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| :''This article is about the history of formation of Pakistan and as a country after 1947. For the history of ancient day Pakistan as a region, see ].'' | |||
| {{History of modern Pakistan}} | |||
| {{History of Pakistan}} | |||
| The history of the modern day Islamic Republic of Pakistan mainly began since the ], according to some sources from ], while ] regards it to be starting from the arrival of ] to Sindh. From 1947 until 1956, it was referred to as the ]. The country became an independent ] within the ] on 14 August 1947. Muslim League leader ] became the first ].{{cn|date=November 2014}} | |||
| ==Pakistan Movement== | |||
| {{main|Pakistan Movement}} | |||
| === Early period of Pakistan Movement === | |||
| {{Main|All-India Muslim League|Lahore Resolution}} | |||
| In 1877, ] had formed the ''Central National Muhammadan Association'' to work towards the political advancement of the Indian Muslims, who had suffered grievously in 1857, in the aftermath of the failed ] against the East India Company; the British were seen as foreign invaders. But the organization declined towards the end of the 19th century. | |||
| ] met with the Muslim delegation in June 1906. The ] of 1909 called for separate Muslim electorates.]] | |||
| In 1885, the ] was founded as a forum, which later became a party, to promote a nationalist cause.<ref name="chandra">{{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Bipan|author2=Amales Tripathi |author3=Barun De |title=Freedom struggle|publisher=National Book Trust, India|year=1972|location=New Delhi}}</ref> Although the Congress attempted to include the Muslim community in the struggle for independence from the ] - and some Muslims were very active in the Congress - the majority of Muslim leaders did not trust the party, viewing it as a "]-dominated" organization.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}<!-- <ref name="jaffrelot">{{cite book|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=A history of Pakistan and its origins|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2004|location=London|page=16|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&pg=PP1&dq=A+History+Of+Pakistan+And+Its+Origins|isbn=978-1-84331-149-2}}</ref> --> Some Muslims felt that an independent united India would inevitably be "ruled by Hindus",{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} and that there was a need to address the issue of the Muslim identity within India.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} | |||
| A turning point came in 1900, when the British administration in the ] acceded to Hindu demands and made ], written in the ] script, the official language. The ] conducted in the region by the ] of a new Hindu ] also stirred Muslim's concerns about their faith. Eventually, the Muslims feared that the Hindu majority would seek to suppress Muslim culture and religion in the region of an independent India. | |||
| === The Muslim League === | |||
| The ] was founded on 30 December 1906, in the aftermath of ], on the sidelines of the annual ] in ], ].<ref name="jalal">{{cite book|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|authorlink=Ayesha Jalal|title=The sole spokesman : Jinnah, the Muslim League, and the demand for Pakistan|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1985|location=Cambridge (UK); New York|isbn=978-0-521-24462-6}}</ref> The meeting was attended by three thousand delegates and presided over by ]. It addressed the issue of safeguarding interests of Muslims and finalised a programme. A resolution, moved by ] and seconded by ]. Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk(conservative), declared: | |||
| {{quotation|The Musalmans are only a fifth in number as compared with the total population of the country, and it is manifest that if at any remote period the British government ceases to exist in India, then the rule of India would pass into the hands of that community which is nearly four times as large as ourselves ... our life, our property, our honour, and our faith will all be in great danger, when even now that a powerful British administration is protecting its subjects, we the Musalmans have to face most serious difficulties in safe-guarding our interests from the grasping hands of our neighbors.<ref name="quaid">{{cite web|url=http://www.quaid.gov.pk/politician2.htm|title=The Statesman: The All India Muslim League|publisher=Government of Pakistan|accessdate=4 December 2007}}</ref>}} | |||
| The constitution and principles of the League were contained in the ''Green Book'', written by ]. Its goals at this stage did not include establishing an independent Muslim state, but rather concentrated on protecting Muslim liberties and rights, promoting understanding between the Muslim community and other Indians, educating the Muslim and Indian community at large on the actions of the government, and discouraging violence. However, several factors over the next thirty years, including sectarian violence, led to a re-evaluation of the League's aims.<ref name="talbot">{{cite book|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=Pakistan: a modern history|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|location=New Delhi; New York|isbn=978-0-19-565073-0}}</ref><ref name="blood">{{cite book|last=Blood|first=Peter R.|title=Pakistan: a country study|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|year=1995|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=28–29|url=http://books.google.com/?id=DRMTO7mn7hIC&pg=PA27&dq=Jinnah+1930|isbn=978-0-8444-0834-7}}</ref> Among those Muslims in the Congress who did not initially join the League was Jinnah, a prominent statesman and barrister in Bombay. This was because the first article of the League's platform was "To promote among the Mussalmans (Muslims) of India, feelings of loyalty to the British Government". | |||
