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| {{About||the 2008 Canadian documentary film|Air India 182 (film)}} | |||
| {{EngvarB|date=July 2014}} | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}} | |||
| {{Infobox aircraft occurrence | |||
| |occurrence_type=Bombing | |||
| |name = Air India Flight 182 | |||
| |image = 1985-06-10 VT-EFO Air India EGLL.jpg{{!}}border | |||
| |image_size = 295px | |||
| |caption = Picture taken of the aircraft involved, VT-EFO, landing at ] on 10 June 1985, two weeks before its destruction. | |||
| |date = {{start-date|df=yes|23 June 1985}} | |||
| |type = Aviation ] | |||
| |outcome = Breakup | |||
| |cause1 = Explosion | |||
| |cause2 = Aviator terrorism | |||
| |cause2_note = bomb | |||
| |site = Atlantic Ocean, south of Ireland | |||
| |passengers = 307 | |||
| |crew = 21 | |||
| |fatalities = 328 (all) | |||
| |injuries = 0 | |||
| |survivors = 0 | |||
| |aircraft_type = ] | |||
| |tail_number = {{airreg|VT|EFO|disaster}} | |||
| |aircraft_name = '']'' | |||
| |origin = {{nowrap|]}}<br />], Canada | |||
| |stopover = ]<br />London, United Kingdom | |||
| |destination = ]<br />New Delhi, India | |||
| |operator = ] | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Air India Flight 182''' was an ] flight operating on the ]–London–] route. On 23 June 1985, this ] (c/n 21473/330, reg VT-EFO){{spaced ndash}}was destroyed by a bomb at an altitude of {{convert|31000|ft|m}}. It crashed into the Atlantic Ocean while in Irish ]. It was the first bombing of a 747 jumbo jet. A total of 329 people were killed, including 268 Canadian citizens, 27 Britons, and 24 Indians.<ref name="The Victims"/> The majority of the victims were Canadian citizens of Indian ancestry. The incident was the largest ] in Canadian history.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/airindia/bombing.html |title=The Bombing of Air India Flight 182 |publisher=CBC News Online |date=25 September 2006 |accessdate=23 June 2012 |deadurl=yes}} {{Dead link|date=September 2013|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> The bombing of Air India 182 occurred at the same time as the ]. Investigators believe that the two plots were linked, and that the group responsible was aiming for a double-bombing. However, the bomb at Narita exploded before it could be loaded onto the plane. | |||
| Canadian law enforcement determined that the main suspects in the bombing were members of the ] group ]. The attack is thought to have been a retaliation against India for the operation carried out by the Indian Army ] to flush out several hundred Sikh who were within the premises of the ] and the surrounding structures ordered by the ], headed by Prime Minister ]. Though a handful of members were arrested and tried, ], a Canadian national, remains the only person legally convicted of involvement in the bombing. Singh pleaded guilty in 2003 to manslaughter. He was sentenced to 15 years in prison for building the bombs that exploded aboard Flight 182 and at ].<ref name="dowd"/> | |||
| The subsequent investigation and prosecution lasted almost twenty years and was the most expensive trial in Canadian history, costing nearly ]130 million. | |||
| The ] in 2006 appointed the former ] Justice ] to conduct a commission of inquiry. His report was completed and released on 17 June 2010. It concluded that a "cascading series of errors" by the ], the ] (RCMP), and the ] (CSIS) had allowed the terrorist attack to take place.<ref name="Inquiry completed"/> | |||
| ==Background and motivation== | |||
| Most official accounts place responsibility for the attack on ]. Tensions between ] and ] and other groups date to before the ] in 1947. The Sikh communities suffered much death, violence and hardship following the partition, as did other religious groups. The partition created Pakistan and India. | |||
| The state of ] was divided between India and Pakistan. Later, the ] arose to create another Sikh homeland in the Punjab region of India and Pakistan; it referred to the 19th-century ]. | |||
| Canada's ] had followed members of the Khalistan movement in Canada since 1974, but did not consider it to be a threat until 1981. Sikh immigration to Canada had begun before the early 1900s. Early immigrants often suffered discrimination in British Columbia.<ref name="target"/> | |||
| During the 1970s, during and following the widespread deaths and social disruption due to the ] of 1971, many new Sikh refugees emigrated to Canada. These included men who became the leaders and members of the ], such as Talwinder Singh Parmar, Ajaib Singh Bagri, Ripudaman Singh Malik and Inderjit Singh Reyat. By the 1980s, the area around ] had become the largest center of Sikh population outside India. They carried with them rivalries and sectarian tensions from India and Pakistan.<ref name="US to freeze assets of Babbar Khalsa, Intl Sikh Youth Federation Anita Inder Singh Jun 28, 2002"/> | |||
| The Babbar Khalsa in its current form developed from the violent clash between the rival ] and ] (AKJ) sects on the festival of '']'' in India on 13 April 1978, where thirteen Sikhs were killed. The founders of this ] group vowed to avenge the deaths of Sikhs. Talwinder Singh Parmar led the militant wing of AKJ, which became the Babbar Khalsa, to "punish" the Nirankaris. They had been cleared by the Punjab government of wrongdoing. On 24 April 1980 ], the ''Baba'' (head) of the Nirankaris, was killed; Babbar Khalsa claimed responsibility for the assassination.<ref name="The Sikhs of the Punjab By J. S. Grewal"/> | |||
| On 19 November 1981, Parmar was among the militants who escaped from a shootout in which two Punjab Police officers were gunned down outside the house of Amarjit Singh Nihang in ]. This added to the notoriety of Babbar Khalsa and its leader. He went to Canada.<ref name="tribuneindia"/> In 1982, India issued a warrant for Parmar's arrest for six charges of murder stemming from the killing of the police officers.<ref name="stewart"/> India notified Canada that Parmar was a wanted terrorist in 1981 and asked for his extradition in 1982. Canada denied the request in July 1982.<ref name="www1"/> | |||
| After an ] alert, Parmar was arrested while attempting to enter Germany. Germany chose to handle the case locally rather than hand him over to India. Parmar went on a hunger strike to win his religious right to wear a turban and have vegetarian meals in the ] jail. After India received information that Parmar had made assassination threats against ], they found that Germany had decided that the evidence was weak. They had expelled Parmar and released him to Canada on June 1984 after nearly a year in jail.<ref name="IMPLEMENTATION OF UNSC RESOLUTION 1373: A Farce by B. Raman"/> | |||
| On 3–6 June 1984, the Khalistan movement was sparked into action as ] Indira Gandhi ordered ], the storming of the ].<ref name="Operation BlueStar, 20 Years On"/> Militants led by ] (who was killed in the attack) had amassed weapons in the ], the militants demanded that Sikhs not be treated as second class citizens in India<ref>{{cite book|last=Misra|first=Madhu|title=Politics of regionalism in India: with special reference to Punjab|year=1988|publisher=Deep & Deep Publication|isbn=9788171000210|page=171}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Joshi|first=Chand|title=Bhindranwale, myth and reality|year=1984|publisher=Vikas|isbn=9780706926941|page=88}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Tiwari|first=Shreesh|title=Terrorism in India|year=1990|publisher=South Asian Publishers|isbn=9788170031246|page=136}}</ref> and demanded equality through changes in the Indian constitution<ref>{{cite book|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|title=India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy|year=2011|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=9780330540209|page=558}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Deol|first=Harnik|title=Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780203402269|page=102}}</ref> or otherwise the creation of a Sikh state, Khalistan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mehta|first=Ved|title=Rajiv Gandhi and Rama's Kingdom|year=1996|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=9780300068580|page=40}}</ref> Some independent estimates of the death toll of the operation ran as high as 1500 civilian deaths, which led to an uproar amongst Sikhs worldwide. On 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was ] by two of her ]. In retaliation, ], guided by certain ] members, killed thousands of Sikhs in India.<ref name="Sikh Genocide 1984"/> | |||
| Shortly after Blue Star, Parmar visited the auto mechanic and electrician Inderjit Singh Reyat, who lived in ], a small community north of Victoria on Vancouver Island. He asked him to construct a bomb; Reyat later claimed he had no idea what it would be used for. Reyat asked various people in the community about dynamite, saying he wanted to remove tree stumps on his property.<ref name="ctv.ca"/> Reyat also discussed explosives with a co-worker, while expressing anger at the Indian government and Indira Gandhi in particular.<ref name="crown-malik-bargri"/> | |||
| Later that year, ] accompanied Parmar as his right-hand man in the armed struggle against the Indian government. Bagri worked as a forklift driver at a sawmill near the town of ]. He was known as a powerful preacher in the Indo-Canadian community.<ref name="www2"/> The pair travelled across Canada to rally Sikhs to the cause of avenging the attack on the Golden Temple. They used the meetings as fundraisers for Babbar Khalsa. A former head priest in Hamilton testified that Bagri said, "the Indian Government is our enemy, the same way the Hindu society is our enemy."<ref name="tribuneindia3"/> Bagri told a congregation, "Get your weapons ready so we can take revenge against the Indian Government".<ref name="tribuneindia3"/> | |||
| Bagri called for action: | |||
| <blockquote> | |||
| We are slaves in ]. Our brothers and sisters are being killed and so we have to stand up for ourselves. Nobody's going to help us. So to make our own state we need an army, we need ammunition, we need rifles to fight with the Indian Government to make our own state, Khalistan"<ref name="tribuneindia3"/> | |||
| </blockquote> | |||
| === Bagri speech === | |||
| On 28 July 1984, the founding convention of the ] (WSO) was held at ] in New York City. The WSO's constitution was committed to diplomacy and non-violence, and it said the organisation would "strive for an | |||
| independent Sikh homeland by peaceful means." Though Parmar was blocked at the border (he had been put under 24-hour watch), Bagri gave an hour-long speech at the convention. | |||
