| Revision as of 18:05, 26 August 2014 editClueBot NG (talk | contribs)Bots, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers6,439,064 editsm Reverting possible vandalism by 49.203.184.239 to version by 81.99.37.106. False positive? Report it. Thanks, ClueBot NG. (1932191) (Bot)← Previous edit | Revision as of 18:13, 26 August 2014 edit undo14.194.57.241 (talk)No edit summaryTag: blankingNext edit → | ||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}} | ||
| {{Salafi |width=20.0em}} | {{Salafi |width=20.0em}} | ||
| The ''' |
The '''Salafism''', or '''Salafi methodology''' ,is a movement or ]<ref>, Answered by Shaykh Muhammad ibn Adam al-Kawthari, ''... and only recently (in the last 30 years) has the so called Salafi sect come into existence''.</ref> within ] that takes its name from the term '']'' ("predecessors", "ancestors") used to identify the earliest Muslims, who, its adherents believe, provide the ] of Islamic practice.<ref>''Ghazali And The Poetics Of Imagination'', by Ebrahim Moosa ISBN 0-8078-5612-6 – Page 21</ref><ref> About Atheism/Agnosticism</ref> The popular ] that quotes Muhammad as saying 'The people of my own generation are the best, then those who come after them, and then those of the next generation,' is seen as a call to Muslims to follow the example of those first three generations, the ''salaf''.<ref name=salafi-lacey>{{cite book|last=Lacey|first=Robert|title=Inside the Kingdom, Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia|year=2009|publisher=Viking|location=New York|page=9}}</ref> | ||
| The majority of the world's Salafis are from ], ] and ].<ref name=demo>{{cite web|url=http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/GulfReligionGeneral_lg.png|title=Demography of Religion in the Gulf|publisher=]|year=2013}}</ref> 46.87% of ]is<ref name=demo/> and 44.8% of ] are Salafis.<ref name=demo/> 5.7% of ] are Salafis and 2.17% of ]is are Salafis.<ref name=demo/> | The majority of the world's Salafis are from ], ] and ].<ref name=demo>{{cite web|url=http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/GulfReligionGeneral_lg.png|title=Demography of Religion in the Gulf|publisher=]|year=2013}}</ref> 46.87% of ]is<ref name=demo/> and 44.8% of ] are Salafis.<ref name=demo/> 5.7% of ] are Salafis and 2.17% of ]is are Salafis.<ref name=demo/> | ||
| Salafis are the "]" in Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=a+state+of+religious+minorities%2C+among+which+the+Wahhabis+r | |||
| Salafis are the "]" in Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=a+state+of+religious+minorities%2C+among+which+the+Wahhabis+represent+the+dominant+minority&btnG=Search+Books&tbm=bks&tbo=1&gws_rd=ssl|title=The Shiʻis of Saudi Arabia|pages=56-57}}</ref> There are 4 million Saudi Salafis since 22.9% of Saudis are Salafis (concentrated in ]).<ref name=demo>{{cite web|url=http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/GulfReligionGeneral_lg.png|title=Demography of Religion in the Gulf|publisher=]|year=2013}}</ref> The Salafi movement is often described as synonymous with ], but Salafists consider the term "Wahhabi" derogatory.<ref>For example, the ''Ahl-i Hadith'' which "have been active since the nineteenth century on the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan ... though designated as Wahhabis by their adversaries, ... prefer to call themselves 'Salafis.'" (from ''The Failure of Political Islam'', by Olivier Roy, translated by Carol Volk, Harvard University Press, 1994, pp. 118–9)</ref> At other times, Salafism has been deemed a hybrid of Wahhabism and other post-1960s movements.<ref name=Lacroix>Stephane Lacroix, . ]'s ISIM Review, Spring 2008, #21.</ref> Salafism has become associated with ], ] and ] approaches to Islam{{spaced ndash}}and, particularly in the ], with the ] who espouse violent ] against those they deem to be enemies of Islam as a legitimate expression of Islam.<ref>Dr Abdul-Haqq Baker, ''Extremists in Our Midst: Confronting Terror,'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, {{page number|date=July 2014}}</ref> | |||
| Academics and historians have used the term "Salafism" to denote "a school of thought which surfaced in the second half of the 19th century as a reaction to the spread of European ideas" and "sought to expose the roots of modernity within Muslim civilization."<ref name="Kepel2006">{{cite book |last=Kepel |first=Gilles |title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC |accessdate=28 January 2014 |year=2006 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=9781845112578}}</ref><ref>For example: "Salafism originated in the mid to late 19th-century as an intellectual movement at al-Azhar University, led by Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905), Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (1839–1897) and Rashid Rida (1865–1935)." from , by Trevor Stanley. ''Terrorism Monitor'' Volume 3, Issue 14. July 15, 2005</ref> However contemporary Salafis follow "literal, traditional ... injunctions of the sacred texts", looking to ] rather than the "somewhat freewheeling interpretation" of 19th century figures ], ], and ].<ref name="KepelJihad">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&dq=islamism&printsec=frontcover |title=''Jihad'' By Gilles Kepel, Anthony F. Roberts |publisher=Books.google.com |date=2006-02-24 |accessdate=2010-04-18 |isbn=978-1-84511-257-8}}</ref><ref name=haykel>{{cite web |last=Haykel |first=Bernard |title=Sufism and Salafism in Syria |url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/sufism-and-salafism-in-syria-by-itzchak-weismann/ |work=11 May 2007 |publisher=Syria Comment |accessdate=22 May 2013 |quote="The Salafis of the Muhammad Abduh variety no longer exist, as far as I can tell, and certainly are not thought of by others as Salafis since this term has been appropriated/co-opted fully by Salafis of the Ahl al-Hadith/Wahhabi variety."}}</ref> | |||
