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===History=== ===History===
{{Undue-section|date=January 2015}} {{Undue-section|date=January 2015}}
{{Importance-section}}
The Landmark Forum, its direct predecessors the Forum, est (Erhard Seminars Training) and its other, related, iterations have been proffered by a continuum of various companies beginning with the founding of Erhard Seminars Training, Inc. by Werner Erhard in the early 1970s.<ref>See: The Landmark Forum, its direct predecessors the Forum, est (Erhard Seminars Training) and its other, related, iterations have been proffered by a continuum of various companies beginning with the founding of Erhard Seminars Training, Inc. by Werner Erhard in the early 1970s.<ref>See:
*{{harv|Anderson|2007|p=413}}; *{{harv|Anderson|2007|p=413}};

Revision as of 21:34, 30 January 2015

Not to be confused with Landmark School or Landmark College.
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Landmark Worldwide
Company typePrivate LLC
IndustrySelf-help
FoundedJanuary 1991
HeadquartersSan Francisco, California
Key peopleHarry Rosenberg: director, CEO; Mick Leavitt: President
ProductsThe Landmark Forum, associated coursework
RevenueDecreaseUSD$77 million (2009)
Number of employees525+ employees
Subsidiaries
  • The Vanto Group
  • Tekniko Licensing Corporation
Websitelandmarkworldwide.com

Landmark Worldwide (formerly Landmark Education), or simply Landmark, is a limited liability company headquartered in San Francisco, California. It offers programs in personal development.

The company started with the purchase of intellectual property based upon Werner Erhard's est training seminars. Landmark has developed and delivered over 40 personal development programs. Its subsidiary, the Vanto Group, also markets and delivers training and consulting to organizations.

Landmark's programs have been categorized by some scholars as religious or quasi-religious in nature. Landmark and many of the company's customers deny such characterizations, while some researchers question that categorization as well.

Corporation

History

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The Landmark Forum, its direct predecessors the Forum, est (Erhard Seminars Training) and its other, related, iterations have been proffered by a continuum of various companies beginning with the founding of Erhard Seminars Training, Inc. by Werner Erhard in the early 1970s. Erhard was previously an encyclopedia salesman who became involved with Zen Buddhism, Scientology and Mind Dynamics. This brought about the idea of starting an organization to promote his vision of human transformation, which he entitled est (both for the Latin "it is" and as an acronym for Erhard Seminars Training). Erhard considered setting up est as a church, but instead opted to go with a for-profit, complex web of onshore and offshore shell companies and bank accounts. These were set up by the "controversial" corporate attorney Harry Margolis.

A shell company controlled by Margolis, Saratoga Restaurant Equipment Co., was renamed Erhard Seminars Training Inc. Erhard sold his intellectual rights (which Erhard and Landmark call the "technology") to a Panamanian company protected by Panama's secrecy laws and run on Erhard's behalf by Margolis. The Panamanian entity, Presentaciones Musicales S.A., in turn licensed the "technology" and Erhard's services to Erhard Seminars Training Inc. for $1 million. Later, Erhard was employed at a very modest salary while profits were reduced through payments to offshore companies and accounts. As Erhard had no direct ownership of Erhard Seminars Training Inc it portrayed him as a simple employee. As the corporate staff expanded, Erhard hired Scientologists to create a program (the "Well Being Department") to monitor and motivate employees and volunteers.

After Erhard's attorney was indicted for irregularities involving his tax shelter schemes, Erhard and Margolis went about restructuring the company as a non-profit. In 1979, Erhard Seminars Training, Inc. was dissolved, replaced by a non-profit charitable foundation named 'est, An Educational Corporation'. At the same time, ownership of Erhard's intellectual property held by Presentaciones Musicales, was transferred to a new entity in the Netherlands named Welbehagen. This in turn, licensed rights to present the seminars to est, An Educational Corporation. The Werner Erhard Charitable Settlement, was set up in Jersey and given ownership of est, An Educational Corporation and, a Swiss corporation, the Werner Erhard Foundation for est, was set up to control of Welbehagen.