| He said, "until we kill 50,000 Hindus, we will not rest," before an enraged crowd of 4,000 people; this statement was quoted against him at his later trial.<ref name="Soft Target"/> Bagri defended hijackers who had forced the 'hated' Indian government into negotiations with the Sikh leadership, and was critical of Gandhian non-violence. "We are to die in the battlefield, fighting, by sacrificing ourselves. To die such a death, which is the mission of the Khalsa, is our religion".<ref name="Bagri Called for the Death of 50,000 Hindus By ROBERT MATAS The Globe and Mail, Dec. 3, 2003"/> Militant Islamic Kashmiri and Afghan rebels also were invited to the rally.<ref name="The Sorrow and the Terror"/> An Afghan '']'' agreed, "we will bring together all movements against India because India allies itself with the ]." (At the time, the ] was underway, and many foreign mujahideen had gone there to help the Muslims.) | |||
| A professional translator testified that Bagri's speech in Punjabi had been distorted by failing to understand "its context within Sikh history and literature;" he denied that Bagri had urged Sikhs to take revenge against all Hindus. He conceded that Bagri was trying to "inflame passions and arouse national pride".<ref name="Bagri supported A-I hijacking: Witness Bagri supported A-I hijacking: Witness July 08, 2004"/> | |||
| == Plot preparations == | |||
| In late 1984, at least two informers reported to authorities on the first abortive plot to bomb Air India Flight 182, which flew out of Montreal's ] at that time. In August 1984, the known criminal Gerry Boudreault claimed that Talwinder Parmar showed him a suitcase stuffed with $200,000, payment to plant a bomb. He decided, "I had done some bad things in my time, done my time in jail, but putting a bomb on a plane … not me. I went to the police."<ref name="In Depth Air India Evidence – Part 1 Plotted in plain sight?"/> In September, in an attempt to get his sentence for theft and fraud reduced, Harmail Singh Grewal of Vancouver told the ] (CSIS) and the ] (RCMP) of the plot to bomb the flight from Montreal. Both reports were dismissed as unreliable.<ref name="In Depth Air India Evidence – Part 1 Plotted in plain sight?"/> | |||
| The moderate Sikh ] had spoken out against violence by Sikh extremists. In retaliation, he was attacked on February 1985 by an assailant wielding an iron bar. His skull was broken and he required 80 stitches in his head. On 5 March 1985, Canada's CSIS domestic intelligence agency obtained a court order to place Parmar under surveillance for one year, just three months before the bombing. Although the Babbar Khalsa had not yet been officially banned, the ] stated, it "is a Sikh terrorist group now established in Canada", "has claimed responsibility for more than forty assassinations of moderate Sikhs and other persons in the Punjab," and "penned its name to threatening letters ... high officials in India".<ref name="from affidavit of CSIS Deputy Director Archie Barr, March 1985"/><ref name="Request for wiretap"/> The affidavit said that on 15 July 1984, Parmar urged the Coach Temple congregation of ], to "unite, fight and kill" to avenge the attack on the Golden Temple.<ref name="from affidavit of CSIS Deputy Director Archie Barr, March 1985"/><ref name="Request for wiretap"/> | |||
| === Explosives and clocks === | |||
| In April 1985, a Canadian familiar with blasting was asked by Reyat how much dynamite it would take to blow up a tree stump. Another friend who listened in recalled that Reyat was very agitated about "getting even for the sacrilege at ], he was almost talking like ]."<ref name="Sun2003"/> Reyat was not shy about telling everyone he knew around Duncan about the need for revenge, or asking about explosives. Reyat sought cases of dynamite and did not care if he had to pay three times the normal price. He eventually confided it was not about stumps, but "trouble in the old country", that he needed "explosives to help my countrymen."<ref name=Sun2003/> One friend declined to get him dynamite, but did lend him a 400-page manual on mining with explosives.<ref name=Sun2003/> | |||
| On 8 May 1985, Reyat bought a Micronta digital automobile clock at the ] store in Duncan.<ref name="1985 Radio Shack Catalog p. 147 Fluorescent Car Clock with 24-Hour Alarm"/> Designed for a 12 volt automobile electrical system, it could also be powered by a 12 volt lantern battery. The 24-hour alarm activated a buzzer, but he returned a week later for an electrical relay after asking how to get the buzzer signal to power another device. Wiretappers recorded nine telephone calls between Parmar's residence in Vancouver and Reyat from either his residence or workplace on Vancouver Island that month, which got Reyat added to the list of persons being monitored for terrorist activities.<ref name="portrait"/> The Canadian government would later accuse Reyat of lying in 2003 when at first he said he did not know what three clocks he had bought could be used for. He later said Parmar needed an explosive device to blow up a bridge or something large in India, and that he needed timers for an explosive device. In that case, the relay could be used to trigger the detonator circuit for a ] which would provide the initial shock needed to detonate larger explosives such as dynamite.<ref name="ctv.ca"/><ref name="crown-malik-bargri"/> | |||
| Reyat later visited a television repair shop with a partially disassembled car clock wired to a lantern battery. He needed help so that the buzzer stayed on rather than intermittently beeping, so that it would turn on a light in his camper to wake him up. The repairman knew his friend did not own a camper, and it would even strike Justice J. Raymond Paris at Reyat's 1991 trial as an odd use for a timer.<ref name="11 Feb. 2003: Killer of 329 makes deal for 5-year sentence Kim Bolan, Vancouver Sun Published: Tuesday, February 11, 2003"/> | |||
| === Bomb tests === | |||
| By mid-May, Reyat had gone into the woods to test a device with a 12-volt battery, cardboard cylinder, gunpowder, and some dynamite, but the device failed to work.<ref name="sorrow"/> The wooded area was in proximity to Duncan and ].<ref>Smith, Charlie. "" (). '']''. November 14, 2013. Retrieved on November 22, 2014. ""Reading all these pages of documents, over 17,000 pages of documents from the Air India inquiry alone, I begin to see this phrase repeated all the time: in the woods outside of Duncan, in the woods outside of Duncan," she said. "And that phrase, still to this day, fills me with dread—in the woods outside of Duncan. And it took me a long time to realize that the woods are outside of Paldi.""</ref> Later, Reyat acquired between six and eight sticks of dynamite "to blow up unidentified stumps if need be in the future" from a Duncan well driller after visiting his house to fix a truck. He also obtained a few blasting caps days later. On 31 May 1985, Reyat brought his timer, attached to a ], into his shop so that his fellow employee at Duncan Auto Marine Electric could help him fix it for a friend, but he returned the radio after it did not work properly. | |||
| On 4 June, CSIS agents Larry Lowe and Lynn Macadams followed Parmar and a "youthful man"<ref name=jiwa/> (identified only as "Mr. X", "Third Man" or "Unknown Male") as they went from Parmar's house to the ] Ferry Terminal, rode the Nanaimo-bound ferry, and visited Reyat at his home and shop at Auto Marine Electric. The three drove to a deserted bush area, where Reyat was observed taking an object into the woods. Staying out of sight, the agents, who did not bring a camera, only heard an explosion which sounded like a "loud gunshot".{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} Later tests showed it could also have been an explosion, and later searches turned up remnants of an aluminium "electrical blasting cap".<ref name="SIRC Brief" /> J.S. Warren, director-general of counter-terrorism at CSIS, would later ask on 16 July 1986 why they did not ask the police to stop and question the suspects, or search the vehicle, which might have deterred the bombing plot.<ref name="CBC New: Evidence"/> | |||
| The next day, Reyat purchased a large Sanyo component tuner, model FMT 611 K, at Woolworths, and left his name and telephone number on the charge slip, which was later found in a search of his home. Reyat also bought smokeless gunpowder from a sporting goods store, signing "I. Reyat" on the explosives log. Study of debris from the Narita explosion would eventually show the bomb had been housed inside a Sanyo tuner with a serial number matching a model sold only in British Columbia, and used a Micronta clock as a timer which powered a relay with an ] 12-volt battery to trigger blasting caps to set off a high explosive consistent with sticks of dynamite,<ref name="portrait"/> all matching items purchased by Reyat. This would lead to his eventual conviction.<ref name="portrait"/> As late as 2010, Reyat admitted only to buying and assembling some parts, but denied he ever made a bomb, knew what the bomb was to be used for, who was behind any plot, or that he ever asked or knew the name of the man who he said stayed in his house for a week completing construction of the explosive device after his device failed.<ref name="Kanishka bombmaker Inderjit Reyat found guilty of perjury Sep 19, 2010"/> | |||
| On 9 June 1985, a police informer in Hamilton reported that Parmar and Bagri had visited the Malton Sikh Temple, warning the faithful that "it would be unsafe" to fly Air India.<ref name="www4"/> Vancouver police also monitored militants 11 days before the bombing. A leader of the ] complained that no Indian consuls or ambassadors had yet been killed, but the response was, "You will see. something will be done in two weeks".<ref name="Evidence – Part 2 Plotted in plain sight? Updated April 30, 2007 Terry Milewski, CBC News"/> | |||
| === Tickets === | |||
| The suspects in the bombing used pay phones and talked in code. Translators' notes of wiretapped conversations include the following exchange between Talwinder Parmar and a follower named Hardial Singh Johal on 20 June 1985, the day the tickets were purchased: | |||
| :Parmar: Did you write the story? | |||
| :Johal: {{Not a typo|No, I didn't}}. | |||
| :Parmar: Do that work first.<ref name="Scanned Document"/> | |||
| This conversation appears to be an order from Parmar to book the airline tickets.<ref name="Sikh politics in Canada"/> It is believed that "writing the story" referred to purchasing the tickets; afterward, Johal phoned Parmar back and asked if he could "come over and read the story he asked for", to which Parmar agreed.<ref name="scan"/> | |||
