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"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
{{Other uses|The Guardian (disambiguation)}}
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952
{{pp-move-indef}}
"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
{{Infobox newspaper
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| name = The Guardian
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| image = The Guardian 6. 6. 14.jpg
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| caption = ''The Guardian'' front page on 6 June 2014
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| type = Daily newspaper
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| format = ]
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| owners = ]
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| publisher=Guardian News and Media
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| editor = ]
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| chiefeditor =
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| assoceditor =
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| maneditor =
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| newseditor =
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| managingeditordesign =
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| cost = ]1.40 ]1.65 (in the Republic of Ireland)
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| opeditor =Mark Henry
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| sportseditor =
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| photoeditor =
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| staff =
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| foundation = 1821 by ] as ''The Manchester Guardian''
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| political = ],<ref name="undecidedvoters" /><!-- please DO NOT change this to LibDem without prior consensus on the talk page --> ]
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| language = English
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| ceased publication =
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| headquarters = ], 90 York Way, London N1 9GU
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| circulation = 185,313 Daily<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/article/1303361/newspaper-abcs-print-circulations-june-2014|title=Newspaper ABCs: Print circulations for June 2014|publisher=Haymarket Media Group Ltd|accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| circulation_date = June 2014
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| sister newspapers = '']''<br />'']''
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| ISSN = 0261-3077
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| oclc = 60623878
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
| website = {{URL|theguardian.com}}
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
}}
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."

—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
'''''The Guardian''''' is a British national daily newspaper. Founded in 1821, it was known as '''''The Manchester Guardian''''' until 1959. From its beginnings as a local paper it has grown into a national paper associated with a complex organisational structure and an international multimedia and web presence. ''The Guardian'' is currently edited by ]. Its sister papers include '']'' (a British Sunday paper) and '']''. It has two online outlets based outside the United Kingdom, ] and ].
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."

—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
In August 2013, ''The Guardian'' in paper form had an average ] of 189,000 copies, behind '']'' and '']'', but ahead of '']''.<ref>National Newspapers Report, June 2013, published by the Audit Bureau of Circulation, http://abc.fileburst.com/publishedreports/National%20Newspapers%20Report%202013-06.pdf Accessed 12 July 2013. NB Registration required.</ref> The newspaper's online edition was the third most widely read in the world as of June 2012.<ref>{{ cite news | url=http://www.theguardian.com/gnm-press-office/8 | title=The Guardian is now the world's third most read newspaper website | publisher=The Guardian | accessdate=27 October 2013}}</ref> Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million readers.<ref>{{ cite news | url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/sep/12/guardian-9-million-readers-nrs | title=The Guardian reaches nearly 9 million readers across print and online | last=Halliday | first=Josh | publisher=The Guardian | date=12 September 2012| accessdate=27 October 2013}}</ref>
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."

—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
Founded in 1821 by ] in ] with backing from the ] ] group of local businessmen, ''The Manchester Guardian'' replaced the radical '']'', which championed the ] protesters. The paper currently identifies with ]. In the last ], it supported the ], who went on to ] with the ]. The paper is influential in the design and publishing arena, sponsoring many awards in these areas.
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."

—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
''The Guardian'' has changed format and design over the years, moving from ] to ]. It has become an international media organisation with affiliations to other national papers with similar aims. ''The Guardian Weekly'', which circulates worldwide, contains articles from ''The Guardian'' and its sister Sunday paper ''The Observer'', as well as reports, features, and book reviews from '']'' and articles translated from '']''. Other projects include ''GuardianFilm'', the current editorial director of which is Maggie O'Kane.
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."

—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
Notable ] include the newspaper's breaking of the ] in 2011, particularly with the revelation of the hacking of murdered teenager ]'s phone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://moreintelligentlife.com/content/ideas/tim-de-lisle/can-guardian-survive?page=0%2C2|title=Can The Guardian Survive?|publisher=''Intelligent Life''|date=July–August 2012}}</ref> The investigation brought about the closure of one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, the '']''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/comment/articles/2012-07/03/interview-with-the-guardian-newspaper-editor-alan-rusbridger-on-hacking|title=Could the newspaper that broke the hacking scandal be the next to close?|first=Nicky|last=Woolf|publisher=GQ.com|date=3 July 2012}}</ref> The newspaper also broke news of the secret collection of ] telephone records held by ]'s administration in June 2013,<ref name="reuters.com">, Reuters, 6 June 2013.</ref> and subsequently revealed the existence of the ] after it was leaked to the paper by ] ] ].<ref name="theguardian.com"> ''The Guardian'', 10 June 2013.</ref> ''The Guardian'' was named newspaper of the year at the 2014 ], for its reporting on government surveillance.<ref name="award">{{cite news|first=Kevin|last=Rawlinson|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/apr/02/guardian-observer-glory-press-awards |title=Guardian wins newspaper and website of the year at British press awards |newspaper=The Guardian |date=2 April 2014|accessdate=12 June 2014}}</ref>
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."

—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
==History==
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."

—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
===1821 to 1972===
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."

