| Revision as of 15:11, 15 January 2015 editAxxxion (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users13,218 edits →First round of sanctions← Previous edit | Revision as of 00:00, 17 January 2015 edit undoIryna Harpy (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers43,773 edits Reverted to revision 642522391 by Volunteer Marek: Rv stable version before multiple account abuser reinserted WP:BIASED, unreliable source +unsourced addition of precise date for sanctions. (TW)Next edit → | ||
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| === First round of sanctions === | === First round of sanctions === | ||
| The first sanctions issued against Russia during unrest were |
The first sanctions issued against Russia during unrest were in March 2014, in the wake of the ].<ref></ref> These were imposed to prevent Russian and Crimean officials and politicians travelling to Canada, the United States, and the European Union. They were the most wide-ranging used on Russia since the ] of the ].<ref name="Katakey">{{Cite news |last = Katakey |first = Rakteem |date = 25 March 2014 |title = Russian Oil Seen Heading East Not West in Crimea Spat |url = http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-03-25/russian-oil-seen-heading-east-not-west-in-crimea-spat.html |publisher = ] |accessdate = 25 March 2014 }}</ref> ] also announced sanctions against Russia. These included the suspension of talks regarding military matters, space, investment, and visa requirements.<ref></ref> In early April, ], ] and ], as well as ], decided to follow the EU and impose the same restrictions and travel bans issued by the EU on 17 March.<ref name=eupressrelease>{{cite web |url= http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/cfsp/142174.pdf|title= Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the European Union on the alignment of certain third countries with the Council Decision 2014/145/CFSPconcerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= 11 April 2014|website= |publisher= Council of the European Union|accessdate=23 August 2014}}</ref> In response to the sanctions introduced by the United States and the EU, the ] (Russian parliament) unanimously passed a resolution asking for all members of the Duma to be included on the sanctions list.<ref name="dumasanctions">{{Cite news|url=http://voiceofrussia.com/news/2014_03_18/All-Russian-MPs-volunteer-to-be-subject-to-US-EU-sanctions-7889/|title=All Russian MPs volunteer to be subject to US, EU sanctions|publisher=2014-03-18|accessdate=20 March 2014}}</ref> The sanctions were expanded to include prominent Russian businessmen and women a few days later.<ref name = "FT share prices">{{Cite news |last1 = Farchy |first1 = Jack |last2 = Hume |first2 = Neil |date = 21 March 2014 |title = Russian share prices drop as sanctions bite |url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9ffba124-b0d6-11e3-9f6f-00144feab7de.html |work = ]}}</ref> | ||
| ] also announced sanctions against Russia. These included the suspension of talks regarding military matters, space, investment, and visa requirements.<ref></ref> In early April, ], ] and ], as well as ], decided to follow the EU and impose the same restrictions and travel bans issued by the EU on 17 March.<ref name=eupressrelease>{{cite web |url= http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/cfsp/142174.pdf|title= Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the European Union on the alignment of certain third countries with the Council Decision 2014/145/CFSPconcerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= 11 April 2014|website= |publisher= Council of the European Union|accessdate=23 August 2014}}</ref> In response to the sanctions introduced by the United States and the EU, the ] (Russian parliament) unanimously passed a resolution asking for all members of the Duma to be included on the sanctions list.<ref name="dumasanctions">{{Cite news|url=http://voiceofrussia.com/news/2014_03_18/All-Russian-MPs-volunteer-to-be-subject-to-US-EU-sanctions-7889/|title=All Russian MPs volunteer to be subject to US, EU sanctions|publisher=2014-03-18|accessdate=20 March 2014}}</ref> The sanctions were expanded to include prominent Russian businessmen and women a few days later.<ref name = "FT share prices">{{Cite news |last1 = Farchy |first1 = Jack |last2 = Hume |first2 = Neil |date = 21 March 2014 |title = Russian share prices drop as sanctions bite |url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9ffba124-b0d6-11e3-9f6f-00144feab7de.html |work = ]}}</ref> | |||
| === Second round of sanctions === | === Second round of sanctions === | ||
Revision as of 00:00, 17 January 2015
Russia Countries that have introduced sanctions Countries who are part of the EU who introduced sanctions
The 2013–2015 crisis in Ukraine prompted a number of governments to apply sanctions against individuals and businesses from Russia and Ukraine. Sanctions were approved by the United States, the European Union (EU) and other countries and international organisations. Russia has responded with sanctions against a number of countries, including a total ban on food imports from the EU, United States, Norway, Canada and Australia.
