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Revision as of 03:51, 10 May 2014 editCAWylie (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers120,766 edits Disambiguated: Luminal → Phenobarbital← Previous edit Revision as of 03:00, 13 December 2014 edit undoKeresaspa (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers19,777 edits rewrite to avoid copyvio and expand from JeffreysNext edit →
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{{Expand German|Heinrich Hörlein|date=April 2013}} {{Expand German|Heinrich Hörlein|date=April 2013}}
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{{Infobox scientist {{Infobox scientist
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'''Philipp Heinrich Hörlein''' (June 5, 1882 in ] in ] – 23 May 1954 in ]), was a German entrepreneur, scientist, lecturer, and ] ]. '''Philipp Heinrich Hörlein''' (June 5, 1882 in ] in ] – 23 May 1954 in ]), was a German entrepreneur, scientist, lecturer, and ] ].


==Life and work== ==Bayer==
Hörlein was the son of Heinrich Hörlein, a farmer, and his wife, Philippina (née Dürk).<ref name="Wollheim"></ref> He studied chemistry at ] in 1900, moving on to the ] in 1902 and graduating with his doctorate the following year.<ref name="Wollheim"/> Having completed his studies under ], he worked as his assistant until 1909 when he took a position with the ] research laboratory in ].<ref name="Wollheim"/>


Hörlein succeeded ] as the head of the pharmaceutical research laboratories at Bayer in 1911.<ref>Diarmuid Jeffreys, ''Hell's Cartel: IG Farben and the Making of Hitler's War Machine'', Bloomsbury, 2009, p. 108</ref> In this role he developed the ] ] in 1912, an important drug in the treatment of ].<ref name="Wollheim"/> In 1914 Hörlein became an authorised signatory at the company, adding a deputy directorship in 1919 before in 1921 becoming an alternate member of the managing board of the company.<ref name="Wollheim"/>
He was the son of the farmer Heinrich Hörlein and his wife, Philippina (née Dürk). After attending school in Alzey and Darmstadt, he began studying chemistry at the university in Darmstadt in 1900, and continued his studies in 1902 in Jena, where he received his doctoral degree in 1903. After that, he worked as an assistant to his dissertation advisor, Ludwig Knorr, until joining ]'s research laboratory at Elberfeld in 1909. There he was promoted rapidly: in 1911, he was entrusted with the supervision of the pharmaceutical laboratory, where he discovered the ] ] in 1912. He was made an authorized signatory in 1914, a deputy director in 1919, and an alternate member of Bayer’s managing board in 1921. After the formation of the conglomerate ], he was made an alternate member of the managing board here as well in 1926, as head of pharmaceutical research in Elberfeld. The same year, the University of Munich awarded him an honorary medical degree and the title Dr. med. h.c.

==IG Farben and the Nazis==
In 1925 the conglomerate ] was established, bringing together Bayer and several other chemical companies. Hörlein was also an alternate member of the new company's managing board and in 1926 was made the head of their pharmaceutical research department.<ref name="Wollheim"/>

He joined the ] in June 1934, one of a number of leading figures at IG Farben to take out party membership once Hitler came to power.<ref>Jeffreys, ''Hell's Cartel'', p. 152</ref> The previous year he had almost fallen foul of the Nazis when he campaigned against ]'s law banning testing on animals, something Hörlein considered essential to his research. He was eventually able to secure a partial lifting of the ban.<ref>Jeffreys, ''Hell's Cartel'', p. 159</ref>

Although he was not responsible for developing the powerful nerve agent ] (it had been developed by ]), Hörlein was the one who recognised its potential value as a weapon of war and passed on information about the discovery to the ].<ref>Jeffreys, ''Hell's Cartel'', p. 188</ref> Hörlein sat on the ] of the ''Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Schadlingsbekampfung'', an IG Farben subsidiary company largely concerned with the production of ]. He was regularly privy to the sales figures for the gas and was fully aware of the company's close relationship to the extermination camps.<ref>Jeffreys, ''Hell's Cartel'', p. 275</ref> He also regularly received detailed reports of the experiments on humans carried out by ], who purchased most of his subjects from the concentration camps.<ref>Jeffreys, ''Hell's Cartel'', pp. 277-278</ref>

Towards the end of the war Hörlein, sensing that a German defeat was imminent, moved his operations to ] and began to maintain a much lower profile.<ref>Jeffreys, ''Hell's Cartel'', p. 293</ref>