| Observers differ over whether Salafi are Sunni Muslims and whether they are Wahhabis. Self-described Salafis believe they are Sunni Muslims, while traditionalist Sunni critics claim that Salafis are the same as Wahhabis,<ref name=sunnah.org/><ref name=GlobalSecurity.org-Wahhabi/> a sect unto their own and different from orthodox (i.e. traditional) Sunni Muslims.<ref name=sunnah.org/><ref name=masud/><ref name=Kenya>, by Sheikh Abdillahi Nassir, published Bilal Muslim Mission of Kenya, 2004; also published Al-Islamd.org Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project. Section entitled ''Wahabis Contradict the Sunnah!''</ref> The basis of this claim is that Salafis do not acknowledge or follow any of the four schools of thought ('']'') to which other Sunni Muslims adhere. They have their own beliefs and laws, their own leaders and systems, a religion with strict and so-called extremist ways.<ref name=sunnah.org>, ''Wahhabism: Understanding the Roots and Role Models of Islamic Extremism'', by Zubair Qamar</ref><ref name=GlobalSecurity.org-Wahhabi> ''Wahhabi''.</ref><ref name=masud>, ''Al-Albani Unveiled, Some Observations about the Salafi/Wahhabi sect''</ref> | |||
| In the ]{{spaced ndash}}and possibly even more so now by Muslims in the West{{spaced ndash}}the term ''Ahl-as-Sunnah'' ("People of the '']''") is frequently used instead, while the term '']'' ("People of the Tradition") is often used on the ] to identify adherents of Salafi ideology, though this term is used more often in the ] to indicate scholars and students of ]). The ] is differentiated from Salafi, allegedly because of its ],<ref> Hasan al-Banna, the founder of the Muslim Brotherhood, "... is the imaam of this crooked path/way which makes permissible for itself every single way or means for the sake of actualizing what they call the 'benefit of the da'wah' but it is nothing but the 'benefits of dejected hizbiyyah (party-spirit)'..."</ref> but the group did include the term in the "About Us" section of its website.<ref>{{dead link|date=February 2010}}</ref> | |||
| It is often reported from various sources, including the German domestic intelligence service, that Salafism is the fastest-growing Islamic movement in the world.<ref>{{cite web|author1=British National Party|title=Who are the Salafi|url=http://www.bnp.org.uk/news/national/who-are-salafi|accessdate=9 June 2014|date=Sat, 16/06/2012|quote=Salafism is the fastest growing Islamic movement in the world.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Barby Grant|title=Center wins NEH grant to study Salafism|url=http://csrc.asu.edu/news/center-wins-neh-grant-study-salafism|publisher=Arizona State University|accessdate=9 June 2014|quote=It also reveals that Salafism was cited in 2010 as the fastest growing Islamic movement on the planet.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Simon Shuster|title=Comment: Underground Islam in Russia|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2013/08/03/comment-underground-islam-russia|accessdate=9 June 2014|work=Slate|date=3 Aug 2013|quote=It is the fastest-growing movement within the fastest-growing religion in the world.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=CHRISTIAN CARYL|title=The Salafi Moment|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/12/the_salafi_moment|accessdate=9 June 2014|work=FP|date=September 12, 2012|quote=Though solid numbers are hard to come by, they're routinely described as the fastest-growing movement in modern-day Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Uproar in Germany Over Salafi Drive to Hand Out Millions of Qurans|url=http://www.aina.org/news/20120416150547.htm|accessdate=9 June 2014|work=AFP|date=2012-04-16|quote=The service said in its most recent annual report dating from 2010 that Salafism was the fastest growing Islamic movement in the world...}}</ref> | |||
| ==Etymology== | |||
| The popular hadith that quotes Muhammad as saying 'The people of my own generation are the best, then those who come after them, and then those of the next generation,' is seen as a call to Muslims to follow the example of those first three generations, known collectively as the ''salaf''<ref name=salafi-lacey/> or "pious Predecessors" (''as-Salaf as-Saleh'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://muttaqun.com/salafiyyah.html |title=Dawat-us-Salafiyyah ("Call of those who preceded us") |publisher=Muttaqun.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-18}}</ref> They include the "Companions" ('']''), the "Followers" ('']'') and the "Followers of the Followers" ('']''). There a number of records of the hadith<ref>{{cite web |url=http://al-ibaanah.com/articles.php?ArtID=97 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080304023423/http://al-ibaanah.com/articles.php?ArtID=97 |archivedate=2008-03-04 |title=Why the Word Salafee? |publisher=Web.archive.org |accessdate=2010-04-18}}</ref> it is narrated in the '']'' of ] (a companion of Muhammad)<ref>{{hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|8|76|437}}</ref> | |||
| These have been revered in Islamic ] and by ] theologians since the fifth Muslim generation or earlier used their example to understand the texts and tenets of Islam, sometimes to differentiate the creed of the first Muslims from subsequent variations in creed and methodology (''see ]''),<ref>{{cite web |title=أعزاءنا زوار وأعضاء الساحة العربية، ("Salafiyyah is not a sect amongst sects") |url=http://www.alsaha.com/sahat/6/topics/77466 |publisher=alasha.com |author=Shaikh Saleh al-Fawzan |date=2004-05-24 |accessdate=2013-05-19}}</ref> to oppose religious innovation ('']'') and, conversely, to defend particular views and practices.<ref>"The way of the Sufis is the way of the Salaf, the Scholars among the Sahaba, Tabi’in, and Tabi’ at-Tabi’in. Its origin is to worship Allah and to leave the ornaments of this world and its pleasures.” (Ibn Khaldun (733–808 H/1332-1406 CE) ''Muqaddimat ibn Khaldan'', p. 328, quoted in; , retrieved March 2012.</ref><ref>, Wien 2009, retrieved March 2012.</ref> | |||
| ==Tenets== | |||
| According to at least one scholar, "temporal proximity to the Prophet Muhammad is associated with the truest form of Islam" among many Sunni Muslims<ref>Bernard Haykel, a professor of ], states that "a strongly held view" among Sunnis</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Haykel |first=Bernard |editor-first=Roel |editor-last=Meijer |title=Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2009 |page=34 |chapter=Chapter 1: On the Nature of Salafi Thought and Action |isbn=978-0-231-15420-8}}</ref> | |||