—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
====Early years====
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
''The Manchester Guardian'' was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant ] with backing from the ], a group of ] businessmen.<ref name = "G">{{Cite news|title=Battle for the memory of Peterloo: Campaigners demand fitting tribute |work=The Guardian |date=13 August 2007 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/aug/13/britishidentity.artnews |accessdate=26 March 2008 | location=London|last=Wainwright|first=Martin}}</ref> They launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical '']'', the paper that had championed the cause of the ] protesters.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Editorial|title=The Manchester Guardian, born 5 May 1821: 190 years&nbsp;– work in progress|date=4 May 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/may/05/manchester-guardian-work-in-progress}}</ref> Taylor had been hostile to the radical reformers, writing: "(T)hey have appealed not to the reason but the passions and the suffering of their abused and credulous fellow-countrymen, from whose ill-requited industry they extort for themselves the means of a plentiful and comfortable existence. 'They do not toil, neither do they spin,' but they live better than those that do.<ref>''Manchester Gazette'', 7 August 1819, quoted in {{Cite book| title= 'Guardian' : biography of a newspaper | last= Ayerst | first= David | year= 1971 | publisher=Collins | location= London | isbn= 0-00-211329-5 | page=20 }}</ref> When the government closed down the ''Manchester Observer'', the mill-owners' champions had the upper hand.<ref>{{Cite book| title= Poor men's guardians : a record of the struggles for a democratic newspaper press, 1763–1973 | last= Harrison |first= Stanley | year= 1974 | publisher=Lawrence and Wishart | location= London | isbn= 0-85315-308-6 | page=53}}</ref>
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."

—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
The influential journalist ] joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, and all of the Little Circle wrote articles for the new paper.<ref name=dnbGarnett>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Garnett, Jeremiah|last=Garnett|first=Richard|authorlink=Richard Garnett (writer)|volume=21|quote=''citing:'' }}</ref>
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."

—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
The prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would "zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty&nbsp;... warmly advocate the cause of Reform&nbsp;... endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and&nbsp;... support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, all serviceable measures".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Scott Trust: History |publisher=Guardian Media Group |url=http://www.gmgplc.co.uk/ScottTrust/History/tabid/193/Default.aspx |accessdate=26 March 2008|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080723175652/http://www.gmgplc.co.uk/ScottTrust/History/tabid/193/Default.aspx|archivedate=3 July 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref> In 1825 the paper merged with the ''British Volunteer'' and was known as '''The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer''' until 1828.<ref> : Printed and published by J. Garnett, </ref>
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."

—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
The working-class ''Manchester and Salford Advertiser'' called the ''Manchester Guardian'' "the foul prostitute and dirty parasite of the worst portion of the mill-owners".<ref>21 May 1836</ref> The ''Manchester Guardian'' was generally hostile to labour's claims. Of the 1832 Ten Hours Bill the paper doubted whether in view of the foreign competition "the passing of a law positively enacting a gradual destruction of the cotton manufacture in this kingdom would be a much less rational procedure."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Editorial|work=The Manchester Guardian|date=28 January 1832}}</ref> The ''Manchester Guardian'' dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators&nbsp;– "...&nbsp;if an accommodation can be effected the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. They live on strife&nbsp;..."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Editorial|work=The Manchester Guardian|date=26 February 1873}}</ref>
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."

—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
''The Manchester Guardian'' was highly critical of ]'s conduct during the ], writing on the news that Abraham Lincoln had been assassinated: "Of his rule, we can never speak except as a series of acts abhorrent to every true notion of constitutional right and human liberty&nbsp;..."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Editorial|work=The Manchester Guardian|date=27 April 1865}}</ref>
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."

—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
====C. P. Scott====
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
] made the newspaper nationally recognised. He was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylor's son in 1907. Under Scott the paper's moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting ] when the Liberals split in 1886, and opposing the ] against popular opinion.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hampton, Mark|year=2011|title=The Press, Patriotism, and Public Discussion: C. P. Scott, the "Manchester Guardian", and the Boer War, 1899–1902|journal=The Historical Journal|volume=44|number=1|pages=177–197|url=http://www.jstor.org/pss/3133666}}</ref> Scott supported the movement for ], but was critical of any tactics by the ] that involved ]:<ref name="suffragettes">{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/education/2007/nov/13/research.highereducation |title=Unladylike behaviour|work=The Guardian |location=London |date=13 November 2007 |accessdate=28 July 2009 |publisher=Guardian News and Media|last=Purvis|first=June}}</ref> "The really ludicrous position is that ] is fighting to enfranchise seven million women and the militants are smashing unoffending people's windows and breaking up benevolent societies' meetings in a desperate effort to prevent him". Scott thought the Suffragettes' "courage and devotion" was "worthy of a better cause and saner leadership".<ref>quoted in David Ayerst, ''The Guardian,'' 1971, p 353</ref> It has been argued that Scott's criticism reflected a widespread disdain, at the time, for those women who "transgressed the gender expectations of ]".<ref name="suffragettes"/>
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."

—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
Scott commissioned ] and his friend ] to produce articles and drawings documenting the social conditions of the west of Ireland (pre-First World War), and these pieces were published in 1911 in the collection ''Travels in Wicklow, West Kerry and Connemara''.<ref>{{cite news| last =Arnold | first =Bruce | title =To the waters and the wild | newspaper =Irish Independent| location =Dublin| pages = | language = | publisher =Independent News & Media| date =27 November 2012| url =http://www.independent.ie/incoming/to-the-waters-and-the-wild-26527736.html | accessdate =4 June 2014 }}</ref>
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."

—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
Scott's friendship with ] played a role in the ], and in 1948 ''The Guardian'' was a supporter of the new State of ].
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."

—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
In June 1936, ownership of the paper passed to the ] (named after the last owner, John Russell Scott, who was the first chairman of the Trust). This move ensured the paper's independence.
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."

