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| '''''Etruria''''' was a ] of the Italian '']'' (Royal Navy) built in the 1890s. She was the third of six vessels of the {{sclass2-|Regioni|cruiser|4}}, all of which were named for current, or in the case of ''Etruria'', ] of Italy. |
'''''Etruria''''' was a ] of the ] '']'' (Royal Navy) built in the 1890s. She was the third of six vessels of the {{sclass2-|Regioni|cruiser|4}}, all of which were named for current, or in the case of ''Etruria'', ] of Italy. The ship was equipped with a main armament of four {{convert|15|cm|abbr=on}} and six {{convert|12|cm|abbr=on}} guns, and she could steam at a speed of {{convert|18|kn}}. | ||
| ''Etruria'' spent her early career with the main fleet in the ]. In the early 1900s, she spent much of her time in North and South American waters; she visited the United States for the ] and the ] in 1907 and 1909. The ship took part in the ] of 1911–12, primarily by providing gunfire support to Italian troops in North Africa. | ''Etruria'' spent her early career with the main fleet in the ]. In the early 1900s, she spent much of her time in North and South American waters; she visited the ] for the ] and the ] in 1907 and 1909. The ship took part in the ] of 1911–12, primarily by providing gunfire support to Italian troops in North Africa. | ||
| Reduced to a ] by ], ''Etruria'' was deliberately sunk by the ''Regia Marina'' in ] to convince ] that its espionage network had not been compromised by ]s. | Reduced to a ] by ], ''Etruria'' was deliberately sunk by the ''Regia Marina'' in ] to convince ] that its espionage network had not been compromised by ]s. | ||
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| ==Design== | ==Design== | ||
| {{main|Regioni-class cruiser}} | {{main|Regioni-class cruiser}} | ||
| The ''Etruria'' was the third ship of the ],<ref>"Etruria"</ref> whose ] '']'' had been the first ] to be designed in Italy. | |||
| ''Etruria'' was {{convert|84.8|m|sp=us}} ], had a ] of {{convert|12.03|m|abbr=on}} and a ] of {{convert|4.87|m|abbr=on}}. She displaced up to {{convert|3110|MT|sp=us}} at full load. Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal ]s, with steam supplied by four cylindrical ]s.<ref name=G349>Gardiner, p. 349</ref> On her speed trials, she reached a maximum of {{convert|18.3|kn|lk=in}} at {{convert|7018|ihp|lk=in}}.<ref>"Notes on Ships and Torpedo Boats" 1896, p. 68</ref> The ship had a cruising radius of about {{convert|2100|nmi|lk=in}} at a speed of {{convert|10|kn}}. She had a crew of between 213-78.<ref name=G349/> | ''Etruria'' was {{convert|84.8|m|sp=us}} ], had a ] of {{convert|12.03|m|abbr=on}} and a ] of {{convert|4.87|m|abbr=on}}. She displaced up to {{convert|3110|MT|sp=us}} at full load. Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal ]s, with steam supplied by four cylindrical ]s.<ref name=G349>Gardiner, p. 349</ref> On her speed trials, she reached a maximum of {{convert|18.3|kn|lk=in}} at {{convert|7018|ihp|lk=in}}.<ref>"Notes on Ships and Torpedo Boats" 1896, p. 68</ref> The ship had a cruising radius of about {{convert|2100|nmi|lk=in}} at a speed of {{convert|10|kn}}. She had a crew of between 213-78.<ref name=G349/> | ||
| ''Etruria'' was armed with a main battery of four {{convert|15|cm|abbr=on}} L/40 guns mounted singly, with two side by side forward and two side by side aft. Six {{convert|12|cm|abbr=on}} L/40 guns were placed between them, with three on each ]. Light armament included eight {{convert|57|mm|abbr=on}} guns two {{convert|37|mm|abbr=on}} guns, and a pair of ]s. She was also equipped with two {{convert|45|cm|abbr=on}} ]s. ''Etruria'' was protected by a {{convert|50|mm|abbr=on}} thick deck, and her ] had 50 mm thick sides.<ref name=G349/> | ''Etruria'' was armed with a main battery of four {{convert|15|cm|abbr=on}} L/40 guns mounted singly, with two side by side forward and two side by side aft. Six {{convert|12|cm|abbr=on}} L/40 guns were placed between them, with three on each ]. Light armament included eight {{convert|57|mm|abbr=on}} guns two {{convert|37|mm|abbr=on}} guns, and a pair of ]s. She was also equipped with two {{convert|45|cm|abbr=on}} ]s. ''Etruria'' was protected by a {{convert|50|mm|abbr=on}} thick deck, and her ] had 50 mm thick sides.<ref name=G349/> | ||
