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| In addition to ''Orkneyinga Saga'' (c. 1230), ''Hversu Noregr byggðist'' (c. 1387), and its appended '']'' (1387), medieval accounts that discuss the lineages sprung from Fornjót and his descendants - mainly ] and ] - leading to the later rulers of ] and other countries, include: '']'' (8th-10th century), '']'' (8th-10th century), <!--Commenting this out because Hyndluljóð is a poem in the Poetic Edda: '']'' (c. 800-1000), --> '']'' (late 9th century), '']'' (late 12th century), '']'' (c. 1220), ] (13th century), '']'' (started c. 1185, finished c. 1216), '']'' (c. 1225), . However, whether or not Fornjót and his immediate descendants were actual historical people has been debated. Kyösti Julku notes that no geographical errors have been found in the descriptions of the ''Orkneyinga saga''. He asks why therefore the people described in the account should be considered not to have existed.<ref name="Kyösti Julku, 1986">Julku, Kyösti: ''Kvenland - Kainuunmaa''. With English summary: ''The Ancient territory of Kainuu''. Oulu, 1986.</ref> | In addition to ''Orkneyinga Saga'' (c. 1230), ''Hversu Noregr byggðist'' (c. 1387), and its appended '']'' (1387), medieval accounts that discuss the lineages sprung from Fornjót and his descendants - mainly ] and ] - leading to the later rulers of ] and other countries, include: '']'' (8th-10th century), '']'' (8th-10th century), <!--Commenting this out because Hyndluljóð is a poem in the Poetic Edda: '']'' (c. 800-1000), --> '']'' (late 9th century), '']'' (late 12th century), '']'' (c. 1220), ] (13th century), '']'' (started c. 1185, finished c. 1216), '']'' (c. 1225), . However, whether or not Fornjót and his immediate descendants were actual historical people has been debated. Kyösti Julku notes that no geographical errors have been found in the descriptions of the ''Orkneyinga saga''. He asks why therefore the people described in the account should be considered not to have existed.<ref name="Kyösti Julku, 1986">Julku, Kyösti: ''Kvenland - Kainuunmaa''. With English summary: ''The Ancient territory of Kainuu''. Oulu, 1986.</ref> | ||
| ==Charles IX of Sweden== | |||
| As a name for a country, ] seems to have gone out of ordinary usage around the end the ].<ref name=Hoops>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-Uo6OAap41gC&pg=PA515&dq=Kvenland&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZmhVU-LYKcSQtAacmID4BA&ved=0CGsQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Kvenland&f=false |title=Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde |trans_title=Encyclopedia of Germanic Archaeology |first=Johannes |last=Hoops |page=515 |year=2001 |volume=17 |language=German |publisher=] |isbn=9783110169072 |quote=Neben märchenhaften Sagen des 14. Jh.s. erwähnen noch einige norw. Qu. des 13./14. Jh.s. die Kwänen, etwa ihren verheerenden Kriegszug gegen Hálogaland im J. 1271 (5); dann verschwinden sie aus der geschichtl. Überlieferung. }} Citing {{cite journal |first=K. |last=Grotenfeld |title=Über die alten Kvänen und Kvänland |trans_title=On the Old Kvens and Kvenland |language=German |journal=Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae |volume=I |issue=1 |year=1909}}</ref> As the first ever account written in ], '']'', was published as late as the 14th century, no medieval references to "Kvenland" or the "Kvens" are available from Swedish literature{{Citation needed|date=April 2014}} while Norwegian sources already mention the Kvens in the 13th century.<ref name=Hoops/> However, King ] called himself ruler, among other peoples, of the "Caijaners". The king expanded his already lengthy title in 1607 CE to be as follows: | |||
| :''Carl then nijonde, Sweriges, Göthes, Wendes, finnars, carelers, lappers i nordlanden, the caijaners och esters i Lifland, etc. Konung'' <ref>Nils Chesnecopherus, ''Fulkommelige skäl och rättmätige orsaker, så och sanfärdige berättelser, hwarföre samptlige Sweriges rijkes ständer hafwe medh all fogh och rätt afsagdt Konung Sigismundum uthi Polen och storfurste i Littowen, etc. sampt alle hans efterkommande lijfs arfwingar ewärdeligen ifrå Sweriges rijkes crone och regemente, och all then hörsamheet och lydhno, som the honom efter arfföreeningen hafwe skyldige och plichtige warit, och uthi stadhen igen uthkorat, annammat och crönt then stormächtige, höghborne furste och herre, her Carl then nijonde, Sweriges, Göthes, Wendes, finnars, carelers, lappers i nordlanden, the caijaners och esters i Lifland, etc. Konung, sampt alle H. K. M.s efterkommande lijfs arfwingar, til theres och Sweriges rijkes rätte konung'' , Stockholm: Gutterwitz, 1607 {{OCLC|247275406}}.</ref><ref name="Titles Sweden">October 1607 example: {{cite web|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/eurprin/sweden.html&date=2009-10-25+21:55:53 |url=http://www.geocities.com/eurprin/sweden.html |archivedate=2009-10-25 |title=Titles of European hereditary rulers - Sweden}}, citing ''Handlingar rörande Skandinaviens historia'' </ref><ref>Julku, , also quotes the description of a Latin map by ] dated 1611: "Lapponiae, Bothniae, Cajaniaeque, Regni Sveciae Provinciarum Septentrionalium Nova Delineatio. Sculpta anno domini 1611." The map had been ordered by Charles IX. ("Kartta Bure teki Kaarle IX:n toimeksiannosta, lienee ollut esityö koko Pohjalan kartta varten." )</ref> | |||