| Moments after the wiretapped conversation, at 01:00 ], a man calling himself "Mr. Singh" made reservations for two flights on 22 June: one for "Jaswant Singh" to fly from ] to Toronto on ] (CP) Flight 086 and one for "Mohinderbel Singh" to fly from Vancouver to Tokyo on Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 003 and connect to ] to ]. At 02:20 GMT on the same day, another call changed the reservation in the name of "Jaswant Singh" from CP 086 to CP 060, also flying from Vancouver to Toronto. The caller further requested to be put on the waiting list for AI 181 from Toronto to Montreal and AI 182 from Montreal to Bombay. The next day, at 19:10 GMT, a man wearing a turban paid for the two tickets with $3,005 in cash at a CP ticket office in Vancouver. The names on the reservations were changed: "Jaswant Singh" became "M. Singh" and "Mohinderbel Singh" became "L. Singh". The reservation and purchase of these tickets together would be used as evidence to link the two flights to one plot, despite some claims that it was only a coincidence. | |||
| One telephone number left as a contact was Vancouver's Ross Street Sikh temple. The other number became one of the first leads tracked by investigators, and was traced to Hardial Singh Johal, a janitor at a Vancouver high school.<ref name="tragedies"/><ref name="gnm"/> Johal was an avid follower of ], and thus closely scrutinised in the investigation following the ] bombing. He was alleged to have stored the suitcase explosives in the basement of a Vancouver school and to have purchased the tickets for the flights on which the bombs were placed. Mandip Singh Grewal recounted how he saw and recognised Johal as his school's janitor when he said goodbye to his father, one of the Flight 182 victims, at the airport on the day of the bombing.<ref name="Terror of Air India Flight 182 comes to small screen"/> | |||
| Reyat went to work on 21 June. Phone records show he called Johal at 7:17 pm. A witness whose name was protected testified that Bagri asked to borrow her car the night before the bombing to take some suitcases to the airport, though he himself would not be flying with them.<ref name="Air India trial focus shifts to Bagri December 2, 2003 CBC News"/> | |||
| == Bombings == | |||
| On 22 June 1985, at 13:30 GMT, a man calling himself "Manjit Singh" (checked in as M. Singh) called to confirm his reservations on Air India Flight 181/182. He was told he was still wait-listed, and was offered alternative arrangements, which he declined. At 15:50 GMT (7:50 am), M. Singh checked into a busy line of 30 people for the CP flight from Vancouver to Toronto, which was scheduled to leave at 9:18 am. He asked agent Jeannie Adams to check his dark brown, hard-sided ] suitcase, and have it transferred to Air India Flight 181 and then to Flight 182 to India. The agent initially refused his request to inter-line the baggage since his seat from Toronto to ] and from Montreal to ] was unconfirmed. He insisted, but the agent again rebuffed him, telling him, "Your ticket doesn't read that you're confirmed" and "we're not supposed to check your baggage through." The man said, "Wait, I'll get my brother for you." As he started to walk away, she relented and agreed to accept the bag, but told him he would have to check in again with Air India in Toronto. After the crash, Adams would realise this deception got the bag on its way to Flight 182. The anxious man was never identified.<ref name="Agent recalls checking fateful Air India bag"/><ref name="Death of Flight 182"/> At 16:16 GMT (9:18 am),{{Clarify|pre-text=16 or 18 minutes past the hour? |date=May 2011}} Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 60 to ] departed without Singh.<ref name="BBC puzzle"/> | |||
| Reyat would later testify that he travelled by ferry from Duncan to Vancouver that morning to work on his brother's truck. Phone records show someone called from his residence in Duncan to Johal's number at 10:50 am and 4:00 pm later that day. Reyat was seen in the company of another East Indian man at the Auto Marine Electric store in ], near Parmar's house, between 10:00 am and 11:30 am. He bought two 12 volt batteries similar to the one used in the explosive device tested in the woods, and they were to fit into a special metal bracket he had brought with him.<ref name="sun"/> Constable Clark-Marlowe later believed there was "ample time for Inderjit Sing Reyat to obtain the batteries at the Auto Marine Electric limited store in Burnaby, incorporate the batteries in the assembly of an explosive device and then have the device transported in a suitcase to the Vancouver airport".{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} | |||
| Sometime before 20:22 GMT (1:22 pm), L. Singh (also never identified) checked in for the 1:37 CP Air Flight 003 to Tokyo with one piece of luggage, which was to be transferred to ] to Bangkok.<ref name="CBC News Online March 15, 2005"/> However, L. Singh did not board the flight.<ref name="BBC puzzle"/> | |||
| At 20:22 GMT, Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 60 arrived in Toronto twelve minutes late. Some of the passengers and baggage, including the bag Singh had checked in, were transferred to Air India Flight 182. In response to threats from Sikh activists, Air India had requested extra security, leading Canada to assign extra policemen in terminals in Toronto and Montreal, and all baggage was to be checked by X-ray or by hand.<ref name="nytimes"/> But after the x-ray machine broke down that day, inspectors used a portable PDD-4 explosive sniffer. An Air India security officer had demonstrated that it made a loud scream when a lit match was held an inch away, and showed that it should be used around the edge of the bag being tested. Between 5:15 and 6:00, the sniffer was heard to beep at a soft-sided maroon suitcase with a zipper going all around; it beeped in a low volume near the zipper lock. But Air India was not informed since checkers were not instructed on how to react to only a short beep, and they allowed the bag pass on its way. Later investigation would determine that the two containers that could have contained M. Singh's bag were placed close to the sensitive electronic bay of the aircraft.<ref name="explosive"/><ref name="flight182"/> | |||
| At 00:15 GMT on 23 June, Air India Flight 181, a Boeing 747-237B named "Emperor ]", departed ] for ]. The aircraft was an hour and 40 minutes late because a "]" (a spare engine) was installed under the aircraft below the left wing to be flown to India for repairs. Some of the parts had to be stored in the rear cargo compartment. | |||
| The plane arrived in Montréal-Mirabel International Airport at 01:00 GMT. There, it became Flight 182.<ref name=Kirpalaip31>Kirpal, p. 31. "Air India Boeing 747 aircraft VT-EFO 'Kanisha' was operating flight AI-181 (Bombay-Delhi-Frankfurt-Toronto-Montreal) on 22nd June, 1985. From Montreal it becomes AI-182 from Mirabel to Heathrow Airport, London enroute to Delhi and Bombay."</ref> Flight 182 departed for ], en route to ], Delhi, and ], Bombay. 329 people were on board: 307 passengers and 22 crew. Captain Hanse Singh Narendra served as the commander,<ref name="Jumbo crashes killing 325"/> with Captain Satwinder Singh Bhinder as the ]<ref name="tribuneindia5"/> and Dara Dumasia as the ].<ref name="Special Report: Air India Flight 182"/> Many of the passengers were going to visit families and friends.<ref name="explosive"/> | |||
| At 07:14:01 GMT, the crew of the Boeing 747 "squawked 2005"<ref name="Aviation_safety_network_cvr_ai182"/> (a routine activation of its ]) as requested by ] Air Traffic Control (ATC), then disappeared. A bomb in a ] tuner<ref name="Portrait of a bomber"/> in a suitcase in the forward cargo hold had exploded while the plane was at {{convert|31000|ft}} at {{Coord|51|3.6|N|12|49|W|type:landmark_scale:10000000|display=inline,title}}.<ref name="publicsafety"/> It caused ] and the break-up of the aircraft in mid-air. The wreckage settled in 6,700 feet (2,000 m) deep water off the south-west Irish coast, 120 miles (190 km) offshore of ]. No "]" call was received by Shannon ATC. ATC asked aircraft in the area to try to contact Air India, to no avail. By 07:30:00 GMT, ATC had declared an emergency and requested nearby cargo ships and the ] vessel ] to look out for the aircraft. | |||
| ] presented to the citizens of ], Ireland by the ] for the residents' kindness and compassion to the families of the victims of Air India Flight 182.]] | |||
| The second bag, checked in by L. Singh, went on Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 003 from ] to Tokyo. There were no x-ray inspections of luggage on this flight.<ref name="explosive"/> Its target was ], due to leave with 177 passengers and crew bound for ], but 55 minutes before the Flight 182 bombing, it ] at the terminal in ]. Two Japanese baggage handlers were killed and four other people were injured.<ref name="Key witness was spurred to get information: defence"/> | |||
| ==Recovery of wreckage and bodies== | |||
| By 09:13 GMT, the cargo ship ''Laurentian Forest'' discovered wreckage of the aircraft and many bodies floating in the water. India's civil aviation minister announced the possibility that the plane had been destroyed by a bomb, and the cause was probably some sort of explosion.<ref name="nytimes6"/> Previous 747s had been damaged or destroyed on the ground, but this was the first jumbo jet downed by sabotage.<ref name="nytimes7"/> | |||
| The bomb killed all 22 crew and 307 passengers. 132 bodies were recovered; 197 were lost at sea. Eight bodies exhibited "flail pattern" injuries, indicating that they had exited the aircraft before it hit the water. This was a sign that the aircraft had broken up in mid-air. Twenty-six bodies showed signs of ] (lack of oxygen). Twenty-five, mostly victims who were seated near windows, showed signs of ]. Twenty-three had signs of "injuries from a vertical force". Twenty-one passengers were found with little or no clothing.<ref name="MedicalReports"/> | |||
| One official quoted in the report stated, "All victims have been stated in the PM reports to have died of multiple injuries. Two of the dead, one infant and one child, are reported to have died of ]. There is no doubt about the asphyxial death of the infant. In the case of the other child (Body No 93) there was some doubt because the findings could also be caused due to the child undergoing tumbling or spinning with the anchor point at the ankles. Three other victims undoubtedly died of ]ing."<ref name="ntsb"/> | |||
| Additional evidence to support a bombing was retrieved from the broken up aircraft which lay on the sea bed at a depth of {{convert|6700|ft}}.<ref name="airdisaster"/> The British vessel '']'', equipped with sophisticated ], and the French cable-laying vessel '']'', with its ] ] ''Scarab'', were dispatched to locate the ] (FDR) and ] (CVR) boxes. The boxes would be difficult to find and it was imperative that the search commence quickly. By 4 July, the ''Guardline Locator'' detected signals on the sea bed. On 9 July, ''Scarab'' pinpointed the CVR and raised it to the surface. The next day, the FDR was also located and recovered. | |||