—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
====Spanish Civil War====
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."
Traditionally affiliated with the centrist to centre-left ], and with a northern, non-conformist circulation base, the paper earned a national reputation and the respect of the left during the ]. With the pro-Liberal '']'', the ]-supporting '']'', the ]'s '']'' and several Sunday and weekly papers, it supported the Republican government against General ]'s insurgent nationalists.
—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way."

—Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952
====Post-war====
The paper so loathed Labour's left-wing champion ] "and the hate-gospellers of his entourage" that it called for ]'s post-war Labour government to be voted out of office.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Manchester Guardian|author=Leader|date=22 October 1951|title=Time for change?}}</ref> The newspaper opposed the creation of the ] as it feared the state provision of healthcare would "eliminate selective elimination" and lead to an increase of congenitally deformed and feckless people.<ref>{{cite book|title=Austerity Britain 1945–1951|first=David|last=Kynaston|publisher=Bloomsbury|location=London|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7475-9923-4|page=285}}</ref>

The Manchester Guardian strongly opposed military intervention during the 1956 ]: "The Anglo-French ultimatum to Egypt is an act of folly, without justification in any terms but brief expediency. It pours petrol on a growing fire. There is no knowing what kind of explosion will follow." <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/jul/10/pressandpublishing.egypt | title=Courage under fire | publisher=The Guardian | date=10 July 2006 | accessdate=5 March 2014 | author=Rusbridger Alan}}</ref>

===1972 to 2000===

====Northern Ireland====
When 13 civil rights demonstrators were killed on 30 January 1972, known as ], by British soldiers in ], ''The Guardian'' said that "Neither side can escape condemnation".<ref name="BloodySunday"/> Of the protesters, they wrote, "The organisers of the demonstration, Miss ] among them, deliberately challenged the ban on marches. They knew that stone throwing and ] could not be prevented, and that the ] might use the ]."<ref name="BloodySunday">{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/1972/feb/01/bloodysunday.northernireland1|title=The division deepens|work=The Guardian|date=1 February 1972|author=Leader | location=London}}</ref> Of the army, they wrote, "there seems little doubt that random shots were fired into the crowd, that aim was taken at individuals who were neither bombers nor weapons carriers and that excessive force was used."<ref name="BloodySunday"/>

Many Irish people believed that the ]'s ruling on the killings was a whitewash,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/19/newsid_2491000/2491125.stm |title=19 April 1972: 'Bloody Sunday' report excuses Army |publisher=BBC |year=2008 |accessdate=28 July 2009|work=On this day 1950–2005}}</ref> a view that was also supported later with the publication of the ] in 2010,<ref>{{cite web|last=Bowcott |first=Owen |url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/jun/16/bloody-sunday-inquiry-derry-verdict |title=Bloody Sunday inquiry: 'We always knew the dead were innocent' |publisher=The Guardian |date=16 June 2010 |accessdate=11 August 2013}}</ref> but in 1972 ''The Guardian'' declared that "Widgery's report is not one-sided" (20 April 1972<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/1972/apr/20/bloodysunday.northernireland|title=To make history repeat itself|work=The Guardian|date=20 April 1972|author=Leader | location=London}}</ref>). The paper at the time also supported ] without trial in Northern Ireland: "Internment without trial is hateful, repressive and undemocratic. In the existing Irish situation, most regrettably, it is also inevitable.&nbsp;... .To remove the ringleaders, in the hope that the atmosphere might calm down, is a step to which there is no obvious alternative."<ref>''The Guardian'', leader, 10 August 1971</ref> And before then, ''The Guardian'' had called for British troops to be sent to the region: British soldiers could "present a more disinterested face of law and order",<ref>''The Guardian'', leader, 15 August 1969</ref> but only on condition that "Britain takes charge".<ref>''The Guardian'', leader, 4 August 1969</ref>

====Social Democratic Party and New Labour====
Three of ''The Guardian'''s four leader writers joined the ] on its foundation in 1981, but the paper was enthusiastic in its support for ] in his bid to lead the Labour Party,<ref>{{cite news|title=Labour: the choice for the future|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=2 July 1994|author=Leader}}</ref> and to become Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite news|title=A political earthquake: The Tory loss is cataclysmic; Labour's win historic|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=2 May 1997|author=Leader}}</ref>

====Sarah Tisdall====
In 1983, the paper was at the centre of a controversy surrounding documents regarding the stationing of ]s in Britain that were leaked to ''The Guardian'' by civil servant ]. The paper eventually complied with a court order to hand over the documents to the authorities, which resulted in a six-month prison sentence for Tisdall,<ref>Paul Routledge ''The Independent on Sunday'', 16 January 1994</ref> though she served only four. "I still blame myself", said ] who was the editor of ''The Guardian'' at the time, but he went on to argue that the paper had no choice because it "believed in the rule of law".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/sep/05/pressandpublishing.politicsandthemedia|title=A source of great regret|work=The Guardian|date=5 September 2005| location=London|last=Preston|first=Peter}}</ref>

====First Gulf War====
In the lead up to the first ], between 1990 and 1991, ''The Guardian'' expressed doubts about military action against Iraq: "Frustration in the Gulf leads temptingly to the invocation of task forces and tactical bombing, but the military option is no option at all. The emergence yesterday of a potential hostage problem of vast dimensions only emphasised that this is far too complex a crisis for gunboat diplomacy. Loose talk of 'carpet bombing' Baghdad should be put back in the bottle of theoretical but unacceptable scenarios".<ref>{{cite news|title=Choosing the best option|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=6 August 1990|author=Leader}}</ref>