| This design proved to be a disappointment, owing to its slow speed and insufficient armoring.<ref>Gardiner, pp. 348–9</ref> | |||
| ==Service history== | ==Service history== | ||
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| ] in 1909|thumb|left]] | ] in 1909|thumb|left]] | ||
| In April 1907, ''Etruria'' and the ] {{ship|Italian cruiser|Varese||2}} crossed the Atlantic to represent Italy during the ], the commemoration of the 300th anniversary of the ] colony, the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. In addition to the Austro-Hungarian delegation, the international fleet consisted of warships from Great Britain, Japan, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and several other nations.<ref>''Final Report'', p. 59</ref> ''Etruria'' returned to the United States in September 1909 for the ] in New York City, which also included ships from the German, British, and French fleets, among others, in addition to the hosting ]. On this occasion, she was joined by the training cruiser {{ship|Italian cruiser|Etna||2}}.<ref>Kunz, pp. 317–318</ref> | In April 1907, ''Etruria'' and the ] {{ship|Italian cruiser|Varese||2}} crossed the Atlantic to represent Italy during the ], the commemoration of the 300th anniversary of the ] colony, the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. In addition to the Austro-Hungarian delegation, the international fleet consisted of warships from Great Britain, Japan, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and several other nations.<ref>''Final Report'', p. 59</ref> ''Etruria'' returned to the United States in September 1909 for the ] in ], which also included ships from the German, British, and French fleets, among others, in addition to the hosting ]. On this occasion, she was joined by the training cruiser {{ship|Italian cruiser|Etna||2}}.<ref>Kunz, pp. 317–318</ref> | ||
| ''Etruria'' also represented Italy at the commemoration of |
''Etruria'' also represented Italy at the commemoration of ]vian pilot ] on 27 October 1910, who had been killed in a crash attempting to cross the ] from France to Italy a month before. The French cruiser {{ship|French cruiser|Montcalm|1900|2}} joined ''Etruria'' for the event.<ref>''Aircraft'', p. 431</ref> The ship made another visit to the United States in March 1911, this time in ]. Her visit coincided with the 50th anniversary of the proclamation of the ] on 17 March; ''Etruria'' fired a ] in honor of the anniversary, which was returned by the ] training facility in the harbor.<ref>''Army and Navy Register'', p. 22</ref> | ||
| On 29 September 1911, Italy declared war on the ] in order to seize ].<ref>Beehler, p. 6</ref> At the time, ''Etruria'' was still in American waters, but she was quickly recalled.<ref>Beehler, p. 11</ref> On 18 October, she joined the escort for a troop convoy headed to ]. The convoy was heavily protected against a possible Ottoman attack; the escort comprised the four {{sclass-|Regina Elena|battleship|0}} ]s, her sister {{ship|Italian cruiser|Liguria||2}} and another cruiser, and five destroyers. The Italian fleet bombarded the city the next morning after the Ottoman garrison refused to surrender. During the bombardment, parties from the ships and the infantry from the troopships went ashore.<ref>Beehler, p. 27</ref> The Italians quickly forced the Ottomans to withdraw into the city by evening. After a short siege, the Ottoman forces withdrew on 29 October, leaving the city to the Italians.<ref>Beehler, pp. 28–29</ref> | On 29 September 1911, Italy declared war on the ] in order to seize ].<ref>Beehler, p. 6</ref> At the time, ''Etruria'' was still in American waters, but she was quickly recalled.<ref>Beehler, p. 11</ref> On 18 October, she joined the escort for a troop convoy headed to ]. The convoy was heavily protected against a possible Ottoman attack; the escort comprised the four {{sclass-|Regina Elena|battleship|0}} ]s, her sister {{ship|Italian cruiser|Liguria||2}} and another cruiser, and five destroyers. The Italian fleet bombarded the city the next morning after the Ottoman garrison refused to surrender. During the bombardment, parties from the ships and the infantry from the troopships went ashore.<ref>Beehler, p. 27</ref> The Italians quickly forced the Ottomans to withdraw into the city by evening. After a short siege, the Ottoman forces withdrew on 29 October, leaving the city to the Italians.<ref>Beehler, pp. 28–29</ref> | ||