| ===Victims=== | |||
| The casualty list is provided by the ].<ref name="The Victims"/> The victims included 268 Canadians, 27 Britons, and 24 Indians.<ref>Shah, Sabir. "." '']''. Saturday October 19, 2013. Retrieved on November 13, 2014.</ref> | |||
| {| class="sortable wikitable" | |||
| |- style="background:#ccf;" | |||
| !|Country|||Passengers|||Crew|||Total{{fact|date=October 2014}} | |||
| |- style="vertical-align:top;" | |||
| |{{flagu|Canada}}||268||0||268 | |||
| |- style="vertical-align:top;" | |||
| |{{flagu|United Kingdom}}||27||0||27 | |||
| |- style="vertical-align:top;" | |||
| |{{flagu|India}}||2||22||24 | |||
| |- style="vertical-align:top;" | |||
| |Others||10||0||10 | |||
| |- style="vertical-align:top;" | |||
| |'''Total'''||'''307'''||'''22'''||'''329''' | |||
| |}{{fact|date=October 2014}} | |||
| ] made up the majority of the passengers.<ref name=KanishkaWatery>"" (). '']''. December 23, 2013. Retrieved on November 13, 2014.</ref> 82-<ref>"" (). '']''. 2001. Retrieved on November 13, 2014.</ref>86 passengers were children,<ref name=Rediffasked>"." '']''. June 29, 2010. Retrieved on December 7, 2014. "He said the victims included 86 children; 29 families were completely wiped out -- both spouses and all children killed; 32 persons were left alone -- their spouse and all children were killed; six couples lost all their children; two children lost both parents."</ref> including 6 babies.<ref name=SurreyNowDreams>"" (). ''Surrey Now'' at Canada.com. July 4, 2008. Retrieved on November 14, 2014.</ref> There were 29 entire families on the plane. Two children not on board had both parents on board. There were six sets of children of their entire families. There were 32 people not on the aircraft who had the remaining members of their families on board.<ref name=Rediffasked/> | |||
| Most of the victims resided in southern Ontario and were Hindus. Some of the victims were Sikhs;<ref>Smith, Charlie. "" (). '']''. June 18, 2008. Retrieved on October 29, 2014. "However, the authors emphasized that the vast majority of the victims were Hindus from southern Ontario, whereas the perpetrators were extremist Sikhs from British Columbia."</ref> around 35 passengers were Sikhs from ].<ref>"." '']''. Wednesday June 26, 1985. p. A1. Retrieved on ] (p. 1/111) on October 22, 2014.</ref> In terms of metropolitan areas, the ] was the home of the majority of the passengers,<ref>"" (). '']''. June 23, 2007. Retrieved on October 28, 2014. "Most of the 329 people killed aboard the flight were from the Toronto area."</ref> with Greater Montreal also having the next largest number of passengers. Some passengers originated from British Columbia.<ref>"." '']''. July 30, 2007. Retrieved on December 5, 2014. "While several B.C. families struggled with their grief, the majority of those who perished came from Toronto and Montreal."</ref> 45 passengers were employees of Air India or relatives of Air India employees.<ref name=KanishkaWatery/> | |||
| According to the Kirpal Report, 105 passengers boarded the flight at ] while 202 passengers who traveled on Flight 182 had boarded Flight 181 at ].<ref>Final Report: "" p. 560.</ref> The report stated that interlining passengers boarding Flight 181 in Toronto who became passengers on Flight 182 included 10 passengers connecting from ], 5 passengers from ], 4 passengers from ], and 2 passengers from ]. It stated that all of these passengers had taken flights on ],<ref name=Kirpalaip31/> and no interlining passengers boarded Flight 182 in Montreal.<ref>Kirpal, p. 39.</ref> In the documentary '']'' ] stated that her aunt and uncle had taken a ] flight from Vancouver to connect to AI182;<ref>"" (interview footage of ]) (). '']'' Official website. Retrieved on November 23, 2014. "They weren't originally booked on that connecting CP flight to make Flight 182" (The footage takes place during the segment covering passengers who originated in Vancouver and boarded flights connecting to AI182, and the loading of the bomb onto the ] flight)</ref> the two were on AI182 while it was in Montreal.<ref name=Lederman>Lederman, Marsha. "." '']''. Retrieved on November 22, 2014. "They flew out of Montreal in the early hours (GMT) of June 23, 1985, on Air India Flight 182."</ref> The flight crew and cabin crew of Flight 182 had boarded in Toronto and commanded the segment of Flight 181 from Toronto to Montreal.<ref name=Kirpalaip33>Kirpal, p. 33.</ref> | |||
| There were 68 persons who cleared customs in Toronto and were scheduled to re-board Flight 181 so they could travel to their final destination, Montreal. There was a practice of passengers who would normally fly to and from Toronto buying tickets to and from Montreal due to them having a lower cost than tickets to and from Montreal; on the flights going to Canada the passengers simply disembarked in Toronto and chose not to re-board the flight to Montreal; 3 passengers scheduled to go onwards to Montreal never re-boarded Flight 181, and therefore there were 65 passengers destined for Montreal who flew the Toronto to Montreal segment.<ref name=Kirpalaip33/> | |||
| Notable passengers and crew include: | |||
| * ] (Scientist and chemical engineer) | |||
| * ] (Air India purser, former actor) | |||
| ==Investigations== | |||
| Within hours, Canada's Indian community was a focus of attention as victims and among hints that officials were investigating connections to the Sikh separatists who had threatened and committed acts of violence in retaliation against Hindus.<ref name="nytimes8"/> In the subsequent worldwide investigations over six years, many threads of the plot were uncovered. Based on recovery of wreckage and bodies from the surface, it was decided to retrieve wreckage and recorders from the bottom of the sea. That voice and flight recorders were cut out at the same time, and damage to parts recovered from the forward cargo bay consistent with a blast established that it was probably a bomb near the forward cargo hold that brought the plane down suddenly. The flight was also soon linked to the earlier bombing in Japan which had also originated from Vancouver, tickets for both flights had been purchased by the same person, and in both cases the planes were carrying bags without the passenger who checked them in.<ref name="montereypeninsulaairport"/> | |||
| No bomb parts were recovered from the ocean, but investigations of the blast at Tokyo established that the bomb had been placed in a Sanyo stereo tuner of a series that had been shipped to Vancouver in Canada. The RCMP assigned no less than 135 officers to check every store that could have sold Sanyo tuners, leading to the discovery of a recent sale to mechanic Inderjit Singh Reyat in his hometown of Duncan British Columbia. RCMP contacted the CSIS intelligence agency and found they were already investigating the Sikh activists and found out they had already had wiretaps and had observed Reyat and Parmar at the test blast near Duncan, and the recovery of blasting cap shunts and a paper bundle wrapper from a blasting cap<ref name="canada"/> A search recovered the receipt for a Sanyo Tuner Model FMT-611K with invoice with his name and phone number, along with sales of other bomb components.<ref name="bcjustice"/> It was not until January 1986 that Canadian investigators at the Canadian Aviation Safety Board concluded that a bomb explosion in the forward cargo hold had downed the airliner.<ref name="nytimes9"/> On 26 February 1986, Supreme Court Judge Kirpal of India presented an Inquiry report based on investigation conducted by H.S. Khola (Khola Report). The report also concluded that a bomb originating in Canada brought down the Air India flight.<ref name="publicsafety10"/> | |||
| Based on observations, wiretaps, searches and arrests of persons believed to be participants, the bombing was determined to be the joint project of at least two Sikh terrorist groups with extensive membership in Canada, the United States, England and India. Their anger had been sparked by the June 1984 ] by the Government of India.<ref name="jiwa"/> | |||
| === Suspects === | |||
| The main suspects in the bombing were members of a ] separatist group called the Babbar Khalsa (banned in Europe and the United States as a proscribed terrorist group) and other related groups who were at the time agitating for a separate Sikh state called ] in ].<ref name="raman"/> | |||
| * ], a Canadian citizen born in Punjab and living in ] was a high-ranking official in the Babbar Khalsa. His phone was being tapped by CSIS for three months before the bombing.<ref name="Affidavit of Archie M. Barr"/> He was killed by the Punjab police in 1992 while in custody. | |||
| * Inderjit Singh Reyat worked as an auto mechanic and electrician in Duncan, British Columbia on ]. Investigation of the bombing in Tokyo led to discovery that he had bought a Sanyo radio, clocks and other parts found after the blast. He was convicted of manslaughter for constructing the bomb. As part of a deal, he was to testify against others, but as he declined to implicate others, he would be the only suspect convicted in the case.<ref name="Canadian Judge Says Sikh Guilty In 2 Bomb Deaths"/> | |||
| * Ripudaman Singh Malik was a Vancouver businessman who helped fund a ] and several Khalsa schools. He was acquitted of any involvement in the bombings.<ref name="IN DEPTH: AIR INDIA Key characters"/> | |||
| * Ajaib Singh Bagri was a ] worker living in ]. He said in a 1984 speech, after Hindu mobs had murdered three thousand Sikhs in Delhi and other places in retaliation for the assassination of the Prime Minister of India by her Sikh Bodyguards<ref name="1984 Sikh Massacres: Victory to the Mob By KHUSHWANT SINGH Outlook, Aug. 22, 2005 – The Nanavati report is utter garbage. All the killers are roaming freely"/> that "Until we kill 50,000 Hindus, we will not rest."<ref name="cbcca-extremism"/> He and Malik were acquitted in 2005.<ref name="Air India suspects are not guilty"/> | |||
| * ] was living in Vancouver as the self-proclaimed ] of Khalistan. Some RCMP testimony claimed he was a ] who left the plot just days before its execution because he was told to pull out, but the Canadian government denied that report. He later fled Canada and is believed to be in hiding in London, England.<ref name="IN DEPTH: AIR INDIA Crime Files: The Mole"/> | |||
| * ] and Manmohan Singh were both followers of Parmar and active in the ]s where he preached. On 15 November 2002, Johal died of natural causes at 55. His phone number was left when ordering the airline tickets, he was seen at the airport the day the luggage was loaded, and he had allegedly stored the suitcases containing the bombs in the basement of a Vancouver school, but was never charged in the case.<ref name="Canadian Sikhs Are Cleared in 1985 Air India Bombing"/> | |||
