majority of the elected MLAs. The governor Thakur Ram Lal was ousted by Indira Gandhi and in his place she appointed Shankar Dayal Sharma. NTR was reinstated as chief minister. Within a month NTR recommended the dissolution of the assembly and called for fresh elections. Indira Gandhi was assassinated on 31 October 1984 by her Sikh bodyguard and Rajiv Gandhi was made Prime Minister by President Giani Zail Singh. In the ensuing elections for Lok Sabha and the AP Assembly, the Telugu Desam Party won in Andhra Pradesh and NTR came back to power.
The 1989 elections ended the rule of NTR, with the INC party returning to power with Marri Chenna Reddy at the helm. He was replaced by Janardhan Reddy in 1990, who was replaced by Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy in 1992. In 1994, Andhra Pradesh gave a mandate to the Telugu Desam Party again, and NTR became the chief minister again. Nara Chandrababu Naidu, the son-in-law of NTR, came to power with the backing of a majority of the MLAs. The Telugu Desam Party won both the assembly and Lok Sabha election in 1999 under the leadership of Chandrababu Naidu. There was an assassination attempt on Naidu in 2003 in Tirupathi; he survived the attack. In the ensuing elections the party lost power to a resurgent INC and its allies. Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy became the Chief Minister.
Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy became the CM again by fending off the Praja Rajyam Party and a major alliance of TDP, TRS, CPI and CPM. He died on 2 September 2009 in a helicopter crash. Konijeti Rosaiah, a senior statesman and former state finance minister, became the Chief Minister on 3 September 2009. On 24 November 2010, Rosaiah submitted his resignation on the grounds of increased work pressure. Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy was sworn in as the new Chief Minister on the following day. He then resigned his post as Chief minister after the announcement of bifurcation of the state. President's rule is imposed in the state after the state assembly is dissolved.
In what would be the last elections held in the unified state, Telugu Desam Party got a mandate in their favor in the residuary state. He is set to take oath as Chief Minister on 8 June 2014.
Natural resources
Mineral wealth
Andhra Pradesh is one of the store house of Mineral Resources in India. Andhra Pradesh with varied geological formations, contain rich & variety of industrial minerals and building stones.
Andhra Pradesh is listed top in the deposit and production of mica in India. Minerals found in the state include limestone, reserves of Oil and Natural Gas, Manganese, Asbestos, Iron Ore, Ball Clay, Fire Clay, Gold Diamonds, Graphite, Dolomite, Quartz, Tungsten, Steatitic, Feldspar, Silica Sand etc. It has about one third of India's limestone reserves and is known for large exclusive deposits of Barytes and Galaxy granite in the international market.
Mining is identified as one of the growth engines for the overall development of industry and infrastructure. The Tummalapalle Uranium mine in Andhra has confirmed 49,000 tonnes of ore and there are indications that it could hold reserves totalling three times its current size. 700 million tonnes of metal grade Bauxite deposits in close proximity to Visakhapatnam Port.
Reliance Industries Limited struck 9 Trillion cubic Feed of gas reserves in the Krishna Godavari Basin Basin, 150 km off the Andhra Pradesh coast near Kakinada. Discovery of large quantity of natural gas in KG Basin is expected to provide rapid economic growth.
Power generation
The state is pioneer nationwide in hydro electricity generation. Natural gas, one of the cheapest source in power generation is in abundance.
There are both coal based and hydel power plants. Thermal power plants with total capacity of 5610 MW are situated in the state which includes Simhadri Super Thermal Power Plant (2000 MW) of NTPC, Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station (1050 MW), Sri Damodaram Sanjeevaiah Thermal Power Station (800 MW), Vijayawada Thermal Power Plant (1760 MW) and the Hydel power plants are having a capacity of 3693.20 MW. Ramagiri Wind mills is a wind power generation with 2MW capacity.
Economy
Main article: Economy of Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh ranks 13th in terms of GDP and 10th in terms of per capita GDP. The service sector of the state accounts more percentage of the gross state domestic product (GSDP). In the 2010 list by Forbes Magazine, there are several from Andhra Pradesh among the top 100 richest Indians.