But on the eve of the war, the paper rallied to the war cause: "The simple cause, at the end, is just. An evil regime in Iraq instituted an evil and brutal invasion. Our soldiers and airmen are there, at UN behest, to set that evil to rights. Their duties are clear.&nbsp;... Let the momentum, and the resolution, be swift."<ref>{{cite news|title=Suddenly the sky turns orange|work=The Guardian|date=17 January 1991|author=Leader}}</ref> After the event, journalist ] conceded that she and her colleagues had been a mouthpiece for war propaganda: "...&nbsp;we, the media, were harnessed like 2,000 beach donkeys and led through the sand to see what the British and US military wanted us to see in this nice clean war."<ref>"Bloodless words bloody war: In a Guardian/Channel 4 investigation across three continents, Maggie O'Kane follows the trail of lies, cover-ups and carnage that were the truth behind the 'clean' war in the Gulf." ''Guardian'' 16 December 1995: 12. ''General Reference Center GOLD.'' Web. 12 December 2011.</ref>

====Journalist allegedly working for Russian intelligence services====
In 1995, ] defector ] identified prominent ''Guardian'' editor ] as one of his agents. While Gott denied that he received cash, he confessed taking benefits from the KGB on a visit to the ].

Gordievsky commented on the newspaper: "The KGB loved ''The Guardian''. It was deemed highly susceptible to penetration".<ref name="findarticles.com">. Insight on the News, 13 February 1995 by Jamie Dettmer</ref>

====Jonathan Aitken====
In 1995, both the ] programme '']'' and ''The Guardian'' were sued for ] by the then cabinet minister ], for their allegation that the ] owner ] had paid for Aitken and his wife to stay at the ] in Paris, which would have amounted to accepting a bribe on Aitken's part. Aitken publicly stated he would fight with "the simple sword of truth and the trusty shield of British fair play".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/1995/apr/11/uk1|title='The simple sword of truth'|work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 April 1995 |accessdate=25 May 2010|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> The court case proceeded, and in 1997 ''The Guardian'' produced evidence that Aitken's claim of his wife paying for the hotel stay was untrue.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/1997/jun/21/uk.davidpallister|title=He lied and lied and lied|work=The Guardian |location=London |date=21 June 1997|last1=Harding|first1=Luke|last2=Pallister|first2=David|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> In 1999, Aitken was jailed for ] and ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/258070.stm|title=Aitken pleads guilty to perjury|work=BBC News|date=19 January 1999}}</ref>

====Kosovo====
The paper supported ]'s military intervention in the ] in 1999. Though the ] did not support the action, ''The Guardian'' stated that "the only honourable course for Europe and America is to use military force".<ref>''The Guardian'', leader, 23 March 1999</ref> ]'s piece was headlined "Bombs away! But to save civilians we must get in some soldiers too."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/mar/25/balkans8|title=Bombs away! But to save civilians we must get in some soldiers too|work=The Guardian |location=London |date=25 March 1999|authorlink=Mary Kaldor |last=Kaldor|first=Mary|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref>

===Since 2000===
] for relating to ] (August 2014)]]
In the early 2000s, ''The Guardian'' challenged the ] and the ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/dec/06/monarchy.claredyer|title=A challenge to the crown: now is the time for change|work=The Guardian|date=6 December 2000| location=London|last=Dyer|first=Clare}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2000/dec/07/monarchy.politicalnews|title=Broad welcome for debate on monarchy|work=The Guardian|date=7 December 2000| location=London|last=Watt|first=Nicholas}}</ref> In October 2004, ''The Guardian'' published a humorous column by ] in its entertainment guide, which appeared to call for the assassination of ].<ref>CNS News, 25 October 2004. {{Wayback |date=20041205004038 |url=http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewPolitics.asp?Page=\Politics\archive\200410\POL20041025a.html |title="Left-Wing UK Paper Pulls Bush Assassination Column"}}.</ref> This caused some controversy and the paper was forced to issue an apology and remove the article from its website.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2004/oct/24/tvandradio.theguide|title=Screen Burn, The Guide|work=The Guardian|date=24 October 2004|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.antinomian.com/dumb_show.html |title=Full text of deleted article |publisher=Antinomian.com |date=23 October 2004 |accessdate=28 July 2009}}</ref> Following the ], ''The Guardian'' published an article on its comment pages by ], a 27-year-old British Muslim and journalism trainee from ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jul/13/religion.july7|title=We rock the boat|work=The Guardian|date=13 July 2005| location=London|last=Aslam|first=Dilpazier}}</ref> Aslam was a member of ], an ] group, and had published a number of articles on their website. According to the paper, it did not know that Aslam was a member of Hizb ut-Tahrir when he applied to become a trainee, though several staff members were informed of this once he started at the paper.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/jul/22/theguardian.pressandpublishing1|title=Background: the Guardian and Dilpazier Aslam|work=MediaGuardian|date=22 July 2005|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> The ] has claimed the group's "ultimate aim is the establishment of an Islamic state (Caliphate), according to Hizb ut-Tahrir via non-violent means". ''The Guardian'' asked Aslam to resign his membership of the group and, when he did not do so, terminated his employment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/jul/22/theguardian.pressandpublishing|title=Dilpazier Aslam leaves Guardian|work=MediaGuardian|date=22 July 2005|last=Busfield|first=Steve|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> In early 2009, the paper started a tax investigation into a number of major UK companies,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/series/tax-gap |title=Tax Gap |work=Guardian |location=UK |date=6 February 2009 |accessdate=28 July 2009 }}</ref> including publishing a database of the tax paid by the ] companies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/interactive/2009/feb/02/tax-database|title=Big business: what they make, what they pay|work=The Guardian |location=London |date=2 February 2009 |accessdate=25 May 2010|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> Internal documents relating to ]'s ] were removed from ''The Guardian'''s website after Barclays obtained a ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/mar/19/barclays-tax-guardian-injunction|title=Guardian loses legal challenge over Barclays documents gagging order|work=The Guardian |location=London |date=19 March 2009|last1=Jones|first1=Sam|last2=Leigh|first2=David|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> The paper played a pivotal role in exposing the depth of the ]. '']''′s '']'' magazine opined that, <blockquote>As Watergate is to the ''Washington Post'', and thalidomide to the ''Sunday Times'', so phone-hacking will surely be to the ''Guardian'': a defining moment in its history.<ref>{{cite news|title=Can The Guardian survive?|url=http://moreintelligentlife.com/content/ideas/tim-de-lisle/can-guardian-survive|newspaper=Intelligent Life|date=July–August 2012}}</ref> </blockquote>

====Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq====
The paper endorsed the argument that Iraq had to be disarmed of ']': "It is not credible to argue, as Iraq did in its initial reaction to ] , that it is simply all lies.&nbsp;... Iraq must disarm."<ref>''The Guardian',' leader, 6 February 2003</ref>

====Accusations of anti-Semitism and bias in coverage of Israel====
In recent decades ''The Guardian'' has been accused of biased ]i government policy.<ref name=Sela>], '']'', {{dead link|date=August 2013}}, Volume 14, No. 2&nbsp;– June 2010</ref> In December 2003, columnist ] cited "striking bias against the state of Israel" as one of the reasons she left the paper for ''The Times''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2003/nov/29/weekend.julieburchill|title=Good, bad and ugly|work=The Guardian|date=29 November 2003|authorlink= Julie Burchill | location=London|last=Burchill|first=Julie}}</ref> A leaked report from the European Monitoring Centre on Racism cited ''The Economist'''s claim that for "many British Jews," the British media's reporting on Israel "is spiced with a tone of animosity, 'as to smell of anti-Semitism'&nbsp;... This is above all the case with the ''Guardian'' and '']''". The EU said the report, dated February 2003 was not published because it was insubstantial in its current state and lacking sufficient evidence.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/dec/04/eu.politics1|title=Leaked report shows rise in anti-semitism|work=The Guardian|date=4 December 2003| location=London|last=MacAskill|first=Ewen}}</ref><ref> hosted on Jewish Virtual Library</ref> ], former president of the ], accused ''The Guardian'' in 2002 of being "viciously and notoriously anti-Israel".<ref name="guard_israel">{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jan/26/israel.guardianleaders |title=A new anti-semitism? |work=The Guardian |location=London |date= 26 January 2002|accessdate=25 January 2010 |author=Leader}}</ref>

Responding to these accusations, a ''Guardian'' editorial in 2002 condemned anti-Semitism and defended the paper's right to criticise the policies and actions of the Israeli government, arguing that those who view such criticism as inherently anti-Jewish are mistaken.<ref name="guard_israel"/> Harriet Sherwood, then ''The Guardian's'' foreign editor, now its Jerusalem correspondent, has also denied ''The Guardian'' has an anti-Israel bias, saying that the paper aims to cover all viewpoints in the ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/values/socialaudit/story/0,,1931208,00.html |title=News coverage |work=The Guardian |location=London |accessdate=25 May 2010}}</ref>

On 6 November 2011, Chris Elliott, the ''Guardian''{{'}}s readers' editor, wrote that "Guardian reporters, writers and editors must be more vigilant about the language they use when writing about Jews or Israel," citing recent cases where ''The Guardian'' received complaints regarding language chosen to describe Jews or Israel. Elliott noted that, over nine months, he upheld complaints regarding language in certain articles that were seen as anti-Semitic, revising the language and footnoting this change.<ref name="Elliott responds">{{cite web | url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/nov/06/averting-accusations-of-antisemitism-guardian | title=The readers' editor on&nbsp;... averting accusations of antisemitism | publisher=''The Guardian'' | date=6 November 2011 | accessdate=3 October 2012 | author=Elliott, Chris}}</ref>

''The Guardian''{{'}}s style guide section referred to ] as the capital of Israel in 2012,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/155043|title=The Guardian seeks to revise history|work=Arutz Sheva|accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref><ref>, ''The Guardian'', 22 April 2012</ref> but this claim was later retracted by ''The Guardian'', saying, "We accept that it is wrong to state that Tel Aviv&nbsp;– the country's financial and diplomatic center&nbsp;– is the capital."<ref name="Guardian retract">{{cite web | url=http://www.jpost.com/International/Guardian-retracts-claim-that-Tel-Aviv-is-capital | title='Guardian' retracts claim that Tel Aviv is capital | publisher=The Jerusalem Post | date=8 August 2012 | accessdate=8 August 2012 | author=Jonny Paul}}</ref>