| * ] was later named by a Crown witness as the man who picked up the tickets. During the trial, the Crown played a video from January 1989 in which Sandhu congratulated the families of Indira Gandhi's assassins<ref name="Crown attacks credibility of defence witness at Air India trial"/> and stated that "she deserved that and she invited that and that's why she got it".{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} Sandhu was cleared by Judge ] in a 16 March judgment. | |||
| * ] was the leader of the Sikh separatist organisation International Sikh Youth Federation. In September 2007, the commission investigated reports, initially disclosed in the Indian investigative news magazine '']'',<ref name=tehelka/> that Parmar had allegedly confessed and named the hitherto unnamed Lakhbir Singh Brar Rode as the mastermind behind the explosions.<ref name=cbc/> This claim appears to be inconsistent with other evidence known to the RCMP.<ref name=sun/> | |||
| On 17 August 1985, Inderjit Singh Reyat became a third suspect once the receipt for the tuner was found with his name. 6 November 1985, the RCMP raided the homes of suspected Sikh separatists Talwinder Singh Parmar, Inderjit Singh Reyat, Surjan Singh Gill, Hardial Singh Johal, and Manmohan Singh.<ref name="Timeline"/> In a 4 1/2 -hour interview, Reyat denied all knowledge of the test blast or even Parmar. After he was told the CSIS had seen both of them, he changed his story that Parmar really wanted to build a device powerful enough so that he could take the device back to India to destroy a bridge. He explained that the gunpowder in the test was a failure as the device fizzled. The search of Reyat's house produced a carton with an unusual green tape also found in the Narita blast, a can of Liquid Fire brand starting fluid matching fragments found at the blast site, along with blasting caps and dynamite, including a pound of dynamite in a bag taken out its original tube casing, though none was consistent with blast residue. Reyat insisted only the clock, relays and tuner had been purchased for other than "benign purposes". There was insufficient evidence to hold Parmar as charges are dropped days later. | |||
| Bagri would later state before his later trial that he knew was probably a suspect by October 1985 but insisted he would have faced charges if there were any evidence he had anything to do with the bombing.<ref name="www11"/> It was established by November that it was a man with a Sikh name who probably checked the bag in Vancouver that caused the crash.<ref name="nytimes12"/> Talwinder Singh Parmar was not seen in Canada sometime after late 1986, as authorities believed him to be living in Pakistan where he continued operations against India. | |||
| ===Trials=== | |||
| Authorities initially lacked evidence to link Reyat directly to either the Narita or Air India blasts and pursue a conspiracy to commit murder charge. Instead, Reyat pleaded guilty on 29 April 1986, to possession of an explosive substance and possession of an unregistered firearm. His sentence was a light $2,000 fine. Just three months later, Reyat moved his family from Canada to ], near Birmingham, in the UK. Reyat was soon hired at a Jaguar factory where he worked for nearly two years.<ref name="canada13"/> | |||
| RCMP Mounties working with prosecutor Jardine, RCMP and Japanese experts eventually determined the components of the bomb from fragments and matched them with items that Reyat possessed or had purchased. Prosecutor Jardine visited Tokyo five times to meet with Japanese authorities, and Canada formally asked that evidence to be sent to Canada. Still lacking sufficient evidence for a murder charge, Jardine recommended two manslaughter charges and five explosives-related counts, resulting in a request to Britain to extradite Reyat, who was arrested on 5 Feb 1988 as he was driving to the Jaguar car plant. After lengthy proceedings to extradite him from Britain, Reyat was flown to Vancouver BC on 13 Dec 1989 and his trial began 18 Sep 1990. On 10 May 1991, he was convicted of two counts of manslaughter and four explosives charges relating to the Narita Airport bombing. He was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment.<ref name="Reyat's Air India perjury trial delayed to post-Olympics"/> | |||
| Fifteen years after the bombing, on 27 October 2000, RCMP arrested Malik and Bagri. They were charged with 329 counts of first-degree murder in the deaths of the people on board Air India Flight 182, conspiracy to commit murder, the attempted murder of passengers and crew on the Canadian Pacific flight at Japan's New Tokyo International Airport (now Narita International Airport), and two counts of murder of the baggage handlers at New Tokyo International Airport.<ref name="Malik, Bagri not guilty in Air India bombings"/><ref name="Air India families wait for answers 25 years later"/> It became known as the "Air India Trial".<ref name="The lesson from Air India Flight 182: Curiosity can save us"/> | |||
| On 6 June 2001, RCMP arrested Reyat on charges of murder, attempted murder, and conspiracy in the Air India bombing. On 10 February 2003, Reyat pleaded guilty to one count of manslaughter and a charge of aiding in the construction of a bomb. He was sentenced to five years in prison.<ref name="Inderjit Singh Reyat Air India perjury trial postponed, no reasons disclosed"/> He was expected to provide testimony in the trial of Malik and Bagri, but prosecutors were vague.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} | |||
| The trial of Malik and Bagri proceeded between April 2003 and December 2004 in Courtroom 20,<ref name="gov"/> more commonly known as "the Air India courtroom". At a cost of $7.2 million, the high-security courtroom was specially built for the trial in the ].<ref name="cp24"/> On 16 March 2005, Justice Ian Josephson found the two accused not guilty on all counts because the evidence was inadequate: | |||
| <blockquote>I began by describing the horrific nature of these cruel acts of terrorism, acts which cry out for justice. Justice is not achieved, however, if persons are convicted on anything less than the requisite standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Despite what appear to have been the best and most earnest of efforts by the police and the Crown, the evidence has fallen markedly short of that standard.<ref name="autogenerated1"/></blockquote> | |||
| In a letter to the ], Malik has demanded compensation from the Canadian government for ] in his arrest and trial. Malik owes the government $6.4 million and Bagri owes $9.7 million in legal fees.<ref name="Malik, Bagri asked to pay Air India legal fees"/> | |||
| ===Reyat's perjury trial=== | |||
| In February 2006, Inderjit Singh Reyat was charged with perjury with regard to his testimony in the trial.<ref name="New jury for Inderjit Singh Reyat perjury case on May 17"/> The indictment was filed in the Supreme Court of British Columbia and lists 27 instances where he allegedly misled the court during his testimony. Reyat had pleaded guilty to constructing the bomb, but denied under oath that he knew anything about the conspiracy. | |||
| In the verdict, Justice Ian Josephson said: | |||
| <blockquote> | |||
| I find him to be an unmitigated liar under oath. Even the most sympathetic of listeners could only conclude, as do I, that his evidence was patently and pathetically fabricated in an attempt to minimise his involvement in his crime to an extreme degree, while refusing to reveal relevant information he clearly possesses."<ref name="Released Air India bomber rejoins family"/> | |||
| </blockquote> | |||
| On 3 July 2007, with perjury proceedings still pending, Reyat was denied parole by the ], which concluded he was a continued risk to the public. The decision meant Reyat had to serve his full five-year sentence, which ended 9 February 2008.<ref name="www14"/> | |||
| Reyat's perjury trial began in March 2010 in Vancouver, but was abruptly dismissed on 8 March 2010. The jury was dismissed after "biased" remarks about Reyat by a woman juror.<ref name="thaindian"/> | |||
| A new jury was chosen. In September 2010, according to the '']'' newspaper, jurors were told Reyat had lied 19 times under oath.<ref name="Reyat lied 19 times at Air India trial, jurors told – CTV News"/><ref name="lethbridgeherald"/> On 19 September 2010, Reyat was convicted of perjury. On 7 January 2011, he was sentenced to nine years in prison.<ref name="Air India bomber jailed nine years for perjury"/> In February 2011, Reyat filed an appeal stating that the judge "erred in law, misdirected the jury and failed to tell jurors there was no evidence to support portions of the Crown's closing address." and called it "harsh and excessive", asking for a new trial. | |||
| <ref name="theglobeandmail"></ref> | |||
| In January 2013, the ] rejected his bid to appeal his perjury conviction. The country's top court did not disclose its reasons as per customary practice.<ref name="IBT">, International Business Times, 25 January 2013</ref> | |||
| In March 2014, the B.C. Court of Appeal dismissed Reyat's appeal that the nine-year length of the sentence, the country's longest sentence for perjury, was unfit. The court ruled the gravity of the perjury in such a case was without comparison.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dhillon|first=Sunny|title=Appeal dismissed for Air India disaster's lone convicted criminal|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/appeal-dismissed-for-air-india-disasters-lone-convicted-criminal/article17481603/|accessdate=15 March 2014|newspaper=Globe and Mail|date=13 March 2014}}</ref> | |||
| ==Mistakes and missed opportunities== | |||
| === Previous warning === | |||
| The Canadian government had been warned by the Indian government about the possibility of terrorist bombs aboard Air India flights in Canada, and over two weeks before the crash, ] reported to the ] that the potential threat to Air India as well as Indian missions in Canada was high.<ref name="SIRC Brief"/> | |||
| === Destroyed evidence === | |||
| In his verdict, Justice Josephson cited "unacceptable negligence" by ] when hundreds of ] of the suspects were destroyed.<ref name="The Air India Trial"/> Of the 210 wiretaps that were recorded during the months before and after the bombing, 156 were erased. These tapes continued to be erased even after the terrorists had become the primary suspects in the bombing.<ref name="Canadian officials dropped ball before Air India bombing, inquiry finds"/> | |||