By 1981, Erhard decided to simplify the complicated structure of overseas companies and charitable trusts that controlled the tangle of est-related entities. Harry Margolis was used to set up a new entity Werner Erhard and Associates, with Erhard as sole proprietor, which purchased the assets of the various corporations and charities. This was arranged through a series of loans

In 1984, Erhard launched another new company, Transformational Technologies, to market est-based motivational courses and consulting services to corporations and government entities. In its first 18 months, Transformational Technologies licensed over 50 franchises at a $25,000 licensing fee with a percentage of licensees' revenue going to Erhard.

Erhard had experimented with a modified version of est as early as 1983. By 1985, faced with increasing controversy and drastically falling recruitment numbers, Erhard replaced the est seminars with a slightly modified and less authoritarian program which he "rebranded" as The Forum.A series of follow-up seminars was introduced at the same time. Minor adjustments (less hectoring of those who wanted bathroom breaks, more comfortable chairs, brief meal breaks, etc.) were made to est under its new title, though the methods, purposes and format were largely the same. Later, managers realized that significant revenue was being generated from signing up participants for the follow-up courses, so the duration of the initial course was reduced from 6 days to 3 days so as to enable presenters to hold more during the same time period. It resulted in increased enrollment for the higher-priced follow-up courses. The higher througput and the number of the acquaintances of participants marketed The Forum to. It also enabled it reduce the cost helping it attract more initial recruits without increasing the number of Forum leaders.


By 1990, Werner Erhard and Associates was faced with lawsuits, tax investigations, bad press and declining enrollments. Erhard decided to leave the U.S. and began liquidating his personal assets. A company named Transnational Education Corporation was set up headed by Erhard's brother Harry Rosenberg. Transnational Education Corporation acquired various assets of Werner Erhard and Associates and Werner Erhard on 31 January 1991. Erhard had no direct ownership of the new entity, but retained control of the intellectual property. on which the Forum and other courses were based. He also retained rights to run the Forum operations in Japan (which accounted for 70% of Werner Erhard & Associates International's revenue) and Mexico (where real estate was also retained by Erhard). Certain properties owned by Werner Erhard and Associates were also retained as part of the changeover. Erhard licensed the rights to hold the Forum and other courses based on his intellectual property to Transnational Education Corporation for a period of 15 years in exchange for an up-front payment of $3 million and license royalties for the remainder of the contract. These amounts were not directly paid to Erhard, but rather to his overseas corporations and trusts. The offices of Werner Erhard and Associates and its seminars continued operations with much of the same staff under the new name. Transnational Education Corporation later changed its name to Landmark Education Corporation in May 1991. In June 2004, the company was reorganized into a limited liability company, Landmark Education LLC, and subsequently renamed to Landmark Worldwide LLC in 2013.

Landmark has claimed that it has never paid royalties to Erhard. This is correct, as the payments were paid to Erhard's corporations and trusts, rather than directly to Erhard himself. {sfn|Bauder|1994} Landmark CEO Rosenberg has stated that Erhard's rights on the intellectual property on which the Forum and other courses are based was purchased by 2002, though no documentation for this was offered.

While Erhard has maintained a degree of relationship with Landmark and has appeared at company events, Landmark has insistently denied that he has any involvement with the current business and downplayed historical connection to Erhard and est.

Landmark's foundation course, "The Landmark Forum", has been further updated over the years. It has since developed a lot of training courses and seminar programs throughout tens of countries around the world.

The corporation originally registered as Transnational Education and changed its name to Landmark Education Corporation in May 1991. In June 2003 it was re-structured as Landmark Education LLC, and in July 2013 renamed Landmark Worldwide LLC.

Terry Giles is Chairman of the Board and Erhard's lawyer.