Agriculture
Economy of the state is mainly based on Agriculture and Livestock. Andhra Pradesh is an exporter of many agricultural products and is also known as Rice Bowl of India. Four important rivers of India, the Godavari, Krishna, Penna, and Thungabhadra flow through the state, providing irrigation. Besides Rice, farmers of this state also grow wheat, jowar, bajra, maize, minor millets, coarse grain, many varieties of pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane, cotton, Chili pepper, mango nuts and tobacco. Recently, crops used for vegetable oil production such as sunflower and peanuts have gained favour. There are many multi-state irrigation projects in development, including Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects and Nagarjuna Sagar Dam.
Livestock is also another profitable business which involves, rearing of cattle in an enclosed area for commercial purposes.
Fisheries contribute 10% of total fish and shrimp production of India. The geographical location of this South Indian state allows marine fishing as well as inland fish production in Andhra Pradesh. The Value of marine products exports from India in 1998 was Rs. 4710 Crores among which the state alone contributed products of Rs. 2000 Crores.
Industrial sector
The state banks on two major sectors – Information technology and biotechnology. Visakhapatnam has emerged as the main hub of industrialisation. The IT/ITeS revenues of the city alone is at Rs 1,445 crore in 2012-13. The development of IT in Tier-II and Tier-III cities like Vijayawada, Kakinada and Tirupati are also improving. In the fiscal year 2012-13, Vijayawada's IT/ITeS revenues were Rs. 115.26 crore while Tirupati with Rs. 6.93 and Kakinada with Rs 61.54 crore.
Other key sectors include, Pharma, Power, Banking & Financial, Automobile, Tourism, Textiles, Retail, Leather and Tourism also constitute in the economy of the state.
Culture
Main article: Culture of Andhra PradeshBapu's paintings, Nanduri Venkata Subba Rao's Yenki Paatalu (Songs about a washerwoman called Yenki), mischievous Budugu (a character by Mullapudi), Annamayya's songs, Mango pickle (Aavakaaya), Roselle plant (Gongura) chutney, Atla Taddi (a seasonal festival predominantly for teenage girls), the banks of river Godavari, and the Dudu basavanna (the ceremonial ox decorated for door-to-door exhibition during the harvest festival Sankranthi) have long defined Telugu culture.
Arts and crafts
The village of Durgi is known for stone craft, producing carvings of idols in soft stone that must be exhibited in the shade because they are prone to weathering. Kalamkari is an ancient textile art form dating back to the Indus Valley Civilisation. Andhra Pradesh is famous for doll making. Dolls are made from wood, mud, dry grass, and lightweight metal alloys. Tirupathi is famous for redwood carvings. Kondapalli is famous for wood toys with rich colors. The village of Etikoppaka, located in Visakhapatnam district, produces lacquered toys.
Literature
Main article: Telugu literatureNannayya, Tikkana, and Yerrapragada form the trinity who translated the great Sanskrit epic Mahabharata into Telugu. Pothana is the poet who composed the classic SriMad Maha Bhagavatamu, a Telugu translation of Sri Bhagavatham, authored by Veda Vyasa in Sanskrit. Nannayya (c. 11th century CE), the earliest known Telugu author, was patronized by the king Rajaraja Narendra who ruled from Rajamahendravaram (now Rajahmundry). The Vijayanagara emperor Krishnadevaraya wrote Amuktamalyada. The Telugu poet Vemana, a native of Kadapa, is notable for his philosophical poems. Telugu literature after Kandukuri Veeresalingam (1848–1919) is termed modern literature. Known as Gadya Tikkana, Satyavathi Charitam was the author Telugu-language social novel, Satyavathi Charitam. Jnanpith Award winners include Sri Viswanatha Satya Narayana and Dr. C. Narayana Reddy. The Andhra Pradesh native and revolutionary poet Sri Sri brought new forms of expressionism into Telugu literature.
Other modern writers include Gunturu Seshendra Sarma, the only person nominated from India for a Nobel prize in literature since Rabindranath Tagore. The West Bengal Government conferred on him the title Rashtrendu ("Moon of the Nation"). Telugu University awarded him an honorary Doctorate in Literature in 1994. He received the Kalidas Samman award from the Madhya Pradhesh government, and he won the Central Sahitya Akademi fellowship in 1999. Puttaparthi Narayanacharyulu is one of the scholarly poets of Telugu literature. He wrote the books Sivatandavam and Panduranga Mahatyam. Other notable writers from Andhra Pradesh include Srirangam Sreenivasarao, Gurram Jashuva, Chinnayasuri and Viswanatha Satyanarayana.