| Because the original wiretap records were erased, they were inadmissible as evidence in court.<ref name="Former CSIS chief wishes tapes weren't erased"/> CSIS claimed the wiretap recordings contained no relevant information, but an RCMP memo states that "There is a strong likelihood that had CSIS retained the tapes between March and August 1985, that a successful prosecution of at least some of principals in both bombings could have been undertaken."<ref name="CBC News in Depth: Air India – Bombing of Air India Flight 182"/> | |||
| === Murdered witnesses === | |||
| ], the publisher of the '']'' and a member of the ],<ref name="gov18"/> provided an ] to the RCMP in 1995 claiming that he was present during a conversation in which Bagri admitted his involvement in the bombings.<ref name="Scanned Document19"/> While at the London offices of fellow Sikh newspaper publisher ], Hayer claimed he overheard a meeting between Purewal and Bagri in which Bagri stated that "if everything had gone as planned the plane would have blown up at Heathrow airport with no passengers on it. But because the plane was a half-hour to three-quarters of an hour late, it blew up over the ocean."<ref name="Terrorism & It's Effects"/> On 24 January that same year, Purewal was killed near the offices of the '']'' newspaper in ], England, leaving Hayer as the only other witness.<ref name="Call for police to solve Sikh murder"/> | |||
| On 18 November 1998, Hayer was shot dead while getting out of his car in the garage of his home in ].<ref name="Bolan"/> Hayer had survived an earlier attempt on his life in 1988, but was paralysed and used a wheelchair.<ref name="Bolan"/> As a consequence of his murder, the affidavit was ].{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} | |||
| === CSIS connection === | |||
| During an interview with Bagri on 28 October 2000, RCMP agents described Surjan Singh Gill as an agent for CSIS, saying the reason that he resigned from the Babbar Khalsa was because his CSIS handlers told him to pull out.<ref name="Interview of Bagri, Ajaib Singh"/> | |||
| After the subsequent failure of CSIS to stop the bombing of Flight 182, the head of CSIS was replaced by ]. In an interview for ]'s news program '']'', Morden claims that CSIS "dropped the ball" in its handling of the case. A ] cleared CSIS of any wrongdoing. However, that report remains secret to this day. The Canadian government continues to insist that there was no ] involved.<ref name="Easter denies CSIS spied on Air India bombers"/> | |||
| ==Public inquiry== | |||
| On 1 May 2006, the Crown-in-Council, on the advice of Prime Minister ],<ref name="TorStar230610"/> announced the launch of a full ] into the bombing, headed by retired ] Justice John Major, to find "answers to several key questions about the worst mass murder in Canadian history."<ref name="Harper launches Air India inquiry"/> Initiated later in June, the ] was to examine how ] restricted funding ],<ref name="ACommission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182"/> how well ] is provided in terrorist cases, if Canada needed to upgrade its ], and if issues of co-operation between the RCMP, CSIS, and other law enforcement agencies had been resolved. It was to also provide a forum wherein families of the victims could testify on the impact of the bombing and would not repeat any criminal trials.<ref name="Air India inquiry will reassure victims' families, Major vows"/> | |||
| The inquiry's investigations were completed and released on 17 June 2010. The commission expressed the view in their dossier that "Talwinder Singh Parmar was the leader of the Babbar Khalsa, a pro-Khalistan organisation at the heart of radical extremism, and it is now believed that he was the leader of the conspiracy to bomb Air India flights"<ref name="majorcomm"/> Major concluded that a "cascading series of errors" by ], the RCMP, and CSIS allowed the terrorist attack to take place.<ref name="Inquiry completed"/><ref name="A Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182"/> | |||
| After the release of the findings, Stephen Harper announced in the media, on the 25th anniversary of the disaster, that he would "acknowledge the catastrophic failures of intelligence, policing and air security that led to the bombing, and the prosecutorial lapses that followed" and deliver an apology on behalf of the sitting ].<ref name=TorStar230610 /> | |||
| == Legacy == | |||
| === "A Canadian tragedy" === | |||
| ] | |||
| ], Vancouver, commemorating victims of Flight 182, dedicated July 2007]] | |||
| Twenty years after the downing of Air India Flight 182, families gathered in ], Ireland to grieve. ] ], on the advice of Prime Minister ], declared the anniversary a ]. During the anniversary observances, Martin said that the bombing was a Canadian problem, not a foreign problem, saying, "Make no mistake: The flight may have been Air India's, it may have taken place off the coast of Ireland, but this is a Canadian tragedy."<ref name="Queen's Privy Council of Canada: Address by Prime Minister Paul Martin at the Air India Memorial Ceremony"/> | |||
| In May 2007, ] released the results of public opinion polling of whether Canadians viewed the Air India bombing as a Canadian or Indian tragedy and who they blamed. Forty-eight per cent of respondents considered the bombing as a Canadian event, while twenty-two per cent thought it was a mostly Indian affair. Thirty-four per cent of those asked felt both CSIS and airport security personnel deserved a great deal of the blame in addition to twenty-seven per cent who believed the RCMP were largely to blame. Eighteen per cent mentioned ].<ref name="angus-reid"/> | |||
| Ken MacQueen and John Geddes of '']'' said that the Air India bombing has been referred to as "Canada's ]." They disagreed, however, stating: | |||
| <blockquote> | |||
| In truth, it was never close to that. The date, 23 June 1985, is not seared into the nation's soul. The events of that day snuffed out hundreds of innocent lives and altered the destinies of thousands more, but it neither shook the foundations of government, nor transformed its policies. It was not, in the main, even officially acknowledged as an act of terrorism.<ref name="macleans"/> | |||
| </blockquote> | |||
| Memorials were erected in Canada and elsewhere to commemorate the victims. In 1986, a monument was unveiled in ], ], Ireland, on the first anniversary of the bombing.<ref name="Minister Martin to remember the victims of the 1985 bombing of Air India Flight 182"/><ref name="Airwhiners.net"/> Subsequently, a groundbreaking occurred on 11 August 2006 at a playground that would form part of a memorial in ], Vancouver, ].<ref name="Vancouver groundbreaking held for Air India memorial"/> Another memorial was unveiled on 22 June 2007 in ] East, Toronto, Ontario; many of the bombing victims had lived in Toronto. The memorial features a sundial, the base of which consists of stones from all provinces and territories of Canada, as well as the countries of the other victims, and a wall, oriented toward Ireland and bearing the names of the dead.<ref name="medley"/> | |||
| A third Canadian memorial opened in ].<ref>"." ''] Montreal''. Sunday December 5, 2010. Retrieved on December 7, 2014.</ref> A fourth memorial was unveiled in ], ] on the 26th anniversary of the tragedy.<ref name="deccanherald.com"/> There are no memorials in India as of yet.<ref name="deccanherald.com"/> | |||
| ===Recognition in media=== | |||
| Documentaries about the bombing were made for Canadian television audiences. ] announced the start of filming for ''Flight 182'', a documentary about the tragedy directed by ].<ref name="www20"/><ref>{{cite episode | title=Flight 182 | series=Doc Zone | credits=Sturla Gunnarsson | network=CBC Television}}</ref> Its title was changed to '']'' before premiering at the Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival in Toronto in April 2008. It subsequently premiered on CBC Television in June.<ref name="Air India 182"/> '']'', a TV show that covers ], also documented the bombing on its episode "Explosive Evidence".<ref name="Mayday : Explosive Evidence"/> | |||
| Many journalists have commented on the bombing throughout the decades since it occurred. | |||
| * Eight months after the bombing, '']'' newspaper reporter Salim Jiwa published "Death of Air India Flight 182".<ref name="The death of Air India Flight 182"/> | |||
| * ''Loss of Faith: How the Air-India Bombers Got Away With Murder'' was published by '']'' reporter ] in May 2005.<ref name="isbn"/> | |||
| * Jiwa and fellow reporter Don Hauka published ''Margin of Terror: A reporter's twenty-year odyssey covering the tragedies of the Air India bombing'' in May 2007. | |||
| * In her short story, "The Management of Grief," Indian-born American writer ] uses fiction to explore the enduring grief of relatives of Air India 182 victims. "The Management of Grief" was originally published in the fiction collection ''The Middleman and Other Stories''.<ref name="isbn21"/> Mukherjee also co-authored ''The Sorrow and the Terror: The Haunting Legacy of the Air India Tragedy'' (1987) with her husband, ].<ref name="American Author Bharati Mukherjee in Istanbul"/> | |||
| * Inspired by mainstream Canada's cultural denial of the Air India tragedy, ] wrote ''The Soul of All Great Designs''.<ref name="The Soul of All Great Designs at Cormorant Books"/> | |||
| * Canadian poet ] created a collection of memorial and response poems, ''Children of Air India: unauthorised exhibits and interjections'' (Nightwood Editions 2013).<ref>ISBN 0-88971-287-5/978-0-88971-287-4 retrieved 16 October 2013 Nightwood Editions.com, http://www.nightwoodeditions.com/title/childrenofairindia</ref> | |||
| ===Other recognition=== | |||
| The Pada memorial awards at ] were established in honour of Vishnu Pada, the husband of ].<ref>"." ]. Retrieved on 23 February 2012.</ref> | |||
| The ] created the Donald George Lougheed Memorial Scholarship in honor of Air India victim Donald George Lougheed. It is awarded to ] students.<ref>"" (). ]. Retrieved on November 12, 2014.</ref> | |||
| Laxminarayan and Padmini Turlapati, the parents of victims Sanjay and Deepak Turlapati, created the Sanjay Deepak Children Trust.<ref name=SurreyNowDreams/> | |||
| ==Timeline of events== | |||
| :''For a summarised timeline, see ].'' | |||
| ==Maps== | |||
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| |float = | |||
| |border = | |||
| |caption = Location of the bombing and the airports | |||
| |alt = The locations of the bombing and the airports | |||
| |relief = | |||
| |AlternativeMap = | |||
| |<!--first label/marker--> | |||
| |label1 = Montreal | |||
| |label1_size = <!-- or: label_size --> | |||
| |position1 = <!-- or: position, pos1, pos --> | |||
| |background1 = <!-- or: background, bg1, bg --> | |||
| |mark1 = Green pog.svg | |||
| |mark1size = <!-- or: marksize --> | |||
| |link1 = <!-- or: link --> | |||
| |lat1_deg = 45 | |||
| |lat1_min = 30 | |||
| |lat1_sec = | |||
| |lat1_dir = N | |||
| |lon1_deg = 73 | |||