| ], ].]] | |||
| In 1907, a vocal group of Hindu hard-liners within the ] movement separated from it and started to pursue a pro-Hindu movement openly. This group was spearheaded by the famous trio of ] - ], ] and ] of Punjab, Bombay and Bengal provinces respectively. Their influence spread rapidly among other like minded Hindus - they called it ] - and it became a cause of serious concern for Muslims. | |||
| However, Jinnah did not join the League until 1913, when the party changed its platform to one of Indian independence, as a reaction against the British decision to reverse the ], which the League regarded it as a betrayal of the Bengali Muslims.<ref name="hkdr1">{{cite book|last=Kulke|first=Hermann|author2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India|publisher=Barnes & Noble|year=1986|location=Totowa, New Jersey|pages=300–312|isbn=978-0-389-20670-5}}</ref> After vociferous protests of the Hindu population and violence engineered by secret groups, such as ] and its offshoot ] of ] and his brother etc., the British had decided to reunite Bengal again. Till this stage, Jinnah believed in Mutual co-operation to achieve an independent, united 'India', although he argued that Muslims should be guaranteed one-third of the seats in any Indian Parliament. | |||
| ] | |||
| The League gradually became the leading representative body of Indian Muslims. Jinnah became its president in 1916, and negotiated the ] with the Congress leader, ], by which Congress conceded the principle of ] and weighted representation for the Muslim community.<ref name="hkdr2">{{cite book|last=Kulke|first=Hermann|author2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India|publisher=Barnes & Noble|year=1986|location=Totowa, New Jersey|pages=272–273|isbn=978-0-389-20670-5}}</ref> However, Jinnah broke with the Congress in 1920 when the Congress leader, ], launched a law violating ] against the British, which a temperamentally law abiding barrister Jinnah disapproved of. Jinnah also became convinced that the Congress would renounce its support for separate electorates for Muslims, which indeed it did in 1928. In 1927, the British proposed a constitution for India as recommended by the ], but they failed to reconcile all parties. The British then turned the matter over to the League and the Congress, and in 1928 an All-Parties Congress was convened in Delhi. The attempt failed, but two more conferences were held, and at the Bombay conference in May, it was agreed that a small committee should work on the constitution. The prominent Congress leader ] headed the committee, which included two Muslims, ] and ]; Motilal's son, Pt ], was its secretary. The League, however, rejected the committee's report, the so-called ], arguing that its proposals gave too little representation (one quarter) to Muslims – the League had demanded at least one-third representation in the legislature. Jinnah announced a "parting of the ways" after reading the report, and relations between the Congress and the League began to sour. | |||
| === Muslim homeland - "''Now or Never''" === | |||
| {{main|Pakistan Declaration|Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?|United Kingdom general election, 1929 }} | |||
| ] presiding the session]] | |||
| The ] held in the ] had already weakened the leftist ] led by ] ].<ref name="Round Table Conferences"/> Furthermore, the ]'s government was already weakened by the ] of the ], which fueled new hopes for progress towards self-government in ].<ref name="Round Table Conferences"/> In fact, ] traveled to ] to press the idea of "]" in British India, and claimed to represent all Indians whilst duly criticized the ] as being sectarian and divisive.<ref name="Round Table Conferences"/> After reviewing the report of the ], the ] initiated a massive ] under ]; the ] reserved their opinion on the ] declaring that the report was not final and the matters should decided after consultations with the leaders representing all communities in India.<ref name="Round Table Conferences">{{cite web|title=Round Table Conferences|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/round-table-conferences/|work=Story of Pakistan|publisher=Round Table Conferences|accessdate=27 September 2013}}</ref> | |||
| As the leaders of the ] were jailed and restrained, the ] conference was held, but these achieved little, since Gandhi and the League were unable to reach a compromise.<ref name="Round Table Conferences"/> Witnessing the events in the ] conference, ] had despaired of politics and particularly of getting mainstream parties like the Congress to be sensitive to minority priorities. During this time in 1930, notable writer and poet, ] called for a separate and autonomous nation-state, who in his ] said that he felt that a separate Muslim state was essential in an otherwise Hindu-dominated South Asia.<ref name="aips">{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_iqbal_1930.html|title=Sir Muhammad Iqbal's 1930 Presidential Address|work=Speeches, Writings, and Statements of Iqbal|accessdate=4 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="critique">{{cite book|last=Mir|first=Mustansir|title=Iqbal|publisher=I. B. Tauris|year=2006|location=London; New York|page=138|url=http://books.google.com/?id=svYphqj8h7UC&pg=PA138&dq=Iqbal+Separate+North-west+Muslim+State:+A+Critique+of+His+Allahabad+Address+of+1930%27%27|isbn=978-1-84511-094-9}}</ref> | |||