| The terms ''Salafi'', ''Ahl-as-Sunnah'' ("People of the ''Sunnah''") and '']'' ("People of the Tradition") are all considered{{by whom|date=October 2013}} to bear the same or similar connotation and Muslim scholars have used them interchangeably{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} throughout the ages. ''Ahl al-Hadeeth'' is possibly the oldest recorded term for these earliest adherents,<ref>{{big|شرف أصحاب الحديث}} ("The Noble Status of the People of Hadeeth"), al-Khateeb al-Baghdaadi.</ref> while ''Ahl as-Sunnah'' is overwhelmingly used by Muslim scholars, including Salafi scholars, such as the ] sect, leading to a narrower use of the term "Salafi".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://islameye.com/%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%81%D9%89-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%89%D8%AE-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89-t4699s150.html |title= حكم قول انا سلفي ("The Ruling On Saying "I am Salafi"", Shaikh al-Albani) |publisher= |date= |accessdate=10/12/2010}}{{dead link|date=March 2013}}</ref> | |||
| Salafis view the ''Salaf'' as an eternal model for all succeeding Muslim generations in their beliefs, exegesis, method of worship, mannerisms, ], ] and conduct: the Islam they practiced is seen as pure, unadulterated and, therefore, the ultimate authority for the interpretation of the ].<ref>Sharh Usool I'tiqaad Ahl as-Sunnah wal-Jama'ah, al-Laalika'ee, tahqeeq of Nash'at Kamaal Misree, 1/7-9</ref> This is not interpreted as an imitation of cultural norms or trends that are not part of the legislated worship of Islam but rather as an adherence to ].{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} Salafis reject ] philosophy ('']'') that involves discourse and debate in the development of the Islamic creed.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} They consider this process a foreign import from ], alien to the original practice of Islam.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} The ] ] (died 748H{{\}}1348) said: | |||
| {{quote |It is authentically related from ad-Daaraqutnee that he said: There is nothing more despised by me than ''kalam''. I say: He never entered into ''kalam'' nor argumentation. Rather, he was a Salafi.<ref name=salafipublications.com>''Statements from the Salaf on Ascription to the Salaf'', , Article ID: SLF010001</ref>}} | |||
| Salafis believe that the ], the ] and the consensus ('']'') of approved scholarship ('']'') along with the understanding of the ] as being sufficient guidance for the Muslim. As the Salafi '']'' is a methodology and not a '']'' in '']'' (jurisprudence) as commonly misunderstood, Salafis can come from the ], ], ] or the ] schools of Sunni fiqh<ref name=global>GlobalSecurity.org </ref> and accept teaching of all four if supported by clear and authenticated evidence from the Sunnah. In the face of clear evidence, be it from Qur'an or Hadeeth, they support scholars' engagement in '']''{{spaced ndash}}if they are qualified{{spaced ndash}}as opposed to total blind imitation ('']''). Their theological views are based on the ] creed as opposed to ''kalam'', ]s or any form of philosophy deemed speculative.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} | |||
| Salafis condemn certain common practices as ] ('']'') and '']'' of religious figures, such as venerating the graves of Islamic prophets and ] or using amulets to seek protection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/pv/Hasb-e-Haal/3/ep-9906/ALL/2013-09-13 |title=Dunya News: Hasb-e-Haal-part ALL-2013-09-13-Hasb-e-Haal Special Show |publisher=Dunyanews.tv |date= |accessdate=2014-08-18}}</ref> They maintain that such practices are ''bid‘ah'' (heretical innovations) that are not permissible and should not be taught or practiced.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} Salafis believe that Islam declined after the early generations because of religious innovations and an abandoning of what they consider to be pure Islamic teachings; and that an Islamic revival will only result through emulation of early generations of Muslims and purging of foreign influences.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} | |||
| Salafis place great emphasis on following acts in accordance with the known ''sunnah'', not only in prayer but in every activity in daily life. For instance, many are careful always to use three fingers when eating, drink water in three pauses with the right hand while sitting,<ref>''Six Points of Tabligh'', the chapter on "Desired Manners of Eating and Drinking" includes 26 norms on the etiquette of eating and drinking. From: ''Globalized Islam : the Search for a New Ummah'', by ], ], 2004.</ref> and make sure their '']'' or other garment does not extend below the ankle, thereby following the example recorded by Muhammad and his companions.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} | |||
| ===Views on ''Taqlid'' (scholarly authority)=== | |||
| In legal matters, Salafis are divided between those who, in the name of independent legal judgement (''ijtihad''), reject strict adherence ('']'') to the four schools of law (''madhahib'') and others who remain faithful to these.<ref>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, p 484</ref> Salafi scholars from Saudi Arabia are generally bound by ] ''fiqh'' and advocate following an Imam rather than understanding scripture oneself.<ref>Stephane Lacroix, George Holoch, Awakening Islam, p 84</ref> These include Bin Baz, Salih al-Uthaymeen, Salih al-Fawzaan, Saud bin Shuraim and al-Sudais .{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} Other Salafi scholars however hold that ''taqlid'' is unlawful since from their perspective, following a madhab without searching for direct evidence leads Muslims astray.<ref>Miriam Cooke, Bruce B. Lawrence, Muslim Networks from Hajj to Hip Hop, p 213</ref> These scholars include Rashid Rida,<ref>''Thus he opposed Taqlid and called for and practiced absolute ijtihad''. Clinton Bennett, The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies, p.174. See also, Richard Gauvain, Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God, Introduction, p9</ref> al-Khajnadee, Muhammad Abduh,<ref>''Abduh's statement of purpose was: To liberate thought from the shackles of Taqlid and understand religion as it was understood by the Salaf''. Clinton Bennett, The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies, p.168.</ref> Saleem al-Hilali and Nasir al-Din al-Albani.<ref>''From there he learned to oppose taqlid in a madhab.'' Clinton Bennett, The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies, p.174. ''Al-Albani had denounced Wahhabi attachment to the Hanbali school''. Stephane Lacroix, George Holoch, Awakening Islam, p 85</ref> | |||