| |lon1_min = 34 | |||
| |lon1_sec = | |||
| |lon1_dir = W | |||
| |<!--second label/marker--> | |||
| |label2 = London | |||
| |label2_size = | |||
| |position2 = <!-- or: pos2 --> | |||
| |background2 = <!-- or: bg2 --> | |||
| |mark2 = | |||
| |mark2size = | |||
| |link2 = | |||
| |lat2_deg = 51 | |||
| |lat2_min = 30 | |||
| |lat2_sec = 26 | |||
| |lat2_dir = N | |||
| |lon2_deg = 0 | |||
| |lon2_min = 7 | |||
| |lon2_sec = 39 | |||
| |lon2_dir = W | |||
| |<!--third label/marker--> | |||
| |label3 = Crash site | |||
| |label3_size = | |||
| |position3 = <!-- or: pos2 --> | |||
| |background3 = <!-- or: bg2 --> | |||
| |mark3 = Airplane Crash.svg | |||
| |mark3size = 10 | |||
| |link3 = | |||
| |lat3_deg = 51 | |||
| |lat3_min = 3.6 | |||
| |lat3_sec = 0 | |||
| |lat3_dir = N | |||
| |lon3_deg = 12 | |||
| |lon3_min = 49 | |||
| |lon3_sec = 00 | |||
| |lon3_dir = W | |||
| |<!--fourth label/marker--> | |||
| |label4 = Delhi | |||
| |label4_size = | |||
| |position4 = <!-- or: pos2 --> | |||
| |background4 = <!-- or: bg2 --> | |||
| |mark4 = | |||
| |mark4size = | |||
| |link4 = | |||
| |lat4_deg = 28 | |||
| |lat4_min = 36 | |||
| |lat4_sec = 36 | |||
| |lat4_dir = N | |||
| |lon4_deg = 77 | |||
| |lon4_min = 13 | |||
| |lon4_sec = 48 | |||
| |lon4_dir = E | |||
| |<!--repeat as needed up to 9--> | |||
| }} | |||
| ||{{location map many|Europe|width=356 | |||
| |caption = Crash site near Ireland and London | |||
| |label1 = Crash site | |||
| |label_size1 = | |||
| |position1 = <!-- or: pos2 --> | |||
| |background1 = <!-- or: bg2 --> | |||
| |mark1 = Airplane Crash.svg | |||
| |mark1size = 10 | |||
| |link1 = | |||
| |lat1_deg = 51 | |||
| |lat1_min = 3.6 | |||
| |lat1_sec = 0 | |||
| |lat1_dir = N | |||
| |lon1_deg = 12 | |||
| |lon1_min = 49 | |||
| |lon1_sec = 00 | |||
| |lon1_dir = W | |||
| |<!--second label/marker--> | |||
| |label2 = London | |||
| |label2_size = | |||
| |position2 = <!-- or: pos2 --> | |||
| |background2 = <!-- or: bg2 --> | |||
| |mark2 = | |||
| |mark2size = | |||
| |link2 = | |||
| |lat2_deg = 51 | |||
| |lat2_min = 30 | |||
| |lat2_sec = 26 | |||
| |lat2_dir = N | |||
| |lon2_deg = 0 | |||
| |lon2_min = 7 | |||
| |lon2_sec = 39 | |||
| |lon2_dir = W | |||
| }} | |||
| |} | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{Portal|Canada|India|Ireland|Terrorism|Disaster|Aviation|1980s}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] alleged bombing plot | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| *Honorable Mr. Justice B. N. Kirpal (Judge, High Court of Delhi). (). February 26, 1986 | |||
| {{reflist|30em|refs= | |||
| http://en.wikipedia.org/The_Big_Lebowski | |||
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| <!--<ref name="CI">Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182 TERRORISM, INTELLIGENCE AND LAW ENFORCEMENT – CANADA'S RESPONSE TO SIKH TERRORISM DOSSIER 2){{dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref> --> | |||
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| <ref name="Jumbo crashes killing 325">"{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,,4954457-110875,00.html|title=Jumbo crashes killing 325|work=The Guardian |location=UK |date=24 June 1985|last=Keel|first=Paul|author2=et. al }}</ref> | |||
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| <ref name="Request for wiretap">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/airindia/documents/tab1.pdf |title=Request for wiretap |format=PDF |accessdate=19 February 2011 |work=CBC News}}</ref> | |||
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| <ref name="Reyat's Air India perjury trial delayed to post-Olympics">{{cite news |url=http://www.theprovince.com/opinion/Reyat+India+perjury+trial+delayed+post+Olympics/1878145/story.html |title=Reyat's Air India perjury trial delayed to post-Olympics |date=10 August 2009 |accessdate=24 June 2010 |work=] |first=Keith |last=Fraser}}{{dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="SIRC Brief">{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/airindia/documents/tab3.pdf |title=Air India Investigation: SIRC Briefing |author=]|date=11 February 1993 |publisher=] |accessdate=24 June 2010}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Scanned Document">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/airindia/documents/tab6.pdf |title=Scanned Document |format=PDF |accessdate=10 August 2009 | work=CBC News}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Scanned Document19">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/airindia/documents/hayer.pdf |title=Scanned Document |format=PDF |accessdate=10 August 2009 | work=CBC News}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Sikh Genocide 1984">{{cite web|url=http://www.sikhsundesh.net/genocide.htm |title=Sikh Genocide 1984 |publisher=Sikhsundesh.net |accessdate=19 February 2011}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Sikh politics in Canada">{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/sikh-politics-canada/index.html |title=Sikh politics in Canada |publisher=] |date=28 June 2007 |accessdate=24 June 2010 |first=Terry |last=Milewski}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Soft Target">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4nCgC4o3eoIC&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=bhullar+world+sikh+organization+conference&source=bl&ots=UkpLzYMVjn&sig=9mYbsyJq6v4_byMsM0pp5HqngcM&hl=en&ei=yx8ZTZCbHZG4sAONyOXPAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=bhullar%20world%20sikh%20organization%20conference&f=false |title=Soft Target |publisher=Google Books |accessdate=19 February 2011}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Special Report: Air India Flight 182">{{cite web|url=http://www.airdisaster.com/special/special-ai182.shtml|title=Special Report: Air India Flight 182|accessdate=16 September 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091007035356/http://www.airdisaster.com/special/special-ai182.shtml| archivedate= 7 October 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Sun2003">{{cite web|url=http://www2.canada.com/vancouversun/features/airindia/story.html?id=d2caa4c0-4647-4b85-bd21-e8aafc06f8e1 |title=Reyat's twisted road to revenge, jail Kim Bolan, Vancouver Sun Published: February 13, 2003 |publisher=.canada.com |accessdate=19 February 2011}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Terror of Air India Flight 182 comes to small screen">{{cite web|url=http://www.straight.com/article-150310/terror-comes-small-screen |title=Terror of Air India Flight 182 comes to small screen |publisher=Straight.com |date=19 June 2008 |accessdate=19 February 2011}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Terrorism & It's Effects">{{cite news |title=Terrorism & It's Effects |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=AK6QA_WotRYC&pg=PT140&lpg=PT140&dq=%22if+everything+had+gone+as+planned+the+plane+would+have+blown+up+at+Heathrow+airport+with+no+passengers+on+it%22&source=bl&ots=VRradqUEYU&sig=-J7F0gMAOUyR5JRpnjhUY6p4e28&hl=en&ei=2eAjTMTTMoOglAfQ67S-AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22if%20everything%20had%20gone%20as%20planned%20the%20plane%20would%20have%20blown%20up%20at%20Heathrow%20airport%20with%20no%20passengers%20on%20it%22&f=false |accessdate=24 June 2010 |publisher=]}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="The Air India Trial">{{cite news |url=http://www.law.utoronto.ca/documents/Roach/_50CLQ213.pdf |publisher=] |title=The Air India Trial |date=June 2005 |accessdate=24 June 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100628093500/http://www.law.utoronto.ca/documents/Roach/_50CLQ213.pdf| archivedate= 28 June 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref> | |||
| <!--<ref name="The RDX Files">{{cite news |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/01021999/rdx.html |title=The RDX Files |publisher=], |date=1 February 2001}}</ref> --> | |||
| <ref name="The Sikhs of the Punjab By J. S. Grewal">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA213&lpg=PA216&ots=xr8Cw3YoqF&dq=talwinder++nirankaris#v=onepage&q=talwinder%20%20nirankaris&f=false |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab By J. S. Grewal |publisher=Google Books |accessdate=19 February 2011}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="The Sorrow and the Terror">{{cite book |last1=Blaise |first=Clark |authorlink1=] |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Bharati |authorlink2=] |title=The Sorrow and the Terror |year=1987 |publisher="Penguin Books Canada" |isbn=978-0-670-81204-2 |page=8}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="The Soul of All Great Designs at Cormorant Books">ISBN 978-1-897151-32-7{{cite web |url=http://www.cormorantbooks.com/titles/thesoulofallgreatdesigns.shtml |title=The Soul of All Great Designs at Cormorant Books |publisher=Cormorantbooks.com |accessdate=10 August 2009}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="The Victims">{{cite news |title=The Victims |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/airindia/victims.html |date=16 March 2005 |accessdate=24 June 2010 |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100704152838/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/airindia/victims.html| archivedate= 4 July 2010 | deadurl= no}} ()</ref> | |||
| <ref name="The death of Air India Flight 182">{{cite news |title=The death of Air India Flight 182 |accessdate=24 June 2010 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KmpjAAAACAAJ&hl=en&ei=7tkjTKGaL4L68AbG_dmeBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA |publisher=]}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="The lesson from Air India Flight 182: Curiosity can save us">{{cite news |url=http://www.straight.com/article-330359/vancouver/lesson-air-india-flight-182-curiosity-can-save-us |title=The lesson from Air India Flight 182: Curiosity can save us |first=Renee |last=Saklikar |date=23 June 2010 |accessdate=24 June 2010 |work=]| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100625174327/http://www.straight.com/article-330359/vancouver/lesson-air-india-flight-182-curiosity-can-save-us| archivedate= 25 June 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Timeline">{{cite news |url=http://www.ctv.ca/generic/WebSpecials/air_india/timeline.html |title=Timeline |accessdate=24 June 2010 |publisher=]}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="TorStar230610">{{Citation| last=MacCharles| first=Tonda| title=Stephen Harper will say 'sorry' to Air India families| newspaper=Toronto Star| date=23 June 2010| url=http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/827182--stephen-harper-will-say-sorry-to-air-india-families?bn=1| accessdate=23 June 2010}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="US to freeze assets of Babbar Khalsa, Intl Sikh Youth Federation Anita Inder Singh Jun 28, 2002">{{cite web|author=Reuters |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=12067 |title=US to freeze assets of Babbar Khalsa, Intl Sikh Youth Federation Anita Inder Singh Jun 28, 2002 |work=The Indian Express |accessdate=19 February 2011}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Vancouver groundbreaking held for Air India memorial">{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/british-columbia/story/2006/08/11/bc-air-india.html |title=Vancouver groundbreaking held for Air India memorial |author=] |publisher=] |date=11 August 2006 |accessdate=22 June 2010}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="airdisaster"></ref> | |||