| Julku and others have argued that "Caijaners", a Swedish name for the inhabitants of ], is here equivalent to the Old Norse ''kvenir'', and some have seen an etymological link between ''Kven'', ''Caijaner'', and the Finnic term ''kainulainen/kainuulainen''.<ref name="Kyösti Julku, 1986"/><ref>Lars Ivar Hansen and Bjørnar Olsen, ''Hunters in Transition: An Outline of Early Sámi History'', Northern World 63, Leiden: Brill, 2014, ISBN 9789004252547, .</ref><ref>Irmeli Valtonen, "An Interpretation of the Description of Northernmost Europe in the Old English ''Orosius''", MA Thesis, University of Oulu, 1988, pp. 119–20 ().</ref><ref>Jukka Jari Korpela, "'Nationen' und 'Stämme' im mittelalterlichen Osteuropa: ihre Bedeutung für die Konstituierung eines nationalen Bewusstseins im 19. Jahrhundert", in ''Wieser Enzyklopädie des europäischen Ostens'', ed. Karl Kaser, Dagmar Gramshammer-Hohl, Jan M. Piskorski and Elisabeth Vogel, Volume 12, Klagenfurt: Wieser, 2002, pp. 696–761, p. 729, referencing Kyösti Julku: "So hat beispielsweise der Historiker Kyösti Julku den Großraumbegriff in der skizzierten Weise in Zusammenhang mit den Kvenen/Kajanen gebraucht,..." {{de icon}}</ref><ref name="Olavi Korhonen">{{cite conference|last=Korhonen |first=Olavi |title=Håp - vad är det för en båt? Lingvistiska synpunkter |trans_title=Oops, what kind of boat is this? Linguistic points of view |language=Swedish |conference=Bottnisk kontakt I. Föredrag vid maritimhistorisk konferens i Örnsköldsvik |date=12–14 February 1982 |location=]}}</ref> Charles IX's claim can thus be seen as "king of the Kvens",<ref>Ulla Ehrensvärd, ''The History of the Nordic Map: From Myths to Reality'', Helsinki: John Nurminen Foundation, 2006, ISBN 9789529745203, .</ref> that is, of Kvenland.{{Citation needed|date=April 2014}} | |||
| Charles IX's son dropped the term "Lappers j Nordlanden, the Caijaners" from the title in 1611 CE, when he succeeded his father as king, and it was not readded.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/eurprin/sweden.html&date=2009-10-25+21:55:53 |url=http://www.geocities.com/eurprin/sweden.html |archivedate=2009-10-25 |title=Titles of European hereditary rulers - Sweden}}</ref> Charles IX's use of it is seen as related to the construction of the ] in 1604 close to ]'s border with ].{{Citation needed|date=April 2014}} | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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A few Icelandic sagas tell about kings that ruled in Kvenland.
Icelandic sagas
Despite the fact that the legendary title "King of Kvenland" appears widely used in various contexts, it is mentioned only once in that particular form/spelling in sagas:
In Egils saga Faravid is directly said to be the "King of Kvenland". He also appears to have been a Kven himself.
Two other sagas that mention Kvenland, Hversu Noregr byggðist and Orkneyinga saga, do not use that specific title.
In Orkneyinga saga, Fornjót is said to be "a king". It is stated that he "reigned over Gotland, which we now know as Finland and Kvenland". The specific term "King of Kvenland" is not used. Unlike Egils saga, Orkneyinga saga does not provide clues about the ethnicity of Fornjót or any of his descendants.
Hversu Noregr byggðist has very similar usage for the title. This time, the great-grandson of Fornjót (who is said to be "a man"), Snær, and his son Thorri are told to be kings. Kvenland now appears in relation to Thorri, of whom it is said that "he ruled over Gothland, Kvenland (Kænlandi), and Finland". Fornjót's great-grandson Snær is also mentioned in Ynglingasaga, in relation to Finland.
Again, the ethnicity of the kings is not directly discussed. However, interpretations of their ethnicity have been made based on other information provided. For instance, according to Hversu Noregr byggðist the Kvens made sacrifices to Thorri. This, along with similar pieces of information from other sources, has led many experts to believe that Thorri, who ruled over Kvenland, was himself of Kven origin as well.
In addition to Orkneyinga Saga (c. 1230), Hversu Noregr byggðist (c. 1387), and its appended Ættartölur (1387), medieval accounts that discuss the lineages sprung from Fornjót and his descendants - mainly Nór and Gór - leading to the later rulers of Sweden and other countries, include: Beowulf (8th-10th century), Íslendingabók (8th-10th century), Ynglingatal (late 9th century), Historia Norvegiæ (late 12th century), Skáldskaparmál (c. 1220), Hyndluljóð (13th century), Gesta Danorum (started c. 1185, finished c. 1216), Ynglinga saga (c. 1225), . However, whether or not Fornjót and his immediate descendants were actual historical people has been debated. Kyösti Julku notes that no geographical errors have been found in the descriptions of the Orkneyinga saga. He asks why therefore the people described in the account should be considered not to have existed.
See also
References
- Egil's Saga, Chapter XIV
- Hversu Noregr byggðist at Sacred Texts.com.
- Dasent, George W., ed. (2014). "Part 1". The Orkneyinger's Saga. Netlancers Inc.
- Sturluson, Snorri (1912). "Frá Vanlanda ". In Jónsson, Finnur (ed.). Ynglingasaga (in Danish and Old Norse). Copenhagen: G.E.C. Gads Forlag. p. 20.
Hann þá vetrvist á Finnlandi með Snjá inum gamla ok fekk þar dóttur hans, Drífu.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - "Heimskringla: The Ynglinga Saga". The Online Medieval and Classical Library. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
{{cite web}}:|chapter=ignored (help) - Julku, Kyösti: Kvenland - Kainuunmaa. With English summary: The Ancient territory of Kainuu. Oulu, 1986.