Background
Main articles: 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine, 2014 Crimean crisis, 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine, and War in DonbassIn response to the Crimean crisis and the subsequent annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, some governments, led by the United States and European Union, imposed sanctions on Russian individuals and businesses. As the unrest expanded into other parts of southern and eastern Ukraine, and later escalated into the ongoing war in the Donbass region, the scope of the sanctions increased. The Russian government responded in kind, with sanctions against some Canadian and American individuals and, in August 2014, with a total ban on food imports from the European Union, United States, Norway, Canada and Australia.
Sanctions against Russia
First round of sanctions
The first sanctions issued against Russia during unrest were in March 2014, in the wake of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. These were imposed to prevent Russian and Crimean officials and politicians travelling to Canada, the United States, and the European Union. They were the most wide-ranging used on Russia since the 1991 fall of the Soviet Union. Japan also announced sanctions against Russia. These included the suspension of talks regarding military matters, space, investment, and visa requirements. In early April, Albania, Iceland and Montenegro, as well as Ukraine, decided to follow the EU and impose the same restrictions and travel bans issued by the EU on 17 March. In response to the sanctions introduced by the United States and the EU, the State Duma (Russian parliament) unanimously passed a resolution asking for all members of the Duma to be included on the sanctions list. The sanctions were expanded to include prominent Russian businessmen and women a few days later.
Second round of sanctions
On 28 April, the United States imposed a ban on business transactions within its territory on seven Russian officials, including Igor Sechin, and seventeen Russian companies. On the same day, the European Union issued travel bans against a further fifteen individuals. In connection with this, the EU issued a paper stating the aims of the sanctions. The EU states that their "sanctions are not punitive, but designed to bring about a change in policy or activity by the target country, entities or individuals. Measures are therefore always targeted at such policies or activities, the means to conduct them and those responsible for them. At the same time, the EU makes every effort to minimise adverse consequences for the civilian population or for legitimate activities".
Third round of sanctions
In response to the escalating War in Donbass, on 17 July 2014 the United States extended its transactions ban to two major Russian energy firms, Rosneft and Novatek, and two banks, Gazprombank and Vneshekonombank. On 25 July, the EU expanded its sanctions to an additional fifteen individuals and eighteen entities, followed by an additional eight individuals and three entities on 30 July. On 31 July 2014 the EU introduced the third round of sanctions against certain sectors of Russia's economy, including the financial sector (all majority government-owned Russian banks), trade restrictions relating to the Russian energy and defence industries, and additional individuals and entities designated under the EU asset freezing provisions.
On 19 March, Australia imposed sanctions on Russia after annexation of Crimea from Ukraine. The Australian government imposed targeted financial sanctions and travel bans on those who have been instrumental in the Russian threat to Ukraine's sovereignty.
On 24 July 2014, Canada announced sanctions targeting Russian arms, energy and financial entities.
On 5 August 2014, Japan decided to freeze the assets of "individuals and groups supporting the separation of Crimea from Ukraine" and restrict imports from Crimea. Japan will additionally freeze funds for new projects in Russia in line with the policy of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
On 8 August 2014 Australian prime minister Tony Abbott announced that Australia is "working towards" tougher sanctions against Russia, which should be implemented in the coming weeks.
On 12 August 2014 Norway decided to adopt the tougher sanctions against Russia that were imposed by the EU and the United States on 12 August 2014. Although Norway is not a part of the EU, the Norwegian Foreign Minister Børge Brende said that it would impose restrictions similar to the EU's 1 August sanctions. Russian state-owned banks will be banned from taking long-term and mid-term loans, arms exports will be banned and supplies of equipment, technology and assistance to the Russian oil sector will be prohibited.
On 14 August 2014 Switzerland expanded sanctions against Russia over its threat to Ukraine's sovereignty. Swiss government added 26 more Russians and pro-Russian Ukrainians to the list of sanctioned Russian citizens that was first announced after Russia's annexation of Crimea. On 27 August 2014 Switzerland further expanded their sanctions against Russia. The Swiss government said it is expanding measures to prevent the circumvention of sanctions relating to the situation in Ukraine to include the third round of sanctions imposed by the EU in July. The Swiss government also stated that five Russian banks (Sberbank, VTB, Vnesheconombank, Gazprombank and Rosselkhoz) will require authorisation to issue long-term financial instruments in Switzerland.