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| * {{cite book |editor-last=Gardiner|editor-first=Robert|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1860–1905|year=1979|location=London|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|isbn=0-85177-133-5}} | * {{cite book |editor-last=Gardiner|editor-first=Robert|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1860–1905|year=1979|location=London|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|isbn=0-85177-133-5}} | ||
| *{{cite journal|last=Kunz|first=George Frederick, Dr.|year=1909|title=The Hudson-Fulton Celebration of 1909|journal=The Popular Science Monthly|publisher=The Science Press|location=New York|volume=LXXV|issue=October 1909|pages=314–337}} | *{{cite journal|last=Kunz|first=George Frederick, Dr.|year=1909|title=The Hudson-Fulton Celebration of 1909|journal=The Popular Science Monthly|publisher=The Science Press|location=New York|volume=LXXV|issue=October 1909|pages=314–337}} | ||
| * {{cite web|title= |
* {{cite web|title=Etruria|url=http://www.marina.difesa.it/storiacultura/storia/almanacco/Pagine/EFGHI/etruria.aspx|website=]|accessdate=6 January 2015|language=Italian}} | ||
| * {{cite journal|title=Naval and Military Notes|journal=Journal of the Royal United Service Institution|year=1895|volume=XXXIX|number=203|pages=81–111|oclc=8007941}} | * {{cite journal|title=Naval and Military Notes|journal=Journal of the Royal United Service Institution|year=1895|volume=XXXIX|number=203|pages=81–111|oclc=8007941}} | ||
| * {{cite journal|title=Naval and Military Notes|journal=Journal of the Royal United Service Institution|year=1895|volume=XXXIX|number=207|pages=511–538|oclc=8007941}} | * {{cite journal|title=Naval and Military Notes|journal=Journal of the Royal United Service Institution|year=1895|volume=XXXIX|number=207|pages=511–538|oclc=8007941}} | ||
| Line 93: | Line 96: | ||
| * {{cite book|last1=O'Hara|first1=Vincent|last2=Dickson|first2=W. David|last3=Worth|first3=Richard|title=To Crown the Waves: The Great Navies of the First World War|year=2013|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis|isbn=9781612510828}} | * {{cite book|last1=O'Hara|first1=Vincent|last2=Dickson|first2=W. David|last3=Worth|first3=Richard|title=To Crown the Waves: The Great Navies of the First World War|year=2013|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis|isbn=9781612510828}} | ||
| * {{cite book|title=The Final Report of the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Commission|year=1909|location=Washington DC|publisher=Government Printing Office}} | * {{cite book|title=The Final Report of the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Commission|year=1909|location=Washington DC|publisher=Government Printing Office}} | ||
| ==External links== | |||
| * at the ] | |||
| {{Regioni class cruiser}} | {{Regioni class cruiser}} | ||
Revision as of 13:08, 12 January 2015
 Etruria in 1895
| |
| History | |
|---|---|
| Name | Etruria |
| Namesake | Region of Etruria |
| Fate | Sunk, 13 August 1918 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Template:Sclass2- |
| Displacement | Full load: 3,110 t (3,060 long tons; 3,430 short tons) |
| Length | 84.8 m (278 ft) |
| Beam | 12.03 m (39.5 ft) |
| Draft | 4.87 m (16.0 ft) |
| Installed power | 4 water-tube boilers, 5,536 ihp (4,128 kW) |
| Propulsion | 2 shaft triple-expansion engines |
| Range | 2,100 nmi (3,900 km; 2,400 mi) at 10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph) |
| Complement | 213–278 |
| Armament | list error: <br /> list (help) 4 × 15 cm (5.9 in) guns 6 × 12 cm (4.7 in) guns 8 × 57 mm (2.2 in) guns 2 × 37 mm (1.5 in) guns 2 × 45 cm (18 in) torpedo tubes |
| Armor | list error: <br /> list (help) Deck: 50 mm (2.0 in) Conning tower: 50 mm |
Etruria was a protected cruiser of the Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy) built in the 1890s. She was the third of six vessels of the Template:Sclass2-, all of which were named for current, or in the case of Etruria, former regions of Italy. The ship was equipped with a main armament of four 15 cm (5.9 in) and six 12 cm (4.7 in) guns, and she could steam at a speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph).