| ] and ]'s ] idealized the merger of the ] into a ], called ].]] | |||
| The name of the ] was coined by the ]'s ] student and Muslim ] ],<ref name="dailytimes1">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_11-2-2004_pg3_6|title=The History Man: Cambridge remembers Rahmat Ali|author=Ihsan Aslam|publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan|date=11 February 2004|accessdate=4 December 2007}}</ref> and was published on 28 January 1933 in the pamphlet ].<ref name="nowornever">{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_rahmatali_1933.html|title=Now or never: Are we to live or perish for ever?|work=Pakistan Movement Historical Documents|author=Choudhary Rahmat Ali|date=28 January 1933|accessdate=4 December 2007}}</ref> After coining the name of the nation-state, Ali noticed that there is an acronym formed from the names of the "homelands" of Muslims in northwest India: | |||
| ** "'''P'''" for ] | |||
| ** "'''A'''" for ] (now known as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) | |||
| ** "'''K'''" for ] | |||
| ** "'''S'''" for ] | |||
| ** "'''Tan'''" for ]; thus forming "]". | |||
| An "'''i'''" was later added to the English rendition of the name to ease pronunciation, producing "Pakistan", by ]. In ] and ] languages, the name encapsulates the concept of ''Pak'' ("pure") and ''stan'' ("land") and hence a "Pure Land".<ref name="amphilosoc">{{cite journal|last=Brown|first=W. Norman|title=India's Pakistan Issue|journal=Proceedings|volume=91|issue=2|page=161|publisher=American Philosophical Society|date=19 October 1946|url=http://books.google.com/?id=fpWH6doabbYC&pg=PA161-IA2&dq=Rahmat+Ali|accessdate=4 December 2007|isbn=978-1-4223-8093-2}}</ref> In the 1935, the ] proposed to hand over ] to elected Indian provincial legislatures, with elections to be held in 1937.<ref name="The Communal Award">{{cite web|title=The Communal Award|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/the-communal-award/|publisher=The Communal Award|accessdate=27 September 2013}}</ref> After the elections the League took office in Bengal and Punjab, but the Congress won office in most of the other provinces, and refused to devolve power with the League in provinces with large Muslim minorities citing technical difficulties. | |||
| Meanwhile, Muslim ideologues for independence also felt vindicated by the presidential address of ] at the 19th session of the famous Hindu nationalist party ] in 1937. In it, this legendary revolutionary - popularly called ] and known as the iconic father of the Hindu fundamentalist ideology - propounded the seminal ideas of his ] or ethnic exclusivism, which influenced Jinnah profoundly. | |||
| In 1940, ] called a general session of the ] in ] to discuss the situation that had arisen due to the outbreak of the ] and the ] joining the war without consulting Indian leaders. The meeting was also aimed at analyzing the reasons that led to the defeat of the Muslim League in the general election of 1937 in the Muslim majority provinces. In his speech, Jinnah criticized the ] and the nationalists, and espoused the ] and the reasons for the demand for separate homelands.<ref name="wolpert">{{cite book|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley A.|authorlink=Stanley Wolpert|title=Jinnah of Pakistan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1984|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-503412-7}}</ref> ], the Chief Minister of ], drafted the original resolution, but disavowed the final version,<ref name="tinker">{{cite book|last=Tinker|first=Hugh|title=Men who overturned empires : fighters, dreamers, and schemers|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|year=1987|location=Madison|page=50|isbn=978-0-299-11460-2}}</ref> that had emerged after protracted redrafting by the Subject Committee of the Muslim League. The final text unambiguously rejected the concept of a United India because of increasing inter-religious violence<ref name="malik">{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad Aslam|title=The making of the Pakistan resolution|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|location=Karachi|isbn=978-0-19-579538-7}}</ref> and recommended the creation of independent states.<ref name="ahmed">{{cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Syed Iftikhar|title=Essays on Pakistan|publisher=Alpha Bravo Publishers|year=1983|location=Lahore}}</ref> The resolution was moved in the general session by ''Shere-Bangla'' ] nationalist, ], the Chief Minister of ], supported by ] and other leaders and was adopted on 23 March 1940.<ref name="resolution">{{cite web|url=http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/spedition/23march2007/index.html#b|title=Muslim's struggle for independent statehood|author=Qutubuddin Aziz|publisher=Jang Group of Newspapers|accessdate=4 December 2007}}</ref> The Resolution read as follows: | |||