| At the very end of the spectrum, some Salafis hold ''taqlid'' to be an act of polytheism as the followers of Ahl al-Hadith movement do in Ind-Pak region.<ref>''For many Salafis, both modernist and conservative, "worship" of | |||
| ===Opposition to the use of ''kalam''=== | |||
| Salafi scholars are in staunch opposition to the use of '']'', dialectics or speculative philosophy in theology. This is because it is seen as a heretical innovation in Islam which opposes the primordial aspiration to follow the original methodology of the ] with regards to ]. Statements of the early Imams of the early Muslims are in corroboration with this such as ] who prohibited his students from engaging in ''kalam'', stating that those who practice it are of the "regressing ones".<ref>al-Makkee, Manaaqib Abee Haneefah, pg. 183–184</ref> ] referred to ''kalam'' in the Islamic religion as being "detested",<ref>Dhammul-Kalaam (B/194)</ref> and that whoever "seeks the religion through ''kalam'' will deviate".<ref>Dhammul-Kalaam (Q/173/A)</ref> In addition, ] said that no knowledge of Islam can be gained from books of ''kalam'', as ''kalam'' "is not from knowledge"<ref>Dhammul-Kalaam (Q/213)</ref><ref>], as-Siyar (10/30)</ref> and that "It is better for a man to spend his whole life doing whatever ] has prohibited{{spaced ndash}}besides '']'' with Allah{{spaced ndash}}rather than spending his whole life involved in ''kalam''."<ref>Ibn Abi Hatim, Manaaqibush-Shaafi'ee, pg. 182</ref> ] also spoke strongly against ''kalam'', stating his view that no-one looks into ''kalam'' unless there is "corruption in his heart"<ref>Jaami' Bayaanul-'Ilm wa Fadlihi (2/95)</ref> and even went so far as to prohibit sitting with people practicing ''kalam'' even if they were defending the ],<ref>''Manaqib al-Imam Ahmad'' (or ''Manaaqibul-Imaam Ahmad''), by ], p205.</ref> and instructing his students to warn against any person they saw practicing ''kalam''.<ref>Ibn Battah, al-Ibaanah (2/540)</ref> | |||
| ==History== | |||
| Landmarks claimed in the history of Salafi '']'' are ] (died 240 AH{{\}}855 AD), known among Salafis as ''Imam Ahl al-]'' and one of the three scholars commonly titled with the honorific '']'', namely, Taqi ad-Deen ] (died 728 AH{{\}}1328 AD) and ] (died 751 AH{{\}}1350).<ref>{{big|التجديد بمفهومية}} ("Renewal and its Understanding"), Shaikh Muhammad Aman al-Jaamee, Part 1.</ref><ref>{{big|صور من الجاهليات المعاصرة}} ("Glimpses From the Modern ''Jahiliyyah''"), Shaikh Muhammad Amaan al-Jaamee.</ref><ref>{{big|سلسلة مفهوم السلفية}} ("Understanding ''Salafiyyah''"), Shaikh Muhammad Naasir ad-Deen al-Albaani, Parts 1–2, 6.</ref> | |||
| ===Early examples of usage=== | |||
| *] wrote: "There is no criticism for the one who proclaims the '']'' of the Salaf, who attaches himself to it and refers to it. Rather, it is obligatory to accept that from him by unanimous agreement because the way of the Salaf is nothing but the truth."<ref name="salafipublications.com"/> | |||
| *The term ''salafi'' has been used to refer to the theological positions of particular scholars. Abo al-Hasan Ali ibn Umar al-Daraqutuni (d. 995 C.E., 385 A.H.) was described by ] as: "Never having entered into ], instead he was ''salafi''."<ref name="Siyar pg. 457">''Siyar 'Alam al-Nubula'', by al-Dhahbi, vol. 16, pg. 457, no. 332, Mua'ssash al-Risalah, Beirut, 11th edition, 2001.</ref> | |||
| *Also, al-Dhahabi described ], a prominent 12th century hadith specialist, as: "Firm in his religiosity, ''salafi'' in his generality and correct in his denomination. refrained from falling into common pitfalls, believed in ] and in what Allah has informed us of from His names and description."<ref>''Siyar 'Alam al-Nubala'', vol. 23, pg. 142-3, by al-Dhahabi, Muassah al-Risalah, Beirut, 11th Edition, 2001.</ref> | |||
| *In another of his works, ''Tadhkirat al-huffaz'', al-Dhahabi said of Ibn al-Salah: "I say: He was ''salafi'', of sound creed, abstaining from the interpretations of the scholars of ], believing in what has been textually established, without recourse to unjustified interpretation or elaboration.<ref>''Tadhkirah al-huffaz'', vol. 4, pg. 1431, Da'irah al-Ma'arif al-'Uthmaniyyah, India.</ref> | |||
| *In his book, ''Tabsir al-Muntabih'', ] mentioned the ascription ''al-Salafi'' and named Abd al-Rahman ibn Abdillah ibn Ahmad Al-Sarkhasi al-Salafi as an example of its usage. Ibn Hajar then said: "And, likewise, the one ascribing to the ''salaf''."<ref>''Tabsir al-Muntabih Bitahrir al-Mushtabih'', vol. 2, pg. 738, published by: ''Al-Mu'assasah al-Misriyyah al-'Ammah Lil-Talif wa Al-Anba' wa al-Nashr'', edited by: Ali al-Bajawi, no additional information.</ref> | |||
| *Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani also used the term, ''salafi'' in describing Muhammad ibn al-Qaasim ibn Sufyan al-Misri al-Maliki (d. 966 C.E., 355 A.H.) He said that al-Malaiki was: "''Salafi al-madh'hab'' – ''salafi'' in his school of thought."<ref>''Lisan al-Mizan'', by Ibn Hajar, vol. 5, pg. 348, no. 1143, Dar al-Kitab al-Islami, no additional information; it is apparently a reprint of the original Indian print. The quoted segment of Ibn Hajar's biography for al-Misri originated from Ibn Hajar, as this was not included in al-Dhahabi's biography of the same individual (who is named 'ibn Sha'ban' instead of ibn Sufyan).</ref> | |||
| *In the book ''Al-Ansaab'' by Abu Sa'd Abd al-Kareem as-Sama'ni, who died in the year 1166 (562 of the ]), under the entry for the ascription ''al-Salafi'' he mentions an example or more of people who were so described in his time.<ref>''Al-Ansab'', by Abu Sa'd Abd al-Kareem Al-Sama'ni, vol. 7, pg. 168, photocopied from the ''Da'iah Al-Ma'arif Al-Uthmaniyah'' edition by the ''Al-Faruq'' publishing company of Egypt, no date provided. The names of those using this ascription were described by the verifier as being blank in all of the manuscript copies of the book, he obtained them by means of cross referencing.</ref> In commenting upon as-Sama'ni, ] wrote: "And a group were known by this epithet."<ref>''A Reply to the Doubts of the Qutubiyyah Concerning Ascription to Sunnah and Salafiyyah'', page 29, , Article ID: SLF010004.</ref> | |||
| ===Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab=== | |||