Etruria spent her early career with the main fleet in the Mediterranean Sea. In the early 1900s, she spent much of her time in North and South American waters; she visited the United States for the Jamestown Exposition and the Hudson-Fulton Celebration in 1907 and 1909. The ship took part in the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–12, primarily by providing gunfire support to Italian troops in North Africa.
Reduced to a training ship by World War I, Etruria was deliberately sunk by the Regia Marina in Livorno to convince Austria-Hungary that its espionage network had not been compromised by double agents.
Design
Main article: Regioni-class cruiserThe Etruria was the third ship of the Regioni class, whose lead ship Umbria had been the first protected cruiser to be designed in Italy.
Etruria was 84.8 meters (278 ft) long overall, had a beam of 12.03 m (39.5 ft) and a draft of 4.87 m (16.0 ft). She displaced up to 3,110 metric tons (3,060 long tons; 3,430 short tons) at full load. Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal triple-expansion engines, with steam supplied by four cylindrical water-tube boilers. On her speed trials, she reached a maximum of 18.3 knots (33.9 km/h; 21.1 mph) at 7,018 indicated horsepower (5,233 kW). The ship had a cruising radius of about 2,100 nautical miles (3,900 km; 2,400 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). She had a crew of between 213-78.
Etruria was armed with a main battery of four 15 cm (5.9 in) L/40 guns mounted singly, with two side by side forward and two side by side aft. Six 12 cm (4.7 in) L/40 guns were placed between them, with three on each broadside. Light armament included eight 57 mm (2.2 in) guns two 37 mm (1.5 in) guns, and a pair of machine guns. She was also equipped with two 45 cm (18 in) torpedo tubes. Etruria was protected by a 50 mm (2.0 in) thick deck, and her conning tower had 50 mm thick sides.
This design proved to be a disappointment, owing to its slow speed and insufficient armoring.
Service history
Etruria was laid down at the Odero-Terni-Orlando shipyard in Livorno on 1 April 1889. Shortages of funding slowed the completion Etruria and her sister ships. Tight budgets forced the navy to reduce the pace of construction so that the funds could be used to keep the active fleet in service. As a result, it took two years to complete her hull, which was launched on 23 April 1891. Fitting-out work proceeded even more slowly; she was not ready for commissioning until 11 July 1894. Following her commissioning, Etruria was assigned to the Second Division of the Italian fleet in October 1894, along with the ironclad battleships Francesco Morosini, two cruisers and six torpedo boats. In 1895, she the other ships were replaced by the ironclads Sardegna and Ruggiero di Lauria and the torpedo gunboat Partenope. On 20 June 1895, Etruria and a fleet that included the battleships Sardegna, Re Umberto, Andrea Doria, and Ruggiero di Lauria, visited Germany for the ceremony of the opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal. Contingents from Britain, France, Russia, Spain, and several other countries joined the celebration.
In April 1907, Etruria and the armored cruiser Varese crossed the Atlantic to represent Italy during the Jamestown Exposition, the commemoration of the 300th anniversary of the Jamestown colony, the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. In addition to the Austro-Hungarian delegation, the international fleet consisted of warships from Great Britain, Japan, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and several other nations. Etruria returned to the United States in September 1909 for the Hudson-Fulton Celebration in New York City, which also included ships from the German, British, and French fleets, among others, in addition to the hosting US Navy. On this occasion, she was joined by the training cruiser Etna.
Etruria also represented Italy at the commemoration of Peruvian pilot Jorge Chávez on 27 October 1910, who had been killed in a crash attempting to cross the Alps from France to Italy a month before. The French cruiser Montcalm joined Etruria for the event. The ship made another visit to the United States in March 1911, this time in San Francisco. Her visit coincided with the 50th anniversary of the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy on 17 March; Etruria fired a 21-gun salute in honor of the anniversary, which was returned by the US Navy training facility in the harbor.