Dance, music, and festivals
See also: Shadow Puppets of Andhra Pradesh Main article: Music of Andhra Pradesh
Dance:
Classical dance in Andhra can be performed by both men and women; women tend to learn it more often. Kuchipudi is the state's best-known classical dance form. The various dance forms that existed through the state's history are Bonalu, Dappu, Chenchu Bhagotham, Kuchipudi, Bhamakalapam, Burrakatha, Veeranatyam, Butta bommalu, Tappeta Gullu, Lambadi, Dhimsa, Kolattam, and Chindu. Jaanapadam theenmar is a popular folk dance.
Jayapa Senani was the first person to write about the dances prevalent in Andhra Pradesh. Both Desi and Margi forms of dances are included in his Sanskrit treatise Nrutya Ratnavali.
Music:
Many composers of Carnatic music like Annamacharya, Tyagaraja, Kshetrayya, and Bhadrachala Ramadas were of Telugu descent. Modern Carnatic music composers like Ghantasala and M. Balamuralikrishna are also of Telugu descent. The Telugu film industry hosts many music composers and playback singers such as S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P.Susheela, S. Janaki, P B Srinivas. Folk songs are popular in the many rural areas of the state. Forms such as the Burra katha and Poli are still performed today.
Festivals:
Ugadi is celebrated as the Telugu New Year. Makara Sankranti is also a famous harvest festival which is celebrated across the state. Just like in other parts of the country, many other festivals include – Dussera, Vinayaka Chavithi, Deepavali, Maha Sivarathri. Christmas, Ramzan, Eid ul-Zuha, Muharram etc. Muslim festivals include Bakrid and Ramzan. Christian celebrate Christmas and Easter.
Artefacts
Andhra Pradesh has many museums, the Salar Jung Museum in Hyderabad, which features a varied collection of sculptures, paintings, and religious artifacts, including the Archaeological Museum at Amaravati near Guntur City that features relics of nearby ancient sites, and the Visakha Museum, in Visakhapatnam, which displays the history of the pre-Independence and thotla konda which depicts the age old budhist stupa's and cultural style, Madras Presidency in a rehabilitated Dutch bungalow. Victoria Jubilee Museum in Vijayawada has a good collection of ancient sculptures, paintings, idols, weapons, cutlery and inscriptions. Other ancient sites include dozens of ancient Buddhist stupas in Nagarjunakonda which is now an island in Nagarjuna Sagar, an artificial lake that formed after the construction of Nagarjuna Sagar Dam. The Island has a large museum that houses many Buddhist relics.
Cuisine
Main article: Telugu cuisineCuisine of Andhra Pradesh is famous for the rich seasoning and lots of variety. Idli, Dosa, Vada and Uttapam are famous South India breakfast items, famous in the state, that are made of rice. Rice is the staple food and is used in a wide variety of dishes. Typical meal includes rice boiled and eaten with vegetable curry. Lentils, Relishes, chutneys and Curd based items are also included in the meal. A lot of spices are produced in the region and hence the cuisine of Andhra Pradesh is spiciest of all. Tamarind and Red Chillies are the distinct flavor of local cuisine. Pickles and chutneys (sauces) are made from chilly, ginger, coconut and other vegetables like tomatoes, brinjals (eggplant), and roselle (gongura) and are served with meals. Mango pickle (aavakaaya) is probably the best known of the Andhra Pradesh pickles.
The coastal region of the state has abundant seafood supply. The variety of fish curry recipes are famous. It is rich and aromatic, with a liberal use of exotic spices and ghee (clarified butter). Lamb, chicken are also the most widely used meats in the non-vegetarian dishes.
Sweets made up of milk are widely eaten. Payasam is one of them made with milk, rice or vermicelli pudding served both warm and cold. Pootharekulu, Bobbattlu; Paalakova; Mamidi Tandra, Khaja, Bandar Laddu, Sunnandalu, Ariselu are famous sweets.
Transportation
Roadways
A total of 146,954 km (91,313 mi) of roads are maintained by the State, of which State Highways comprise 42,511 km (26,415 mi), National Highways 3,169 km (1,969 mi), and District Roads 101,484 km (63,059 mi). NH 5, with a highway network of around 1000 km in the state, is a part of Golden Quadrilateral Project undertaken by National Highways Development Project. It also forms part of AH 45 which comes under the Asian Highway Network.
The Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) is the major public transport corporation owned by the government of Andhra Pradesh that connects all the cities and villages. APSRTC is in the Guinness Book of World Records for having the largest fleet of vehicles (approximately 21,000), and the longest distance covered daily. Nehru Bus stand in Vijayawada is one of the largest bus terminus in Asia. Thousands of private operators also run buses connecting major cities and towns. Private vehicles like 4-wheeler and 2-wheelers occupy a major share of the local transport in the cities and adjoining villages. The growth rate for vehicle ownership in Andhra Pradesh is the highest in the country at 16%.
Railways
Andhra Pradesh has a railway network of 5,046 km. One of the highest broad gauge tracks in the world is in eastern ghats route that runs from Visakhapatnam to Anantagiri. The state boasts of 182 railway stations in the state and also many railway junctions as well.
Most of Andhra Pradesh falls under South Central Railway zone. The main divisions of the state under the zone are Vijayawada railway division, Guntur railway division, Guntakal railway division. Vijayawada railway station is the highest grosser in the zone and one of busiest railway junctions in India. It connects the north and the south Indian rail routes handling more than 320 trains including both passenger and freight trains per day next to Howrah and Mumbai. The East Coast Railway zone serves Srikakulam district, Vizianagaram district and part of Visakhapatnam district. Waltair Railway Division is the 4th largest revenue earning division in India. Railways have played a significant role boosting the economy of the state in developing the industrial and the tourism sectors.
Airports
Visakhapatnam Airport is the only International airport in the state serving close to 1 million passengers annually. There are also 3 more Domestic airports at Vijayawada, Rajahmundry, and Tirupati. Vijayawada Airport is the hub of Indian regional airline Air Costa.
Seaports
Ports are gateways to international trade and commerce. Andhra Pradesh has two major ports at Visakhapatnam and Kakinada. Visakhapatnam Port is the second largest port of India in terms of (cargo handling). A private port is being developed at Gangavaram, near Visakhapatnam. This deep seaport can accommodate ocean liners up to 200,000–250,000 DWT.
Andhra Pradesh is well on its way to becoming a major logistics hub in the realm of sea. A recently study by trade body ASSOCHAM has pointed out that Andhra Pradesh commanded a lion’s share of over 46 per cent in new port projects being implemented across Indian maritime States. Andhra Pradesh was amongst the first maritime states to recognize the imperative need for increased port infrastructure. Six ports are under various stages of development in the PPP mode.
The 14 notified non-major ports are Bhavanapadu, Meghavaram, Kalingapatnam, Bheemunipatnam, Gangavaram, Nakkapalli, Kakinada SEZ, Kakinada, S.Yanam, Narsapur, Machilipatnam, Nizampatnam, Vadarevu and Krishnapatnam. The State Government has prepared a master plan that envisages increasing the capacity of its non-major ports to handle 175 million tonnes in 2020.
Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh is promoted by its tourism department, APTDC as the Koh-i-Noor of India. The main tourist attractions include beaches, scenic hills, valleys, caves, forts, lakes, lush green fields etc.
There are many beaches in Visakhapatnam along the coast of Bay of Bengal namely R.K.Beach, Rishikonda Beach, Lawsons Bay Beach etc. Apart from these, other beaches along the long coastline of the state are at Suryalanka Beach (Guntur District), Maypadu and Krishnapatnam beaches (Nellore district), Vodarevu beach (Prakasam district), Uppada Beach (East Godavari district).
Borra Caves in the Ananthagiri Hills of the Eastern Ghats, near Vishakapatnam are famous for million-year-old stalactite and stalagmite formations. Belum Caves in Kurnool district is the second largest natural cave of 3229 metres in length on the Indian subcontinent.
Araku Valley is the famous hill station in Visakhapatnam district with thick forests, coffee plantations and waterfalls. Horsley Hills is a summer hill resort in the Chittoor district, situated at an elevation of 1,265 metres, has natural flora and fauna. Papi Hills in East Godavari district, famous for its scenic beauty of the location in the river Godavari with.
The State with its rich forests and diverse flora & fauna provides ample scope for promoting Ecotourism. The state has many Sanctuaries, National Parks, Zoological Parks. Some of them are Coringa, Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary, Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary, Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park (Tirupati), Indira Gandhi Zoological Park, (Visakhapatnam) etc. Atapaka Bird Sanctuary at Kolleru Lake and Pulicat Lake encompasing Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary attracts many migratory birds.