| {{main|Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab}} | |||
| Many Salafists today consider Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab as the first figure in the modern era to push for a return to the religious practices of the ''salaf as-salih''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.salafipublications.com/sps/sp.cfm?subsecID=SLF02&articleID=SLF020001&articlePages=1 |title=The Principles of Salafiyyah |publisher=Salafipublications.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-18}}</ref> His evangelizing in the ] during the 18th century was a call to return to the practices of the early Muslims. His works, especially ''Kitab at-Tawhid'', are still widely read by Salafis around the world today and the majority of Salafi scholars still cite them frequently.<ref>Shaikh Muhammad Ibn Abdul-Wahhab: His Salafi Creed, Reformist Movement and Scholars' Praise of Him, 4th ed. by Judge Ahmad Ibn 'Hajar Ibn Muhammad al-Butami al-Bin Ali, Ad-Dar as-Salafiyyah, Kuwait, 1983, p.108-164</ref> After his death, his views flourished under his descendants (the ]) and the generous financing of the ], initiating the current worldwide Salafi movement.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} | |||
| The vast majority of Salafis reject the label "Wahhabi" because they consider it unfounded and an object of controversy,<ref>The Wahhabi Myth, H.J.Oliver</ref> holding that Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab did not establish a new school of thought but restored the Islam practiced by the earliest generations of Muslims.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} Followers of Salafiyyah consider it wrong to be called "Wahhabis" as the 17th Name of God is ''al-Wahhab'' ("the Bestower"), so to be called a "Wahhabi" denotes the following of a person other than what is meant to be followed in the Qur'an and Sunnah.<ref>Laurent Bonnefoy, ''Salafism in Yemen. Transnationalism and Religious Identity,'' Columbia University Press/Hurst, 2011, ISBN 978-1-84904-131-7, page 245.</ref> Wahhabism has been called a "belittling" and derogatory term for Salafi,<ref name="thewahhabimyth.com"></ref> while another source defines it as "a particular orientation within Salafism,"<ref name="global"/> an orientation some consider strongly apolitical,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/04/AR2006090401107_2.html |title=Washington Post, For Conservative Muslims, Goal of Isolation a Challenge |publisher=Washingtonpost.com |date=2007-01-15 |accessdate=2010-04-18 |first=Caryle |last=Murphy}}</ref><ref>John L. Esposito, ''What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam'', p.50</ref> and yet another describes it as a formerly separate current of Islamic thought that appropriated "language and symbolism of Salafism" until the two became "practically indistinguishable" in the 1970s.<ref>Abou El Fadl, Khaled M., ''The Great Theft'', HarperSanFrancisco, 2005, p.79</ref> Critics of Wahhabiyya, ] and ], argue that while the two interpretations had distinct differences, they effectively merged in the 1970s and early 1980s when Saudi oil-export funding "co-opted" Salafism, and "melded" their ideologies.<ref name=Dillon>{{cite web|last=Dillon|first=Michael R.|title=WAHHABISM: IS IT A FACTOR IN THE SPREAD OF GLOBAL TERRORISM?| url=http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a509109.pdf|work=September 2009|publisher=Naval Post-Graduate School|accessdate=2 April 2014|pages=3–4|quote=Hamid Algar ... emphasizes the strong influence of the Saudi petrodollar in the propagation of Wahhabism, but also attributes the political situation of the Arab world at the time as a contributing factor that led to the co-opting of Salafism. ...Khaled Abou El Fadl, ... expresses the opinion that Wahhabism would not have been able to spread in the modern Muslim world ... it would have to be spread under the banner of Salafism.8 This attachment of Wahhabism to Salafism was needed as Salafism was a much more “credible paradigm in Islam;” making it an ideal medium for Wahhabism. ... The co-opting of Salafism by Wahhabism was not completed until the 1970s when the Wahhabis stripped away some of their extreme intolerance and co-opted the symbolism and language of Salafism; making them practically indistinguishable.}}</ref> | |||
| Trevor Stanley states that while the origins of the terms ''Wahhabism'' and ''Salafism'' "were quite distinct"{{spaced ndash}}"Wahhabism was a pared-down Islam that rejected modern influences, while Salafism sought to reconcile Islam with modernism"{{spaced ndash}}they both shared a rejection of "traditional" teachings on Islam in favor of a direct, more puritan interpretation. Stéphane Lacroix, a fellow and lecturer at ] in ], also affirmed a distinction between the two: "As opposed to Wahhabism, Salafism refers here to all the hybridations that have taken place since the 1960s between the teachings of Muhammad bin ‘Abd al-Wahhab and other Islamic schools of thought. ] discourse can therefore be a form of Salafism, while being critical of Wahhabism."<ref name=Lacroix/> | |||
| The migration of Muslim Brotherhood members from Egypt to Saudi Arabia and ]'s "embrace of Salafi ] resulted in cross-pollination between Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab's teachings on ''tawhid, shirk'' and ''bid‘ah'' and Salafi interpretations of the sayings of Muhammad.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stanley |first=Trevor |url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Bswords%5D=8fd5893941d69d0be3f378576261ae3e&tx_ttnews%5Bany_of_the_words%5D=%20Trevor%20Stanley%20&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=528&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=a5ad45ee77 |title=Understanding the Origins of Wahhabism and Salafism by Trevor Stanley |publisher=Jamestown.org |date= |accessdate=2010-04-18}}</ref> | |||
| ===Contemporary Salafism=== | |||
| Salafism is attractive to its adherents because it underscores Islam's universality.<ref name='Next'>] and ], ''The Next Attack'', page 55. ISBN 0-8050-7941-6.</ref> It insists on affirmation of the literal truth as understood by its apparent meaning of Qur'anic scripture and Hadeeth,<ref name='Next' /> yet may challenge ] by appropriating secularism's traditional role of defending the socially and politically weak against the powerful.<ref>Hassan Hanafi, ''Brief History of Islam'', pp. 258–259. ISBN 1-4051-0900-9.</ref><br /> | |||