On 11 August 2014 the print edition of ''The Guardian'' published an advocacy advert during the ] featuring ], headed by the words "Jews rejected child sacrifice 3,500 years ago. Now it's Hamas' turn." ''The Times'' of London had decided against running the ad, although it had already appeared in major American newspapers.<ref>Meredith Carey , ''New York Observer'', 7 August 2014</ref> One week later Chris Elliott expressed the opinion that the newspaper should have rejected the language used in the advert and should have negotiated with the advertiser on this matter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/18/readers-editor-decision-this-world-advertisement |title=The readers' editor on... the decision to run This World's advertisement |last1=Elliott |first1=Chris|date=18 August 2014 |website=]|accessdate=22 August 2014}}</ref>

====Clark County====
In August 2004, for the ], the daily ''G2'' supplement launched an experimental letter-writing campaign in ], an average-sized county in a ]. The editor of the ''G2'' supplement ] bought a voter list from the county for $25 and asked readers to write to people listed as undecided in the election, giving them an impression of the international view and the importance of voting against US President George W. Bush. The paper scrapped "Operation Clark County" on 21 October 2004 after first publishing a column of responses&nbsp;— nearly all of them outraged&nbsp;— to the campaign under the headline "Dear Limey assholes".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/18/uselections2004.usa2|title=Dear Limey assholes|accessdate=13 May 2008|work=The Guardian |location=London |date=18 October 2004 }}</ref> The public's dislike of the campaign likely contributed to Bush's victory in Clark County.<ref name="bowers">Bowers, Andy. "" '']'', 4 November 2004.</ref>

====Guardian America====
In 2007, the paper launched a website Guardian America, an attempt to capitalise on its large online readership in the United States, which at the time stood at more than 5.9m. The company hired former '']'' editor, '']'' magazine columnist and '']'' writer ] to head up the project and hire a staff of American reporters and web editors. The site featured ''Guardian'' news relevant to an American audience: coverage of US news and the Middle East, for example.<ref>''New York Observer'', 4 September 2007, </ref>

Tomasky stepped down from his position as ''Guardian'' American editor in February 2009, ceding editing and planning duties to other US and London staff. He retained his position as a columnist and blogger, taking the title editor-at-large.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/feb/18/michael-tomasky-editor-democracy|title=Michael Tomasky joins political journal Democracy|work=The Guardian |location=London |date=18 February 2009|last=Kiss|first=Jemima|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref>

In October 2009, the company abandoned the ''Guardian'' America homepage, instead directing users to a US news index page on the main website.<ref>''paidContent.org'', 20 October 2009, </ref> The next month, the company laid off six American employees, including a reporter, a multimedia producer and four web editors. The move came as Guardian News and Media opted to reconsider its US strategy amid a massive effort to cut costs across the company.<ref>''paidContent.org'', 5 November 2009, paidcontent.org</ref> In subsequent years, however, ''The Guardian'' has hired various commentators on US affairs including ], ], ], ] and former George W. Bush speechwriter ].<ref name="Treviño">.</ref> Treviño's first blog post was an apology for a controversial tweet posted in June 2011 over the second Gaza flotilla, the controversy over which had been revived by the appointment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/us-news-blog/2012/aug/16/2011-gaza-flotilla-tweet-clarification?commentpage=all#start-of-comments|title=My 2011 Gaza flotilla tweet: a clarification|work=The Guardian|accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>

] launched in September 2011, led by editor-in-chief ], and replaced the previous Guardian America service.<ref name="PressRel">{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/gnm-press-office/guardian-unveils-us-url|title=Guardian News & Media press release: Guardian unveils US url|work=The Guardian|accessdate=22 July 2013}}</ref>

====Gagged from reporting Parliament====
In October 2009, ''The Guardian'' reported that it was forbidden to report on a parliamentary matter, namely a question recorded in a Commons order paper, to be answered by a minister later that week.<ref>], </ref> The paper noted that it was being "forbidden from telling its readers why the paper is prevented—for the first time in memory—from reporting parliament. Legal obstacles, which cannot be identified, involve proceedings, which cannot be mentioned, on behalf of a client who must remain secret. The only fact the ''Guardian'' can report is that the case involves the London solicitors ]." The paper further claimed that this case appears "to call into question privileges guaranteeing free speech established under the ]".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/oct/12/guardian-gagged-from-reporting-parliament|title=Guardian gagged from reporting parliament|work=The Guardian |location=London |date=12 October 2009|last=Leigh|first=David|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> The only parliamentary question mentioning Carter-Ruck in the relevant period was by ] MP, in reference to legal action by ] and ].<ref>Question 292409: "Paul Farrelly (Newcastle-under-Lyme): To ask the Secretary of State for Justice, what assessment he has made of the effectiveness of legislation to protect (a) whistleblowers and (b) press freedom following the injunctions obtained in the High Court by (i) Barclays and Freshfields solicitors on 19 March 2009 on the publication of internal Barclays reports documenting alleged tax avoidance schemes and (ii) Trafigura and Carter-Ruck solicitors on 11 September 2009 on the publication of the Minton report on the alleged dumping of toxic waste in the Ivory Coast, commissioned by Trafigura."{{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Press Gazette|date=13 October 2009|title=Guardian gagged from reporting Parliament|url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/node/44460|publisher=Progressive Media International|location=London|first=Dominic|last=Ponsford}}</ref> The part of the question referencing Carter-Ruck relates to the latter company's September 2009 gagging order on the publication of a 2006 internal report<ref>], </ref> into the ] scandal, which involved a ] case that the company only settled in September 2009 after ''The Guardian'' published some of the commodity trader's internal emails.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/16/trafigura-oil-ivory-coast|title=How UK oil company Trafigura tried to cover up African pollution disaster|work=The Guardian |location=London |date=16 September 2009|last=Leigh|first=David|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> The reporting injunction was lifted the next day, as Carter-Ruck withdrew it before ''The Guardian'' could challenge it in the High Court.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/oct/13/guardian-gagged-parliamentary-question|title=Gag on Guardian reporting MP's Trafigura question lifted|work=The Guardian |location=London |date=13 October 2009|last=Leigh|first=David|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> ] credited the rapid back-down of Carter-Ruck to Twitter,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/oct/14/trafigura-fiasco-tears-up-textbook |title=The Trafigura fiasco tears up the textbook |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=14 October 2009 |accessdate=25 January 2010 |last=Rusbridger|first=Alan|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> as did a BBC article.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8304908.stm |title=When is a secret not a secret? |date=13 October 2009 |accessdate=25 January 2010|last=Higham|first=Nick|work=BBC News}}</ref>