Business consulting

Vanto Group, Inc., founded in 1993 as "Landmark Education Business Development" (LEBD), a wholly owned subsidiary of Landmark Worldwide Enterprises, Inc., uses the techniques of Landmark to provide consulting services to various companies. The University of Southern California (USC) Marshall School of Business carried out a case study in 1998 into the work of LEBD with BHP New Zealand Steel. The report concluded that the set of interventions in the organization produced a 50% improvement in safety, a 15% to 20% reduction in key benchmark costs, a 50% increase in return on capital, and a 20% increase in raw steel production. LEBD became the Vanto Group in 2008.

Licensing intellectual property

Tekniko, Inc., formerly owned by Werner Erhard, was the successor organization to Transformational Technologies, which was incorporated in 1984 by Erhard and management consultant James Selman. Tekniko Licensing Corporation, a California corporation owned by Terry M. Giles, later acquired this technology.

The Landmark Forum

Landmark's entry course, The Landmark Forum, is a prerequisite for the majority of their other programs. The course varies in size between 75 and 250 people, and is arranged as a discussion where the course leader presents certain ideas and the course participants engage in voluntary discussions applying those ideas to their own life. Rules are set up at the beginning of the program, such as strongly encouraging participants not to miss any part of the program. Attendees are also urged to be “coachable” and not just be observers during the course.

Various ideas are presented, asserted and discussed during the course. For example, the course maintains that there is a big difference between what actually happened in a person’s life and the meaning or interpretation they made up about it, and that human behavior is governed by a need to look good. Another tenet of the course is that people pursue an "imaginary 'someday' of satisfaction", and that people create meaning for themselves since "there is none inherent in the world". The course also maintains that people have persistent complaints that give rise to unproductive fixed ways of being, but that people can “transform”, by a creative act of bringing forth new ways of being, rather than trying to change themselves in comparison to the past. Course participants are encouraged to call people they know during the course, with whom they feel they have unresolved tensions, and either be in communication with the other person or be responsible for their own behavior.

An evening session follows closely on the three consecutive days of the course and completes the Landmark Forum. During this final session, the participants share information about their results, and bring guests to learn about the Forum.

Companies such as Panda Express and Lululemon Athletica pay for and encourage employees to take part in The Landmark Forum.

Religious characteristics

Some scholars have categorized Landmark and its predecessor organizations as new age, self religion or a new religious movement. Other observers have noted relationships between the training programs and a spiritual experience, including a lack of religious elements in the programs and the compatibility of the programs with existing religions. Others, such as Chryssides, classify Landmark as either quasi-religious or secular with some elements of religion (although various scholars have disputed this characterization). Landmark has denied that it is a religion, cult or sect, and "freely threatens or pursues lawsuits against those who call it ".

Journalist Amelia Hill with The Observer witnessed the Landmark Forum and concluded that, in her view, it is not religious or a cult. Hill wrote, "It is ... simple common sense delivered in an environment of startling intensity." Karin Badt from The Huffington Post criticized the organisation's emphasis on "'spreading the word' of the Landmark forum as a sign of the participants' 'integrity'" in recounting her personal experience of an introductory "Landmark Forum" course, but noted, "at the end of the day, I found the Forum innocuous. No cult, no radical religion: an inspiring, entertaining introduction of good solid techniques of self-reflection, with an appropriate emphasis on action and transformation (not change)".

Public reception

In his review of the Landmark Forum, New York Times reporter Henry Alford wrote that he "resented the pressure" placed on him during a session, but also noted that "two months after the Forum, I'd rate my success at 84 percent." Time reporter Nathan Thornburgh, in his review of The Landmark Forum, said "At its heart, the course was a withering series of scripted reality checks meant to show us how we have created nearly everything we see as a problem …I benefited tremendously from the uncomfortable mirror the course had put in front of me."