| There have been several Salafi movements attempting to challenge the stereotypes widely adopted by societies that often lead to profiling and discriminating against those who embrace the Salafi belief and lifestyle. ] founded in 2011 by ] is one of the groups that aim at bridging gaps with others from different backgrounds and beliefs and is increasingly becoming a media favorite in ]. {{citation needed|date=June 2014}} | |||
| ==Views on extremism== | |||
| In recent years, Salafi methodology has come to be associated with the jihad of extremist groups that advocate the killing of innocent civilians. The Saudi scholar, ] considered suicide bombing to be unlawful<ref>Gabriel G. Tabarani, Jihad's New Heartlands: Why the West Has Failed to Contain Islamic Fundamentalism, p 26.</ref><ref>Richard Gauvain, ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'', p 331</ref> and the scholar Abdul Muhsin al-Abbad wrote a treatise entitled: ''According to which intellect and Religion is Suicide bombings and destruction considered Jihad?''.<ref>Gabriel G. Tabarani, ''Jihad's New Heartlands: Why the West Has Failed to Contain Islamic Fundamentalism'', p 26.</ref> ] stated that "History repeats itself. Everybody claims that the Prophet is their role model. Our Prophet spent the first half of his message making da’wa, and he did not start it with jihad".<ref>Quintan Wiktorowicz, Anatomy of the Salafi Movement, p217.</ref> | |||
| Some Salafi scholars appear to support extremism and acts of violence. The Egyptian Salafi cleric Mahmoud Shaaban "appeared on a religious television channel calling for the deaths of main opposition figures Mohammed ElBaradei – a Nobel peace prize laureate – and former presidential candidate Hamdeen Sabahy."<ref name=Observer10Feb13>, ''Violent tide of Salafism threatens the Arab spring'', by Peter Beaumont and Patrick Kingsley, 10 February 2013.</ref><ref name=Reuters11Feb2013>, ''Egypt orders cleric held over ElBaradei death call'', by Marwa Awad, edited by Paul Taylor and Jon Hemming, 11 February 2013.</ref> The popular salafi preacher ] speaking of ], said that he would not criticise bin Laden because he had not met him and did not know him personally. He added that, "If bin Laden is fighting enemies of Islam, I am for him," and that "If he is terrorizing America – the terrorist, biggest terrorist – I am with him. Every Muslim should be a terrorist. The thing is that if he is terrorizing the terrorist, he is following Islam. Whether he is or not, I don’t know, but you as Muslims know that, without checking up, laying allegations is also wrong."<ref>Von Drehle, David; Ghosh, Bobby: "An Enemy Within: The Making of Najibullah Zazi". Time. p. 2. 1 October 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2011.</ref> | |||
| Some other Islamic groups, particularly some ], have also complained about extremism among some Salafi. It has been noted that the Western association of Salafi ideology with violence stems from writings "through the prism of security studies" that were published in the late 20th century and that continue to persist.<ref>{{cite book|last=Meijer|first=Roel|editor-first=Roel|editor-last=Meijer|title=Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement|publisher=Columbia University Presss|year=2009|page=34|chapter=Introduction|isbn=978-0-231-15420-8}}</ref> | |||
| ==Trends sometimes associated with Salafism== | |||
| According to at least one observer,<ref>Natana J. DeLong-Bas, in ''Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad'',</ref> Salafism can be divided into three trends, one focusing on education and missionary work to solidify the tawhid prior to any political movement (sometimes called Madkhalism); another focusing on re-establishing a caliphate through the means of evolution, but not violence (sometimes called Salafist activism); and a third sharing similar political goals as the second group, but engaging in violent Jihad (sometimes called Salafi jihadism and/or Qutbism).<ref>(){{cite web|author= Michael R. Dillon|title=Wahhabism: Is it a Factor in the Spread of Global Terrorism?|date=September 2009|pages=5–6|publisher=NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL|url=http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Sep/09Sep_Dillon.pdf}}</ref> | |||
| ===Purists, Madkhalism=== | |||
| "Purists" are Salafists who focus on non-violent ''da'wah'', education, and "purification of religious beliefs and practices". They dismiss politics as "a diversion or even innovation that leads people away from Islam".<ref name="Whatever Happened to the Islamists"> edited by Olivier Roy and Amel Boubekeur, Columbia University Press, 2012.</ref> | |||
| ] is a term typically referring to the strain of Salafists viewed as supportive of ] in the Middle East.<ref name=rich41>Richard Gauvain, ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'', pg. 41. ]: Routledge, 2013.</ref><ref>Roel Meijer, ''Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement'', pg. 49. ]: ], 2009.</ref><ref name=jof>George Joffé, ''Islamist Radicalisation in Europe and the Middle East: Reassessing the Causes of Terrorism'', pg. 317. ]: ], 2013.</ref> Taking its name from the controversial Saudi Arabian cleric ], the movement lost its support in Saudi Arabia proper when several members of the ] (the country's clerical body) denounced Madkhali personally.<ref name=harald>''The Transmission and Dynamics of the Textual Sources of Islam: Essays in Honour of Harald Motzki'', eds. Nicolet Boekhoff-van der Voort, ] and Joas Wagemakers, pg. 382. ]: ], 2011.</ref> Influence of both the movement and its figureheads have waned so much within the Muslim world that analysts have declared it to be a largely European phenomenon.<ref name=harald/> | |||
| ===Salafist activism=== | |||
| It has sometimes been described as a third strain of the global movement, being different from the Salafist Jihadists by eschewing violence and from the Salafist Madkhalists by engaging in modern political processes.<ref name=meij48>Meijer, pg. 48.</ref> Due to numerical superiority, the movement has been referred to the mainstream of the Salafist movement at times.<ref name=jof/> This trend, sometimes called "politicos", see politics as "yet another field in which the Salafi creed has to be applied" in order to safeguard justice and "guarantee that the political rule is based upon the Shari'a".<ref name="Whatever Happened to the Islamists"/> | |||