On 14 August 2014 Ukraine passed a law introducing Ukrainian sanctions against Russia. The law includes 172 individuals and 65 entities in Russia and other countries for supporting and financing "terrorism" in Ukraine, though actual sanctions would need approval from Ukraine's National Security and Defense Council.
On 28 August 2014 Switzerland amended its sanctions to include the sanctions imposed by the EU in July.
On 11 September 2014, US President Barack Obama said that the United States would join the EU in imposing tougher sanctions on Russia's financial, energy and defence sectors. On 12 September 2014, the United States imposed sanctions on Russia's largest bank (Sberbank), a major arms maker and arctic (Rostec), deepwater and shale exploration by its biggest oil companies (Gazprom, Gazprom Neft, Lukoil, Surgutneftegas and Rosneft). Sberbank and Rostec will have limited ability to access the US debt markets. The sanction on the oil companies seek to ban co-operation with Russian oil firms on energy technology and services by companies including Exxon Mobil Corp. and BP Plc.
On 24 September 2014, Japan imposed additional sanctions against Russia by banning the issuance of securities by five Russian banks (Sberbank, VTB, Gazprombank, Rosselkhozbank and development bank VEB) and also tightened restrictions on defence exports to Russia.
On 3 October 2014, US Vice President Joe Biden said that "It was America's leadership and the president of the United States insisting, oft times almost having to embarrass Europe to stand up and take economic hits to impose costs".
On 18 December 2014 the European Union forbid some investments on Crimea, halting support for Russian Federation Black Sea oil and gas exploration and banning European companies to buy real estate or companies on Crimea or offering tourism services. On 19 December 2014, US President Barack Obama imposed sanctions on Russian-occupied Crimea by executive order prohibiting exports of US goods and services to the region.
Sanctions by Russia
 | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2014) |
Three days after the first sanctions against Russia, on 20 March 2014, the Russian Foreign Ministry published a list of reciprocal sanctions against certain American citizens, which consisted of ten names, including Speaker of the House of Representatives John Boehner, Senator John McCain, and two advisers to Barack Obama. The ministry said in the statement, "Treating our country in such way, as Washington could have already ascertained, is inappropriate and counterproductive", and reiterated that sanctions against Russia would have a boomerang effect. On 24 March, Russia banned thirteen Canadian officials, including members of the Parliament of Canada, from entering the country.
On 6 August 2014, Putin signed a decree "On the use of specific economic measures", which mandated an effective embargo for a one-year period on imports of most of the agricultural products whose country of origin had either "adopted the decision on introduction of economic sanctions in respect of Russian legal and (or) physical entities, or joined same". The next day, the Russian government ordinance was adopted and published with immediate effect, which specified the banned items as well as the countries of provenance: the United States, the EU, Norway, Canada and Australia, including a ban on fruit, vegetables, meat, fish, milk and dairy imports. Prior to the embargo, food exports from the EU to Russia were worth around €11.8 billion, or 10% of the total. Food exports from the United States to Russia were worth around €972 million. Food exports from Canada were worth around €385 million. Russia had previously taken a position that it would not engage in "tit-for-tat" sanctions, but, announcing the embargo, Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev said "There is nothing good in sanctions and it was not an easy decision to take, but we had to do it." He indicated that sanctions relating to the transport manufacturing sector were also being considered. United States Treasury spokesperson David Cohen said that sanctions affecting access to food were "not something that the US and its allies would ever do".
On the same day, Russia announced a ban on the use of its airspace by Ukrainian aircraft.
List of sanctioned individuals
Main article: List of individuals sanctioned during the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in UkraineSanctioned individual include notable and high-level central government personnel on all sides. In addition, companies suggested for possible involvement in the controversial issues have also been sanctioned.
See also
References
- US imposes second wave of sanctions on Russia
- Katakey, Rakteem (25 March 2014). "Russian Oil Seen Heading East Not West in Crimea Spat". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
- Japan imposes sanctions against Russia over Crimea independence | Fox News
- "Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the European Union on the alignment of certain third countries with the Council Decision 2014/145/CFSPconcerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine" (PDF). Council of the European Union. 11 April 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
- "All Russian MPs volunteer to be subject to US, EU sanctions". 2014-03-18. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
- Farchy, Jack; Hume, Neil (21 March 2014). "Russian share prices drop as sanctions bite". Financial Times.