| <ref name="angus-reid">, Press Release, ] ]. Retrieved on 14 May 2007</ref> | |||
| <ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.courts.gov.bc.ca/Jdb-txt/SC/05/03/2005BCSC0350.htm |title=Supreme Court of British Columbia: Her Majesty the Queen Against Ripudaman Singh Malik and Ajaib Singh Bagri |publisher=Courts.gov.bc.ca |accessdate=10 August 2009}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="bcjustice"></ref> | |||
| <ref name="canada"></ref> | |||
| <ref name="canada13"></ref> | |||
| <ref name="cbc">{{cite news |title= Air India inquiry will hear of alleged Parmar confession |publisher=] |url= http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2007/09/23/airindia-inquiry.html |date= 23 September 2007 |accessdate=25 September 2007 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20071013084050/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2007/09/23/airindia-inquiry.html| archivedate= 13 October 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="cbcca-extremism">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/sikh-politics-canada/index.html|title=Sikh politics in Canada. Symbols and suits. Sikh extremism enters mainstream Canadian politics| last=Milewski| first=Terry| date=28 June 2007 | publisher=CBC | accessdate=31 May 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090601022355/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/sikh-politics-canada/index.html| archivedate= 1 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="cp24">{{cite news |url=http://www.cp24.com/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20020816/air_india_courtroom_020816?hub=CP24Sports |title=Air India trial gets $7.2M high-tech courtroom |publisher=] via ] |date=16 August 2002 |accessdate=24 June 2010}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="crown-malik-bargri">{{cite web|url=http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/public/pubdocs/docs/370243/malik_and_bagri.htm |title=Her Majesty The Queen Against Ripudaman Singh Malik And Ajaib Singh Bagri |publisher=Llbc.leg.bc.ca |accessdate=19 February 2011}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="ctv.ca">{{cite web|url=http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/Canada/20100915/air-india-trial-100915/ |title=Man told blatant lies at Air India trial: court nov 29, 2010 |publisher=Ctv.ca |accessdate=19 February 2011}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="deccanherald.com"></ref> | |||
| <ref name="dowd">{{cite news|last=Dowd |first=Allan |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE68H1W220100918 |title="Canadian convicted of lying in Air India bomb case", Reuters Sept 18, 2010 |agency=Reuters |date= 18 September 2010|accessdate=19 February 2011}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="explosive">"Explosive Evidence." '']''.</ref> | |||
| <ref name="flight182"></ref> | |||
| <ref name="from affidavit of CSIS Deputy Director Archie Barr, March 1985">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/airindia/evidence1.html |title=from affidavit of CSIS Deputy Director Archie Barr, March 1985 |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=30 April 2007 |accessdate=19 February 2011 |deadurl=yes}} {{Dead link|date=September 2013|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="gnm">, Evidence from the trial{{dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref> | |||
| <!--<ref name="google"></ref> --> | |||
| <ref name="gov">Courtroom 20: http://www.ag.gov.bc.ca/courts/court-room20/index.htm {{Dead link|date=June 2010}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="gov18"></ref> | |||
| <ref name="isbn">ISBN 978-0-7710-1131-3</ref> | |||
| <ref name="isbn21">ISBN 978-1-55263-772-2</ref> | |||
| <ref name="jiwa">{{cite news |title= Unsolved mysteries as Air India trial begins |author=Salim Jiwa |publisher=flight182.com |url= http://www.flight182.com/news284.htm |date= 28 April 2003 }}</ref> | |||
| <!--<ref name="kashmeri"></ref> --> | |||
| <ref name="lethbridgeherald">{{Wayback|df=yes|url=http://www.lethbridgeherald.com/content/view/230502/111/|date =20110713203337}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="macleans">MacQueen, Ken and John Geddes. "." '']''. 28 May 2007. Retrieved on 17 December 2009.</ref> | |||
| <ref name="majorcomm">http://www.majorcomm.ca/documents/dossier2_ENG.pdf DOSSIER 2 TERRORISM, INTELLIGENCE AND LAW ENFORCEMENT – CANADA’S RESPONSE TO SIKH TERRORISM {{dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="medley">, by Mark Medley, CanWest News Service, 22 June 2007</ref> | |||
| <!--<ref name="milewski"></ref> --> | |||
| <ref name="montereypeninsulaairport"></ref> | |||
| <!--<ref name="montereypeninsulaairport16"></ref> --> | |||
| <ref name="ntsb">{{Wayback |df=yes|url=http://www.ntsb.org/page11/page11.html |date=20060213113235 |bot=H3llBot}}</ref> | |||
| <!--<ref name="ntsb15"></ref> --> | |||
| <!--<ref name="ntsb17"></ref> --> | |||
| <ref name="nytimes"></ref> | |||
| <ref name="nytimes12"></ref> | |||
| <ref name="nytimes6"></ref> | |||
| <ref name="nytimes7"></ref> | |||
| <ref name="nytimes8"></ref> | |||
| <ref name="nytimes9"></ref> | |||
| <!--<ref name="plane-truth"></ref> --> | |||
| <ref name="portrait">{{cite web|last=Vancouver |first=The |url=http://www.canada.com/story_print.html?id=b9be40db-39e5-4080-9fb7-7e586a751805 |title=Portrait of a bomber by the Vancouver SunSeptember 9, 2007 |publisher=Canada.com |date=9 September 2007 |accessdate=19 February 2011}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="publicsafety">, Hon'ble Mr. Justice B.N. Kirpal Judge, ''High Court of Delhi'', 26 February 1986.</ref> | |||
| <ref name="publicsafety10"></ref> | |||
| <ref name="raman">{{cite news |url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org//papers39/paper3874.html |title=AFTER KANISHKA, MUMBAI 26/11----AFTER 26/11 ? |publisher=] |first=B. |last=Raman |date=20 June 2010 |accessdate=24 June 2010}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="scan"></ref> | |||
| <ref name="sorrow">Sorrow and Terror p. 18</ref> | |||
| <!--<ref name="stevejanke"></ref> --> | |||
| <ref name="stewart">Bell, Stewart. "Cold Terror", 2005</ref> | |||
| <ref name="sun">{{cite news |title= Confession had false details, inquiry told: RCMP 'fully' checked out alleged Parmar confession, inspector tells commissioner |author=Kim Bolan, |work=Vancouver Sun |location=Canada |url= http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=35d360bb-8071-4f81-a906-3c25489fb39c |date= 25 September 2007 }}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="sun">{{cite web|last=Sun |first=Vancouver |url=http://www.canada.com/story_print.html?id=d2caa4c0-4647-4b85-bd21-e8aafc06f8e1 |title="Reyat's twisted road to revenge, jail " Vancouver Sun September 9, 2007 |publisher=Canada.com |date=9 September 2007 |accessdate=19 February 2011}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="target">book: Soft Target</ref> | |||
| <ref name="tehelka">{{cite news |title= Operation Silence |author=Vikram Jit Singh |publisher=] |url= http://www.tehelka.com/story_main33.asp?filename=Ne040807operation_silence.asp |date= issue dated 4 August 2007 |accessdate=27 July 2007 }}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="thaindian">{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/air-india-bombers-perjury-trial-stalled-as-jury-dismissed_100331917.html |title=Air India bomber's perjury trial stalled as jury dismissed |publisher=Thaindian.com |accessdate=18 June 2010}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="tragedies">Jiwa, Salim. "Margin of Terror: A Reporter's Twenty-Year Odyssey Covering the Tragedies of the Air India Bombing.", 2006</ref> | |||
| <ref name="tribuneindia"> 20 May 2001</ref> | |||
| <ref name="tribuneindia3">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031207/world.htm |title="Ex-priest testifies against Bagri" The Tribune (India) December 6, 2003 |work=The Tribune |location=India |accessdate=19 February 2011}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="tribuneindia5">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001029/main2.htm|title=Two held for '85 Kanishka crash|work=The Tribune |location=India|date=28 October 2000|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="www1">{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/airindia/documents/tab1.pdf | work=CBC News}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="www11"></ref> | |||
| <ref name="www14">, CBC News with files from Canadian Press, 3 July 2007</ref> | |||
| <ref name="www2">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/airindia/key_characters.html |title=CBC news "Key Characters" March 15, 2005 |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |accessdate=19 February 2011 |deadurl=yes}} {{Dead link|date=September 2013|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="www20">, CBC Arts, 21 June 2007.</ref> | |||
| <ref name="www4">{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> | |||
| }} | |||
| <!-- not used | |||
| <ref name="pprune"></ref> | |||
| --> | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| * Somani, Alia Rehana. "" (PhD thesis) (). School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, ], 2012. | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{Commons category}} | |||
| {{external media | |||
| | align = right | |||
| | width = | |||
| | image1 = }} | |||
| * – ] | |||
| * – Reasons for Judgment, R. v Malik and Bagri | |||
| * – CBC.ca | |||
| * – www.Canada.com Air India archives | |||
| * | |||
| *{{ASN accident|id=19850623-2|type=Criminal Occurrence}} | |||
| * – Aviation Accident Investigators | |||
| Passenger lists | |||
| * - Does not indicate locations or distinguish crew from passengers | |||
| * "." '']'' at '']''. June 24, 1985 - Preliminary list with crew members indicated and locations of U.S. passengers indicated, | |||
| {{Air India Flight 182}} | |||
| {{CanadianTerrorism}} | |||
| {{Aviation accidents and incidents in 1985}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Air India Flight 182}} | |||
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