==Post-war==
As a member of the managing board of the company he was one of those to face charges at the ].<ref>Jeffreys, ''Hell's Cartel'', p. 317</ref> Ultimately he was acquitted and released.<ref>Jeffreys, ''Hell's Cartel'', p. 339</ref> He returned to Leverkusen, where he took up a place on the board at Bayer.<ref>Jeffreys, ''Hell's Cartel'', pp. 347-348</ref>


==Footnotes== ==Footnotes==
{{refbegin}} {{Reflist}}
* http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/philipp_heinrich_hoerlein_18821954
{{refend}}


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Revision as of 03:00, 13 December 2014

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Philipp Heinrich Hörlein
Trial in Nurnberg
Born(1882-06-05)5 June 1882
Wendelsheim, Rhenish Hesse, German Empire
Died23 May 1954(1954-05-23) (aged 71)
Wuppertal, Germany
CitizenshipGerman
Alma materAlzey
University of Darmstadt
Known for
  • discovered the soporific Luminal in 1912.
ChildrenJohann Sebastian Hörlein (1871-1908)
Awardsstate medal For Services to Public Health ( Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) (1932)
Scientific career
FieldsChemistry
InstitutionsBayer, IG Farben

Philipp Heinrich Hörlein (June 5, 1882 in Wendelsheim in Rhenish Hesse – 23 May 1954 in Wuppertal), was a German entrepreneur, scientist, lecturer, and Nazi Wehrwirtschaftsführer.

Bayer

Hörlein was the son of Heinrich Hörlein, a farmer, and his wife, Philippina (née Dürk). He studied chemistry at Technische Universität Darmstadt in 1900, moving on to the University of Jena in 1902 and graduating with his doctorate the following year. Having completed his studies under Ludwig Knorr, he worked as his assistant until 1909 when he took a position with the Bayer research laboratory in Elberfeld.

Hörlein succeeded Arthur Eichengrün as the head of the pharmaceutical research laboratories at Bayer in 1911. In this role he developed the soporific Luminal in 1912, an important drug in the treatment of epilepsy. In 1914 Hörlein became an authorised signatory at the company, adding a deputy directorship in 1919 before in 1921 becoming an alternate member of the managing board of the company.

IG Farben and the Nazis

In 1925 the conglomerate IG Farben was established, bringing together Bayer and several other chemical companies. Hörlein was also an alternate member of the new company's managing board and in 1926 was made the head of their pharmaceutical research department.

He joined the Nazi Party in June 1934, one of a number of leading figures at IG Farben to take out party membership once Hitler came to power. The previous year he had almost fallen foul of the Nazis when he campaigned against Herman Goering's law banning testing on animals, something Hörlein considered essential to his research. He was eventually able to secure a partial lifting of the ban.

Although he was not responsible for developing the powerful nerve agent tabun (it had been developed by Gerhard Schrader), Hörlein was the one who recognised its potential value as a weapon of war and passed on information about the discovery to the Wehrmacht. Hörlein sat on the vorstand of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Schadlingsbekampfung, an IG Farben subsidiary company largely concerned with the production of Zyklon B. He was regularly privy to the sales figures for the gas and was fully aware of the company's close relationship to the extermination camps. He also regularly received detailed reports of the experiments on humans carried out by Helmuth Vetter, who purchased most of his subjects from the concentration camps.

Towards the end of the war Hörlein, sensing that a German defeat was imminent, moved his operations to Leverkusen and began to maintain a much lower profile.

Post-war

As a member of the managing board of the company he was one of those to face charges at the IG Farben trial. Ultimately he was acquitted and released. He returned to Leverkusen, where he took up a place on the board at Bayer.

Footnotes

  1. ^ Wollheim Memorial
  2. Diarmuid Jeffreys, Hell's Cartel: IG Farben and the Making of Hitler's War Machine, Bloomsbury, 2009, p. 108
  3. Jeffreys, Hell's Cartel, p. 152
  4. Jeffreys, Hell's Cartel, p. 159
  5. Jeffreys, Hell's Cartel, p. 188
  6. Jeffreys, Hell's Cartel, p. 275
  7. Jeffreys, Hell's Cartel, pp. 277-278
  8. Jeffreys, Hell's Cartel, p. 293
  9. Jeffreys, Hell's Cartel, p. 317
  10. Jeffreys, Hell's Cartel, p. 339
  11. Jeffreys, Hell's Cartel, pp. 347-348

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