====The Edward Snowden leaks and intervention by the UK government====

In June 2013 the newspaper broke news of the secret collection of ] telephone records held by ]'s administration in June 2013,<ref name="reuters.com"/> and subsequently revealed the existence of the ] after it was leaked to the paper by former ] contractor ].<ref name="theguardian.com"/> The newspaper was subsequently contacted by the British government's Cabinet Secretary, ], under instruction from the Prime Minister David Cameron and Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, who ordered that the hard drives containing the information must be destroyed.<ref> BBC News, 21 August 2013</ref> ''The Guardian'''s offices were then visited in July by agents from the UK's ], who supervised the destruction of the hard drives containing information acquired from Snowden.<ref> ''The Age'', 21 August 2013</ref> In June 2014 '']'' reported that the information the government sought to suppress by destroying the hard drives related to the location of a "beyond top secret" internet monitoring base in ], ] and the close involvement of ] and ] in intercepting internet communications.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/06/03/revealed_beyond_top_secret_british_intelligence_middleeast_internet_spy_base|title=Revealed: GCHQ's beyond top secret middle eastern internet spy base|publisher=The Register|author=Duncan Campbell|date=3 June 2014}}</ref>

==Ownership==
]]]
''The Guardian'' is part of the GMG ] of newspapers, radio stations, print media including '']'' Sunday newspaper, '']'' international newspaper, and new media—''Guardian Abroad'' website, and '']''. All the aforementioned were owned by ], a charitable foundation existing between 1936 and 2008, which aimed to ensure the paper's ] in perpetuity, maintaining its financial health to ensure it did not become vulnerable to take overs by for-profit media groups. At the beginning of October 2008, the Scott Trusts assets were transferred to a new limited company, The Scott Trust Limited, with the intention being that the original trust would be wound up.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/oct/08/theguardian.theobserver |title=Guardian owner the Scott Trust to be wound up after 72 years|work=The Guardian |location=London |date=8 October 2008|accessdate=10 October 2008 |last=Conlan|first=Tara|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> ], chair of the Scott Trust, reassured staff that the purposes of the new company remained as under the previous arrangements.

''The Guardian'' has been consistently loss-making. The National Newspaper division of GMG, which also includes ''The Observer'', reported operating losses of £49.9m in 2006, up from £18.6m in 2005.<ref>Guardian Media Group plc 2006. "{{dead link|date=August 2013}}".</ref> The paper is therefore heavily dependent on cross-subsidisation from profitable companies within the group, including '']'' (which the Guardian Media Group sold in January 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/blighty/2014/01/guardian-sells-trader-media|title=The Guardian sells Trader Media|date=21 January 2014|work=The Economist|accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>).

''The Guardian'''s ownership by the Scott Trust is probably a factor in its being the only British national daily to conduct (since 2003) an annual social, ethical and environmental ] in which it examines, under the scrutiny of an independent external auditor, its own behaviour as a company.<ref>Guardian Newspapers Ltd & Scott Trust, 2005. "".</ref> It is also the only British daily national newspaper to employ an internal ombudsman (called the "readers' editor") to handle complaints and corrections.

''The Guardian'' and its parent groups participate in ], established by ], and intervened in 1995 to save the '']'' in South Africa, but Guardian Media Group sold the majority of its shares in the ''Mail & Guardian'' in 2002.

The continual losses made by the National Newspaper division of the Guardian Media Group caused the group to dispose of its Regional Media division by selling titles to competitor ] in March 2010. This included the flagship '']'', and severed the historic link between that paper and ''The Guardian''. The sale was in order to safeguard the future of ''The Guardian'' newspaper as is the intended purpose of the Scott Trust.<ref name="M.E.N sold to Trinity Mirror">{{cite news |title=Manchester Evening News sold by Guardian Media Group |publisher=M.E.N. Media |date=9 February 2010
|url=
http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/business/business-news/manchester-evening-news-sold-by-guardian-882685 |accessdate=11 February 2010|work=Manchester Evening News}}</ref>

In June 2011 Guardian News and Media revealed increased annual losses of £33m and announced that it was looking to focus on its online edition for news coverage, leaving a physical newspaper that was to contain more comment and features. It was also speculated that ''The Guardian'' may become the first British national daily paper to go solely online.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rayner |first=Gordon |title=Riches to rags as Guardian bleeds £33m in a year |publisher=The Daily Telegraph |date=18 June 2011 |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/media/8583220/Riches-to-rags-as-Guardian-bleeds-33m-in-a-year.html |accessdate=21 October 2011 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Guardian and Observer to adopt 'digital-first' strategy |publisher=Guardian News and Media |date=16 June 2011 |url= http://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/jun/16/guardian-observer-digital-first-strategy?INTCMP=SRCH |accessdate=21 October 2011|last=Sabbagh|first=Dan|location=London|work=The Guardian}}</ref>