| {{quote|text="It’s very simple. We want ]. Sharia in economy, in politics, in judiciary, in our borders and our foreign relations."|sign=Mohammed Abdel-Rahman, the son of ]|source='']'' magazine. October 8, 2012<ref>{{cite journal | |||
| | last = Ghosh | |||
| | first = Bobby | |||
| | last2 = | |||
| | first2 = | |||
| | date = October 8, 2012 | |||
| | title = The Rise Of The Salafis | |||
| | url = http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2125502,00.html | |||
| | journal = ] | |||
| | publisher = | |||
| | volume = 180 | |||
| | issue = 15 | |||
| | pages = | |||
| | doi = | |||
| | ref = Ghosh | |||
| | accessdate = 2014-05-06 | |||
| }}</ref> }} | |||
| ===Salafist jihadism=== | |||
| {{Main|Salafist jihadism}} | |||
| "Salafi Jihadism" was a term coined by ]<ref name="BLivesey"></ref><ref>, Martin Kramer, ''Middle East Quarterly'', Spring 2003, pp. 65–77.</ref> to describe those self-claiming Salafi groups who began developing an interest in jihad during the mid-1990s. Practitioners are often referred to as "Salafi jihadis" or "Salafi jihadists". Journalist ] estimates Salafi jihadists constitute less than 0.5 percent of the world's 1.9 billion Muslims (i.e., less than 10 million).<ref name="BLivesey"/> However, those who take their actions beyond the limits of the ''shari'ah'' (such as terrorist attacks against civilians) are seen as deviant and not true Salafis. | |||
| Another definition of Salafi jihadism, offered by Mohammed M. Hafez, is an "extreme form of ] ] that rejects ] and ] rule." Hafez distinguished them from apolitical and conservative Salafi scholars (such as ], ], ] and ]), but also from the '']''{{dn|date=July 2014}} movement associated with ] or ].<ref name="MHafez"></ref> | |||
| An analysis of the ], a Salafi jihadist group was made in 2014 by Darion Rhodes.<ref name=DarionRhodes>Darion Rhodes, , International Institute for Counter-terrorism, March 2014</ref> It analyzes the group's strict observance of ] and its rejection of ], ], ], and ], while believing that jihad is the only way to advance the cause of Allah on the earth.<ref name=DarionRhodes/> | |||
| ===Qutbism=== | |||
| ] is a movement which has, at times, been described both as a strain of Salafism and an opposing movement,<ref name="thewahhabimyth.com"/> providing the foil to Madkhalism in that the movement is typically found in radical opposition to the ruling regimes of the Middle East.<ref name=rich41/> Qutbism has, at times, been associated with the above-mentioned Salafist Jihadist trend.<ref name=meij48/> | |||
| Despite some similarities, the different contemporary self-proclaimed Salafist groups often strongly disapprove of one another and deny the other's Islamic character.<ref>Abou El Fadl, Khaled, ''The Great Theft'' Harper San Francisco, 2005, p.62-8</ref> | |||
| ===Comparison with other movements=== | |||
| {{main|Islamism}} | |||
| Some Salafi Muslims often preach disengagement from Western activities, and advocate being apolitical and being against any form of extremism, "even by giving them an Islamic slant."<ref>''Globalized Islam :the Search for a New Ummah'', by ], ], 2004 (p.245)</ref> Instead, it is thought that Muslims should stick to traditional activities, particularly Dawah. Nevertheless, Salafis do not preach willful ignorance of civil or state law.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} While preaching that the Sharia takes precedence, Salafi Muslims conform to civil or state law as far as they are required, for example in purchasing mandatory auto insurance.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} | |||
| ===Arab Spring=== | |||
| Salafi have been notable following insurrections in Egypt, Tunisia and Libya. In the ], the ] led by the ] managed to receive 27.8% of the vote despite only "a few months of party politicking experience", gaining 127 of the 498 parliamentary seats contested and forming the second-largest bloc in the parliament.<ref name=Brown>, Jonathan Brown, Carnegie Paper, December 2011.</ref> According to Ammar Ali Hassan of al-Ahram, while Salafis and the ] agree on many issues such as the need to "Islamize" society and restricting private property rights by legally requiring all Muslims to give alms, the former has nevertheless rejected the flexibility of the latter on the issue of whether women and Christians should be entitled to serve in high office, as well as its relatively tolerant attitude towards Shia Iran.<ref name=ahram>{{cite web|last=Hassan|first=Ammar Ali|title=Muslim Brothers and Salafis|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/502/32/Muslim%20Brothers%20and%20Salafis.aspx|work=06-12-2012|publisher=Al Ahram|accessdate=19 May 2013}}</ref> | |||
| ==Criticism== | |||
| Salafism has been recently criticized by Professor ] of the ]. El Fadl argues that the Salafi methodology "drifted into stifling apologetics" by the mid-20th century, a reaction against "anxiety" to "render Islam compatible with modernity," by its leaders earlier in the century.<ref>Abou El Fadl, Khaled, ''The Great Theft'', Harper San Francisco, 2005, p. 77</ref> He attacks those who state "any meritorious or worthwhile modern institutions were first invented and realized by Muslims". He argues the result was that "an artificial sense of confidence and an intellectual lethargy" developed, according to Abou El Fadl, "that took neither the Islamic tradition nor" the challenges of the modern world "very seriously."<ref>Abou El Fadl, pp. 52–56, 78–9</ref> | |||