Religious destinations
Apart from these, the state is home to many pilgrim destinations. It has many temples and shrines, mosques, and churches. Some famous temples, mosques, buddhist shrines and churches of religious importance which are often visited by many tourists include Tirumal temple, Srisailam temple, Kanaka Durga Temple, Srikalahasti temple, Shahi jamia masjid in Adoni, Gunadala Church in Vijayawada, Buddhist centres at Amaravati, Nagarjuna Konda etc., and many more as well.
Cinema
Main article: Telugu CinemaIn the early 1980s, the Telugu film industry had largely shifted from Chennai to Andhra Pradesh. The Telugu film culture (or, "Tollywood") is the second-largest film industry in India next to Bollywood Film Industry. Prolific film producer from the state, D. Ramanaidu holds a Guinness Record for the most number of films produced by a person. Nandhamuri Taraka Rama Rao and Akkineni Nageswara Rao treated as two eye's of Telugu film industry.
In the years 2005, 2006 and 2008 the Telugu film industry, has produced the largest number of films in India exceeding the number of films produced in Bollywood. The industry holds the Guinness World Record for the largest film production facility in the world. The state of Andhra Pradesh, consists of the most number of cinema theatres in India.
Education and research
Main article: Education in Andhra Pradesh See also: List of institutions of higher education in Andhra Pradesh
According to the 2014 census, Andhra Pradesh has an overall literacy rate of 91.01%. Apart from thousands of schools ranging from the pre-primary to the senior secondary ones, the state is home to a number of institutes, which impart higher education. The Department of Higher Education deals with matters relating to education at various levels in the State.
The Government of Andhra Pradesh has established Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies (RGUKT) in 2008 to cater to the educational needs of the gifted rural youth of Andhra Pradesh.
The higher education includes many colleges, universities and research institutes providing professional education in the fields of arts, humanities, science, engineering, law, medicine, business, and veterinary sciences, with undergraduate and post graduation. Some of the state funded universities include:
Universities
- Acharya Nagarjuna University at Guntur
- Andhra University at Vishakapatnam
- Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University at Vishakapatnam
- Dr. N.T.R. University of Health Sciences at Vijayawada
- JNTU Kakinada & JNTU Anantapur
- Sri Krishnadevaraya University at Anantapur
- Sri Venkateswara University at Tirupati
and many with deemed Universities namely K L University, GITAM & Vignan University provides higher education.
Research
Research institutes have been set up by the central government in the state. Some of them include:
- School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada, an autonomous research institute under Ministry of Human Resource Development of Govt. of India.
- National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), carrys out fundamental and applied research in Atmospheric and Space Sciences.
Space research organization
Indian Space Research Organisation (or Sriharikota Range (SHAR)) at barrier island of Sriharikota in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh is a satellite launching station. It is India's primary orbital launch site. India's lunar orbiter Chandrayaan-1 was launched from the centre at 6:22 AM IST on 22 October 2008.
Sports
The Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh, is the governing body which looks after the infrastructure development in Cricket, Field hockey, Association Football, Olympic weightlifting, Chess, Water Sports, Tennis, Badminton, Table Tennis, Cycling etc. Sports like kho kho, kabaddi are played mostly in Andhra Pradesh.
One of the most popular sports in Andhra Pradesh is cricket. The ACA-VDCA Stadium in Visakhapatnam is the home to the Andhra Cricket Team. These venues regularly hosts international as well as domestic matches. Notable cricketers from Andhra Pradesh, include Maharajkumar of Vizianagram, M. V. Narasimha Rao, M. S. K. Prasad, V.V.S. Laxman, Tirumalasetti Suman, Arshad Ayub, Ambati Rayudu, Venkatapathy Raju, Sravanthi Naidu, Yalaka Venugopal Rao etc.
Other accomplished sports-persons include, A. Ramana Rao, Karnam Malleswari(WeightLifting), Pullela Gopichand(Badminton), Chetan Anand (badminton), Guttikonda Pradeep (Volley Ball), Kamineni Eswara Rao (Arjuna Award winner) etc. Grandmasters in Chess like, Humpy Koneru, Pendyala Harikrishna, Dronavalli Harika hail from the state.
Newspapers and journals
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English
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See also
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- Index of Andhra Pradesh-related articles
- Template:Misplaced Pages books link
- List of people from Andhra Pradesh
- Middle kingdoms of India
- Part One of the Constitution of India
- States and union territories of India
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External links
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