- "U.S. levels new sanctions against Russian officials, companies". Haaretz. 28 April 2014.
- "EU strengthens sanctions against actions undermining Ukraine's territorial integrity". International Trade Compliance. 28 April 2014.
- "EU restrictive measures" (PDF). Council of the European Union. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
- Third Wave of Sanctions Slams Russian Stocks
- "restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine".
- "Council Decision 2014/508/CFSP of 30 July 2014 amending Decision 2014/145/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine".
- http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:JOL_2014_229_R_0001&from=EN COUNCIL REGULATION (EU) No 833/2014
- http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-03-19/australia-sanctions-russia-ukraine/5331826
- http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ukraine-crisis-u-s-eu-canada-announce-new-sanctions-against-russia-1.2721836 Ukraine crisis: CBC: U.S., EU, Canada announce new sanctions against Russia, 30 July 2014
- http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/japan-formally-oks-additional-russia-sanctions-24842209 ABC News: Japan Formally OKs Additional Russia Sanctions, 5 August 2014
- http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/australia-working-towards-tougher-sanctions-against-russia-abbott/story-fn59niix-1227017779308 The Australian: Australia ‘working towards’ tougher sanctions against Russia: Abbott, 8 August 2014
- http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-08-11/abbott-in-netherlands-flags-tougher-sanctions-against-russia/5661586 ABC: Prime Minister Tony Abbott arrives in Netherlands, flags tougher sanctions against Russia over MH17, 11 August 2014
- http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-08-12/norway-ready-to-act-as-russian-sanctions-trigger-fallout-probe.html Bloomberg: Norway ‘Ready to Act’ as Putin Sanctions Spark Fallout Probe, 12 August 2014
- Switzerland Expands Sanctions Against Russia Over Ukraine Crisis RFERL: Switzerland Expands Sanctions Against Russia Over Ukraine Crisis
- ^ https://www.news.admin.ch/message/index.html?lang=en&msg-id=54221 Situation in Ukraine: Federal Council decides on further measures to prevent the circumvention of international sanctions
- RFLE: Ukraine Passes Law On Russia Sanctions, Gas Pipelines August 14 2014
- http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/14/us-ukraine-crisis-sanctions-kiev-idUSKBN0GE0YI20140814 Reuters: Ukraine approves law on sanctions against Russia, 14 August 2014
- Lamarque, Kevin. "Obama says U.S. to outline new Russia sanctions on Friday". Reuters. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
- Arshad, Mohammed. "U.S. steps up sanctions on Russia over Ukraine". Retrieved 12 September 2014.
- "U.S. Japan Steps Up Russia Sanctions, Protests Island Visit".
- "Biden says US 'embarrassed' EU into sanctioning Russia over Ukraine". RT. 4 October 2014.
- Adrian Croft und Robin Emmott: "EU bans investment in Crimea, targets oil sector, cruises" Reuters 18. December 2014
- "US slaps trade ban on Crimea over Russia 'occupation'." Channel NewsAsia. 20 December 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
- Sanctions tit-for-tat: Moscow strikes back against US officials RT
- Steven Chase (24 March 2014). "Russia imposes sanctions on 13 Canadians, including MPs". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
- Putin bans agricultural imports from sanctioning countries for 1 year RT, 6 August 2014.
- "Western food imports off the menu as Russia hits back over Ukraine sanctions". The Guardian. 7 August 2014.
- Указ Президента РФ от 6 августа 2014 г. N 560 "О применении отдельных специальных экономических мер в целях обеспечения безопасности Российской Федерации"
- О мерах по реализации Указа Президента России «О применении отдельных специальных экономических мер в целях обеспечения безопасности Российской Федерации»
- ^ "Russia hits West with food import ban in sanctions row". BBC News. 7 August 2014.
- "Russia sanctions: Vladimir Putin retaliates, sanctions Canada". CBC News. 7 August 2014.
- "Russia threatens to go beyond food sanctions". Financial Times. 7 August 2014.
External links
- Ukrainian crisis: sanctions and reactions, Information Telegraph Agency of Russia
- Ukraine and Russia Sanctions, United States Department of State
- EU sanctions against Russia over Ukraine crisis, European Union
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