On 29 September 1911, Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire in order to seize Libya. At the time, Etruria was still in American waters, but she was quickly recalled. On 18 October, she joined the escort for a troop convoy headed to Benghazi. The convoy was heavily protected against a possible Ottoman attack; the escort comprised the four Template:Sclass- pre-dreadnought battleships, her sister Liguria and another cruiser, and five destroyers. The Italian fleet bombarded the city the next morning after the Ottoman garrison refused to surrender. During the bombardment, parties from the ships and the infantry from the troopships went ashore. The Italians quickly forced the Ottomans to withdraw into the city by evening. After a short siege, the Ottoman forces withdrew on 29 October, leaving the city to the Italians.
By December, Etruria had been moved to Tobruk, where she provided gunfire support to the Italians defending the city. She was joined there by Etna and twelve torpedo boats. In the meantime, most of the fleet had returned to Italy for refitting. In January 1912, Etruria was moved back to Benghazi. For the next six months she remained here, supporting the garrison against Ottoman counter-attacks. The ship repeatedly shelled the Ottoman camps outside the city. On 15 October, the Ottomans surrendered, ending the war.
Etruria was stationed in Libya as part of the local defense force, which included the old ironclad battleships Lepanto and Enrico Dandolo, along with several smaller vessels. By the outbreak of World War I, the ship had been reduced to a training cruiser. The Italian Navy deliberately blew up Etruria in Livorno on 13 August 1918, ostensibly as an act of sabotage by Austro-Hungarian agents in Italy. The purported agents had in fact been coopted as double agents, and the destruction of Etruria was meant to strengthen Austro-Hungarian confidence in their espionage network.
Notes
- "Etruria"
- ^ Gardiner, p. 349
- "Notes on Ships and Torpedo Boats" 1896, p. 68
- Gardiner, pp. 348–9
- "Notes on Ships and Torpedo Boats" 1891, p. 41
- "Naval and Military Notes" no. 203, p. 89
- Brassey, p. 134
- "Naval and Military Notes" no. 207, pp. 518–519
- Final Report, p. 59
- Kunz, pp. 317–318
- Aircraft, p. 431
- Army and Navy Register, p. 22
- Beehler, p. 6
- Beehler, p. 11
- Beehler, p. 27
- Beehler, pp. 28–29
- Beehler, p. 47
- Beehler, p. 50
- Beehler, pp. 81, 84
- Beehler, p. 95
- Earle, p. 1349
- O'Hara, Dickson, & Worth, p. 187
References
- Aircraft. 1 (12). New York: Lawson Publishing Co. 1911.
{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - Army and Navy Register. XLIX. Washington DC: Army and Navy Register Pub. Co. 1911. OCLC 8450775.
{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - Beehler, William Henry (1913). The History of the Italian-Turkish War: September 29, 1911, to October 18, 1912. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute.
- Brassey, Thomas A., ed. (1896). The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.
{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - Earle, Ralph (ed.). Proceedings. Annapolis: US Naval Institute. ISSN 0041-798X.
{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-133-5.
- Kunz, George Frederick, Dr. (1909). "The Hudson-Fulton Celebration of 1909". The Popular Science Monthly. LXXV (October 1909). New York: The Science Press: 314–337.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - "Etruria". Regia Marina (in Italian). Retrieved 6 January 2015.
- "Naval and Military Notes". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. XXXIX (203): 81–111. 1895. OCLC 8007941.
- "Naval and Military Notes". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. XXXIX (207): 511–538. 1895. OCLC 8007941.
- "Notes on Ships and Torpedo Boats". Notes on the Year's Naval Progress. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office: 7–70. 1891.
- "Notes on Ships and Torpedo Boats". Notes on the Year's Naval Progress. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office: 11–94. 1896.
- O'Hara, Vincent; Dickson, W. David; Worth, Richard (2013). To Crown the Waves: The Great Navies of the First World War. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781612510828.
- The Final Report of the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Commission. Washington DC: Government Printing Office. 1909.
External links
| Regioni-class cruisers | |
|---|---|
 Regia Marina | |
 Haitian Navy|Haitian Navy |
|