| According to the ], the Salafi and Wahhabi movements are strongly opposed by a long list of ] scholars.<ref>, ''Wahhabism: Understanding the Roots and Role Models of Islamic Extremism'' by Zubair Qamar. This article lists 65 Sunni scholars from different time periods, whom the article claims were opposed to either the Salafi or the Wahhabi movements. The article claims that the Wahhabi movement is the same thing as the Salafi movement.</ref> The Saudi government has been criticised for ].<ref>, ''The photos Saudi Arabia doesn't want seen – and proof Islam's most holy relics are being demolished in Mecca '', by Jerome Taylor, 15 March 2013. The article says that the Saudis are dismantling some old parts the Grand Mosque at Mecca, as part of work to make the mosque larger, and that the sites of other very old buildings in Mecca and Medina have been redevloped over the past twenty years. The article claims that many senior Wahhabis believe that preserving historic relics for their own sake is undesirable because it encourages idolatry (''shirq'').</ref><ref>{{YouTube|vpy5x7Nchck|''Saudi's Destruction Of The Islamic Heritage'', by AhleSunnaTV}}</ref> Though Salafis when told about this were as opposed to it as other Muslims.<ref>, ''Why don't more Muslims speak out against the wanton destruction of Mecca's holy sites?'', by Jerome Taylor, 28 October 2012.</ref> The Salafi movement has been linked by ] to some terrorists group around the world.<ref>, ''Statement of Marc Sageman to the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States'', 9 July 2003</ref> | |||
| ===Salafism in China=== | |||
| Salafism is opposed by a number of ] ] such as by the ], Sufi ] and ], to the extent that even the fundamentalist ] (Ikhwan) Chinese sect, founded by ] after Salafi inspiration, condemned Ma Debao and Ma Zhengqing as heretics when they attempted to introduce Salafism as the main form of Islam. Ma Debao established a Salafi school, called the ''Sailaifengye'' (Salafi) ] in ] and ]. It is completely separate from other ].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&pg=PA72&dq=ma+anliang&q=wahhabism%20ma%20debao|title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects|author=Michael Dillon|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|location=Richmond|page=208|isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Muslim Hui avoid Salafis, even if they are family members.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=b21aKLh6_KkC&pg=PA81#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Between Mecca and Beijing: modernization and consumption among urban Chinese Muslims|author=Maris Boyd Gillette|year=2000|publisher=Stanford University Press|page=81|isbn=0-8047-3694-4|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> The number of Salafis in China are not included on percentage lists of Muslim sects in China.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=imw_KFD5bsQC&pg=PA458&dq=gedimu+ikhwan#v=onepage&q=kubrawiyya%20percent%20gedimu%20hui%20ma%20tong&f=false|title=The Oxford History of Islam|author=John L. Esposito|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press US|page=749|isbn=0-19-510799-3|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> The ] Sufi Muslim General ], who backed the Yihewani (Ikhwan) Muslims, persecuted the Salafis and forced them into hiding. They were not allowed to move or worship openly. The Yihewani had become secular and Chinese nationalists; they considered the Salafiyya to be "heterodox" (''xie jiao'') and people who followed foreigners' teachings (''waidao''). After the ] took power, Salafis were allowed to worship openly again.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79&dq=ma+bufang+secret+war#v=onepage&q=ma%20bufang%20secret%20war&f=false|title=Guide to Islamist Movements|author=BARRY RUBIN|year=2000|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|page=800|isbn=0-7656-1747-1|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> | |||
| ===German government's statement on Salafism=== | |||
| German government officials<ref name="verfassungsschuetz"></ref> have stated that Salafism has a strong link to terrorism but have clarified that not all Salafists are terrorists. The statements by German government officials criticizing Salafism were televised by '']'' during April 2012.<ref></ref><ref>{{de icon}} </ref> | |||
| ==Prominent Salafi scholars by country== | |||
| {{columns |colwidth=21em | |||
| |col1 = | |||
| ; ] : {{ubl |] |] |]}} | |||
| ; ] : ] | |||
| ; ] : {{ubl |] |]}} | |||
| ; ] : {{ubl |] |] |]}} | |||
| ; ] : ] | |||
| ; ] : {{ubl |] |] |]{{dn|date=July 2014}} |] |]}} | |||
| |col2width=18em | |||
| |col2 = | |||
| ; ] : ] | |||
| ; ] : {{ubl |] |] |]}} | |||
| ; ] : ] | |||
| ; ] : ] | |||
| ; ] : ] | |||
| ; ] : ] | |||
| ; ] : ] | |||
| ; ] : {{ubl |] |] |]}} | |||
| |col3width=25em | |||
| |col3 = | |||
| ; ] : {{ubl |] |] |] |] |] |] |] |] |] |] |] |] |] |] |] |] |] |] |] |]}} | |||
| |col4 = | |||
| ; ] : ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fatwa-online.com/scholarsbiographies/15thcentury/assumaalee.htm |title=SCHOLARS BIOGRAPHIES \ 15th Century \ Shaykh Muhammad ibn 'Abdullaah as-Sumaalee |publisher=Fatwa-online.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-18}}</ref> | |||
| ; ] : {{ubl |] |] |]}} | |||
| ; ] : {{ubl |] |] |] |] |] |]}} | |||
| ; ] : {{ubl |] |]}} | |||
| ; ] : ] | |||
| ; ] : ] | |||
| }} | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{portal|Islam}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| * ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014. ISBN 1610691776 | |||
| {{Islam topics |collapsed}} | |||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 18:13, 26 August 2014
The Salafism, or Salafi methodology ,is a movement or sect within Islam that takes its name from the term salaf ("predecessors", "ancestors") used to identify the earliest Muslims, who, its adherents believe, provide the epitome of Islamic practice. The popular hadith that quotes Muhammad as saying 'The people of my own generation are the best, then those who come after them, and then those of the next generation,' is seen as a call to Muslims to follow the example of those first three generations, the salaf.
The majority of the world's Salafis are from Qatar, UAE and Saudi Arabia. 46.87% of Qataris and 44.8% of Emiratis are Salafis. 5.7% of Bahrainis are Salafis and 2.17% of Kuwaitis are Salafis.
Salafis are the "dominant minority" in Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=a+state+of+religious+minorities%2C+among+which+the+Wahhabis+r
- Have Salafis Taken Over the Muslim World and Muslim Communities, Answered by Shaykh Muhammad ibn Adam al-Kawthari, ... and only recently (in the last 30 years) has the so called Salafi sect come into existence.
- Ghazali And The Poetics Of Imagination, by Ebrahim Moosa ISBN 0-8078-5612-6 – Page 21
- salafiyya About Atheism/Agnosticism
- Lacey, Robert (2009). Inside the Kingdom, Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia. New York: Viking. p. 9.
- ^ "Demography of Religion in the Gulf". Mehrdad Izady. 2013.