A series of investigative articles in the Swedish national daily Dagens Nyheter reported serious complaints about Landmark practices, including a report of one person who suffered from acute psychosis after taking a Landmark course. The chairman of Föreningen Rädda individen, a support organization for those affected by cults and destructive movements, told Dagens Nyheter that Landmark is one of the most dangerous sects in Sweden.

Pièces à Conviction

In 2004, France 3 aired a television documentary on Landmark in their investigative series Pièces à Conviction. The episode, called "Voyage Au Pays des Nouveaux Gourous" ("Journey to the land of the new gurus") aired during prime time, a first for the show, and was highly critical of its subject.

Shot in large part with a hidden camera, the episode was an expose of sorts and had filmmaker Laurent Richard attend a Landmark course and visit their offices. In addition, the program included interviews with former course participants, anti-cultists, and commentators including the then vice-president of the Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France, Jean-Pierre Brard, as well as Catherine Picard, Jean-Pierre Jougla, Jean-Marie Abgrall and Gilles Bottine, the secretary general of MIVILUDES. Landmark left France following the airing of the episode and a subsequent site visit by labor inspectors that noted the activities of volunteers, and sued Jean-Pierre Brard in 2004 following his appearance on the show.

The Pièces à Conviction episode was uploaded to a variety of websites, and in October 2006 Landmark issued subpoenas pursuant to the Digital Millennium Copyright Act to Google Video, YouTube, and the Internet Archive demanding details of the identity of the person(s) who had uploaded those copies. These organizations challenged the subpoenas and the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) became involved, planning to file a motion to quash Landmark's DMCA subpoena to Google Video. Landmark eventually withdrew its subpoenas.

Footnotes

  1. Landmark staff 2002a.
  2. ^ Landmark staff 2014b.
  3. See:
  4. See:
  5. Lockwood 2011, p. 229. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLockwood2011 (help)
  6. ^ Bartley 1978, pp. 176–177.
  7. ^ Pressman 1993, pp. 48–50, 88.
  8. Pressman 1993, pp. 48–50.
  9. Gordon 1978, p. 52.
  10. Kornbluth 1976, pp. 29–52.
  11. Pressman 1993, pp. 65, 125–126, 129.
  12. Gardner 2007. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGardner2007 (help)
  13. Pressman 1993, pp. 157, 165–167.
  14. Rupert 1992.
  15. Pressman 1993, pp. 217–218.
  16. See:
  17. ^ Hukill 1998.
  18. Jones 2003.
  19. Pressman 1993, pp. 212–214, 244–245.
  20. ^ Pressman 1993, pp. 245–246, 254–255.
  21. Hellard 2006.
  22. ^ Grigoriadis 2001.
  23. ^ Pressman 1993, pp. 254–255.
  24. Marshall 1997.
  25. Landmark (Art Schreiber) 2005, pp. 3–4. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLandmark_(Art_Schreiber)2005 (help)
  26. Salerno 2010. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSalerno2010 (help)
  27. See:
  28. CASS staff 2003.
  29. CASS staff 1987.
  30. Dewan & 3 May 2010.
  31. Logan 1998.
  32. Landmark press release 2008.
  33. Landmark staff 2015.
  34. ^ Badt & 5 March 2008.
  35. ^ Stassen 2008.
  36. ^ Hill & 13 December 2008.
  37. McCrone & 1 February 2008.
  38. See:
  39. See:
  40. See:
  41. Businessweek & 18 November 2010.
  42. Sacks & 1 April 2009.
  43. See:
  44. See:
  45. See:
  46. Puttick 2004, pp. 406–407.
  47. Scioscia 2000.
  48. Alford & 26 November 2010, p. L1.
  49. Thornburgh & 7 March 2011.
  50. ^ Palme & 3 June 2002.
  51. See:
  52. Roy & 24 May 2004.
  53. See:
    • (Lemonniera & 19 May 2005), French text: "L’'Inspection du Travail débarque dans les locaux de Landmark, constate l'’exploitation des bénévoles et dresse des procès-verbaux pour travail non déclaré." English translation: "Labor inspectors turned up at the offices of Landmark, noted the exploitation of volunteers and drew up a report of undeclared employment.";
    • (Landmark staff 2004), Landmark's response;
    • (Badt & 5 March 2008), quote: It was this TV program that closed down the Landmark in France, leaving it only 24 other countries in which to spread its word.
  54. Palmer 2011.
  55. See:
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "FOOTNOTEMarshall1997" is not used in the content (see the help page).

