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| == Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder == | == Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder == | ||
| The Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR) is also used as a model of ] |
The Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR) is also used as a model of ]. If the animal is to be used as a model of ADHD, it is generally advised to start testing when the animals are around four weeks old (PND 28) before the onset of hypertension. | ||
| Despite the criticisms associated with using animals to research essentially human conditions, Sagvolden supported his Dynamic Developmental Theory of ADHD using research primarily done using Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. | Despite the criticisms associated with using animals to research essentially human conditions, Sagvolden supported his Dynamic Developmental Theory of ADHD using research primarily done using Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. | ||
Revision as of 12:28, 25 September 2014
Spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is an animal model of essential (or primary) hypertension, used to study cardiovascular disease. It is the most studied model of hypertension measured as number of publications . The SHR strain was obtained during the 1960s by Okamoto and colleagues, who started breeding Wistar-Kyoto rats with high blood pressure .
Pathophysiology
Hypertensive development begins around 5–6 weeks of age, reaching systolic pressures between 180 and 200 mmHg in the adult age phase. Starting between 40 and 50 weeks, SHR develops characteristics of cardiovascular disease, such as vascular and cardiac hypertrophy .
Blood pressure in SHR depends on the kidney
Hypertensive development is somehow connected to the kidney. Transplanting a kidney from SHR to a normotensive Wistar rat increases blood pressure in the recipient. Conversely, transferring a Wistar kidney to SHR normalizes blood pressure in the recipient . This also happens if transplantation takes place at young age before established hypertension in the donors , indicating a primary role for the kidney in the development of hypertension in SHR.
SHR and coping
Even though SHR is usually considered to be a purely pathological model, the strain exhibit interesting compensatory abilities. For example, kidneys transplanted from SHR to a hypertensive recipient retain better morphology than kidneys transplanted from Brown Norway , demonstrating an apithological adaptation to high blood pressure.
The stroke prone SHR
Stroke prone SHR (SHR-SP) is a further development of SHR that has even higher blood pressure than SHR and a strong tendency to die from stroke.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
The Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR) is also used as a model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. If the animal is to be used as a model of ADHD, it is generally advised to start testing when the animals are around four weeks old (PND 28) before the onset of hypertension.
Despite the criticisms associated with using animals to research essentially human conditions, Sagvolden supported his Dynamic Developmental Theory of ADHD using research primarily done using Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.
Reference strain
The reference strain to best illustrate the ADHD-like deficits of the SHR is the Sprague-Dawley. Although some argue that the deficits are only present because the Sprague-Dawley is naturally less active anyway.
Other uses
The Spontaneous Hypertensive Rat is also a model for anxiety.
See also
Animal models of ischemic stroke
References
- Pinto, Y. M., M. Paul, D. Ganten (1998). "Lessons from rat models of hypertension: from Goldblatt to genetic engineering". Cardiovasc Res. 39 (1): 77–88. doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(98)00077-7. PMID 9764191.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Okamoto, A. K.; Aoki, K (1963). "Development of a strain of spontaneously hypertensive rat". Jap Circ J. 27: 282–293. doi:10.1253/jcj.27.282. PMID 13939773.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help) - Conrad, C. H.; Brooks, WW; Hayes, JA; Sen, S; Robinson, KG; Bing, OH (January 1, 1995). "Myocardial fibrosis and stiffness with hypertrophy and heart failure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat". Circulation. 91 (1): 161–70. doi:10.1161/01.cir.91.1.161. PMID 7805198.
- Kawabe, K., T. X. Watanabe, K. Shiono, H. Sokabe. (1978). "Influence on blood pressure of renal isografts between spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats, utilizing the F1 hybrids". Jpn Heart J. 19 (6): 886–894. doi:10.1536/ihj.19.886. PMID 374777.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Rettig, R. (1993). "Does the kidney play a role in the aetiology of primary hypertension? Evidence from renal transplantation studies in rats and humans". J Hum Hypertens. 7 (2): 177–180. PMID 8510091.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help) - Churchill, P. C., W. W. Brooks, J. A. Hayes, S. Sen, K. G. Robinson, O. H. Bing. (2002). "Increased genetic susceptibility to renal damage in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat". Kidney Int. 61 (5): 1794–800. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00321.x. PMID 11967029.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)