| {{quotation|No constitutional plan would be workable or acceptable to the Muslims unless geographical contiguous units are demarcated into regions which should be so constituted with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary. That the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in majority as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign ... That adequate, effective and mandatory safeguards shall be specifically provided in the constitution for minorities in the units and in the regions for the protection of their religious, cultural, economic, political, administrative and other rights of the minorities, with their consultation. Arrangements thus should be made for the security of Muslims where they were in a minority.<ref name="ashop">{{cite book|last=Qureshi|first=Ishtiaq Husain|title=]|publisher=University of Karachi|year=1967|location=Karachi|authorlink=Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi}}</ref>}} | |||
| ] | |||
| In 1941, it became part of the Muslim League's constitution.<ref name="struggle">{{cite book|last=Qureshi|first=Ishtiaq Husain|title=The struggle for Pakistan|publisher=University of Karachi|year=1965|location=Karachi}}</ref> However, in early 1941, Sikandar explained to the Punjab Assembly that he did not support the final version of the resolution.<ref name="aahmadalibaxter">{{cite book|last=Ahmad|first=Syed Nur|author2=Mahmud Ali |author3=Craig Baxter |title=From martial law to martial law : politics in the Punjab, 1919–1958|publisher=Westview Press|year=1985|page=153|location=Boulder, Colorado|isbn=978-0-86531-845-8}}</ref> The sudden death of Sikandar in 1942 paved the way over the next few years for Jinnah to emerge as the recognised leader of the Muslims of South Asia.<ref name="hkdr1" /> In 1943, the ] passed a resolution demanding the establishment of a homeland.<ref name="sind">{{cite web|url=http://www.pas.gov.pk/first-las.htm|title=Legislative Assembly of Sind under Government of India Act 1935. |publisher=Provincial Assembly of Sindh|accessdate=4 December 2007}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Talks between Jinnah and Gandhi in 1944 in Bombay failed to achieve agreement and there were no more attempts to reach a single-state solution. | |||
| The ] and ] empires had been under tremendous political and military pressure during the ], and the speculations of disintegration of their colonial empires was rumored in all over the ].{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} In ], the ] had launched the ] to quelled the armed rebellion. In 1945, the ] were held which saw the leftist ] forming the government in Britain and many Indians were seeing independence within reach. But, Gandhi and Nehru were not receptive to Jinnah's proposal and were also adamantly opposed to dividing India, since they knew that the Hindus, who saw India as one indivisible entity, would never agree to such a thing.<ref name="hkdr1" /> In the ] elections of 1946, the League won 425 out of 496 seats reserved for Muslims (polling 89.2% of total votes) on a policy of creating an independent state of Pakistan, and with an implied threat of secession if this was not granted.<ref name="hkdr1" /> | |||
| By 1946, the British had neither the will, nor the financial resources or military power, to hold India any longer. Political deadlock ensued in the Constituent Assembly, and the British Prime Minister, ], sent a ] to India to mediate the situation. When the talks broke down, Attlee appointed ] as India's last viceroy, to negotiate the independence of Pakistan and India and immediate British withdrawal. | |||
| Mountbatten, of imperial blood and a world war admiral, handled the problem as a campaign. Ignorant of the complex ground realities in British India,{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} he brought forward the date of transfer of power and told Gandhi and Nehru that if they did not accept division there would be civil war in his opinion<ref name="hkdr1" /> and he would rather consider handing over power to individual provinces and the rulers of princely states. This forced the hands of Congress leaders and the "Independence of India Act 1947" provided for the two dominions of Pakistan and India to become independent on the 14 and 15 August 1947 respectively. This result was despite the calls for a third ] in the early 1940s. | |||
| === {{anchor|Independence}} Creation of Pakistan === | |||
| {{main|Indian Independence Act 1947|Independence Day (Pakistan)|Partition of India|Pakistan Movement}} | |||
| On August 1947, the ] ] the ] into two independent and sovereign countries, India and ]. Immediately after the independence, ] joined the ]. The independence of India and Pakistan created the inter-religious violence of such magnitude that exchange of population along religious lines became a necessity in each country. | |||
| More than two million people migrated across the new borders and more than one hundred thousand died in the spate of communal violence, that spread even beyond these provinces. Major violence erupted following the division of ], ], and ] which escalated into leading to the ] between ] and ]. With assistance and further ] (UN) and ]'s involvement ended the war but it became a hitherto unresolved ]. | |||
| Following the independence, the Pakistan became involved in continuous territorial disputes with ] (in east) over ] and ] and with the ] (in west) over the ]. Its ] has been characterized by authoritarian military rule and the brief democratic competition between ] conservatives and ] parties throughout its history. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist|30em}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| {{Empty section|date=November 2014}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{Pakistan topics}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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