References

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  • Atkin, Douglas (2004). "What Is Required of a Belief System?". The Culting of Brands: Turn Your Customers Into True Believers. New York: Penguin/Portfolio. ISBN 9781591840275. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Bartley, William W. (1978). Werner Erhard: The Transformation of a Man. New York: Clarkson N. Potter. ISBN 0517535025. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Bauder, Don (7 August 1994). "Firm Turns to est Guru; Still Slides". Union-Tribune. San Diego.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Beckford, James A. (2003). Social Theory and Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521774314. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Beckford, James A. (2004). "New Religious Movements and Globalization". In Lucas, Phillip Charles; Robbins, Thomas (eds.). New Religious Movements in the 21st Century. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-96576-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Bhugra, Dinesh (1997). Psychiatry and Religion: Context, Consensus and Controversies. Routledge. ISBN 0415165121. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • CASS staff (2003). "LP/LLC Information". California Secretary of State. Sacramento, California: California. Archived from the original on 31 January 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • CASS staff (1987). "Entity Number C1197599". California Secretary of State. Sacramento, California: California. Retrieved 23 October 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Chryssides, George (1999). Exploring New Religions. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Eisner, Donald A. (2000). The Death of Psychotherapy: From Freud to Alien Abductions. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 0275964132. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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  • Farber, Sharon Klayman (2012). Hungry for Ecstasy: Trauma, the Brain, and the Influence of the Sixties. Lanham, Maryland: Jason Aronson/Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780765708588. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Goldwag, Arthur (2009). Cults, Conspiracies, and Secret Societies. New York: Vintage/Random House. ISBN 9780307390677. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Gordon, Suzanne (December 1978). "Let Them Eat est". Mother Jones. San Francisco, California. Retrieved 8 December 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Grigoriadis, Vanessa (9 July 2001). "Pay Money, Be Happy". New York Magazine. New York, New York. Retrieved 6 September 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
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  • Hellard, Peta (11 June 2006). "Stress Fear in $700 Child Forum: WA children as young as eight who attend "life-changing" coaching sessions by a controversial US company could have difficulty with their schoolwork afterwards, according to experts". Sunday Times. Perth, Western Australia: News Corporation.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
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  • Landmark staff (2014). "Overview". Landmark Education. San Francisco, California: Landmark Education. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
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  • Richardson, James T. (1998). "est (THE FORUM)". In Swatos, Jr., William H. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion and Society. Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira. ISBN 0761989560. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Rolfe, Peter (9 March 2008). "We Pay for Seminars: TAXPAYERS are picking up the bill to send police officers and bureaucrats on a controversial personal enlightenment course". Sunday Herald Sun. Melbourne, Victoria.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
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  • Saliba, John A. (2003). Understanding New Religious Movements. Walnut Creek, California: Rowman Altamira. p. 88. ISBN 9780759103559. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Schneider (1995). "Der Pädagogische Bereich als Operationsfeld für Psychokulte". 20 Jahre Elterninitiative. e.V.. University of Tubingen, Theologische Abteilung: 189–190. ISBN 3927890235. ISSN 0720–3772. {{cite journal}}: Check |issn= value (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help);
  • Sharot, Stephen (2011). Comparative Perspectives on Judaisms and Jewish Identities. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 9780814334010. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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  • Walsh, Nikki (18 February 2012). "Landmark Forum: One Weekend to fix your LIFE?". Irish Mail on Sunday.
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