For the three years up to June 2012, the paper lost £100,000 a day, which prompted ''Intelligent Life'' to question whether ''The Guardian'' can survive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://moreintelligentlife.com/content/ideas/tim-de-lisle/can-guardian-survive |title=Can The Guardian Survive? |publisher=More Intelligent Life |accessdate=11 August 2013}}</ref>

==Political stance and editorial opinion==
Founded by textile traders and merchants, ''The Guardian'' had a reputation as "an organ of the middle class",<ref>], ''The Condition of the Working Class in England'', Progress, 1973, p. 109.</ref> or in the words of C.P. Scott's son Ted, "a paper that will remain bourgeois to the last".<ref>Ayerst, ''The Guardian'', 1971, p. 471.{{clarify|date=November 2011}}</ref> "I write for the ''Guardian''," said ] in 2005,<ref>{{cite news|title=Smaller size, higher brow?|first=Mark|last=Seddon|work=New Statesman|location=London|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/200502210005|date=21 February 2005}}{{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref> "because it is read by the new establishment", reflecting the paper's then growing influence.

The paper's readership is generally on the mainstream left of British political opinion: a ] poll taken between April and June 2000 showed that 80% of ''Guardian'' readers were Labour Party voters;<ref>'']'' Spring 2003, ISBN 1-898876-97-5</ref> according to another MORI poll taken in 2005, 48% of ''Guardian'' readers were Labour voters and 34% ] voters.<ref>{{dead link|date=August 2013}}, Ipsos MORI, 21 April 2005
</ref> The newspaper's reputation as a platform for ] and left-wing opinions has led to the use of the epithet "''Guardian'' reader" as a label for middle-class people holding such views,<ref>{{cite web|author=Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons, Westminster |url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo011119/debtext/11119-08.htm#11119-08_spnew3 |title=Hansard 374:54 19 November 2001 |publisher=Publications.parliament.uk |date=19 November 2001 |accessdate=28 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4348620.stm|title=What the papers say|work=BBC News|date=17 October 2005}}</ref> or sometimes as a negative stereotype of such people as middle class, earnest and ].

Former ''Guardian'' features editor Ian Katz stated in 2004 that, "...it is no secret we are a centre-left newspaper...".<ref name="undecidedvoters">{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/16/uselections2004.usa2 |title=World writes to undecided voters |accessdate=13 July 2008 |work=The Guardian |location=London | date=16 October 2004|last=Wells|first=Matt}}</ref> In 2008, ''Guardian'' columnist ] said that editorial contributors were a mix of "right-of-centre ], greens, Blairites, Brownites, Labourite but less enthusiastic Brownites, etc" and that the newspaper was "clearly left of centre and vaguely progressive". She also said that "you can be absolutely certain that come the next general election, ''The Guardian'''s stance will not be dictated by the editor, still less any foreign proprietor (it helps that there isn't one) but will be the result of vigorous debate within the paper."<ref name="Guardianistas">{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/apr/29/aretheguardianistasrats|title=Are the Guardianistas rats?|accessdate=13 July 2008|work=The Guardian |location=London | date=29 April 2008|last=Ashley|first=Jackie|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> The paper's comment and opinion pages, though often written by centre-left contributors such as ], have allowed some space for right-of-centre voices such as Max Hastings and ]. Since an editorial in 2000, ''The Guardian'' has favoured abolition of the British monarchy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/dec/06/monarchy.guardianleaders|title=Magic or not, let in the daylight|accessdate=14 November 2013|location=London|date=6 December 2000}}</ref>

In the run-up to the ], following a meeting of the editorial staff,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/apr/23/election-editorial-comment-guardian|title=The Guardian's election editorial meeting: report|work=The Guardian|date=23 April 2010|last=Seaton|first=Matt|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> the paper declared its support for the Liberal Democrats, in particular due to the party's stance on ]. The paper suggested ] to prevent a Conservative victory, given Britain's ] electoral system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/apr/30/the-liberal-moment-has-come |title=General election 2010: The liberal moment has come |work=The Guardian |date=30 April 2010 | location=London |accessdate=25 May 2010|publisher=Guardian News and Media|author=Editorial}}</ref>

Assistant Editor Michael White, in discussing media self-censorship in March 2011, says: "I have always sensed liberal, middle class ill-ease in going after stories about immigration, legal or otherwise, about welfare fraud or the less attractive tribal habits of the working class, which is more easily ignored altogether. Toffs, including royal ones, Christians, especially popes, governments of Israel, and US ] are more straightforward targets."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/2011/mar/09/media-self-censorship-problem-turkey|title=Media self-censorship: not just a problem for Turkey|work=The Guardian|date=9 March 2011|last=White|first=Michael|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref>

==Circulation and format==
''The Guardian'' had a certified average daily circulation of 204,222 copies in December 2012&nbsp;— a drop of 11.25% on January 2012&nbsp;— as compared to sales of 547,465 for ''The Daily Telegraph'', 396,041 for ''The Times'', and 78,082 for ''The Independent''.<ref name="ReferenceA">Audit Bureau of Circulations Ltd– abc.org.uk</ref> In March 2013, its average daily circulation had fallen to 193,586, according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations.<ref> Arif Durrani, 8 March 2013, www.mediaweek.co.uk</ref>

===Publication history===
]

The first edition was published on 5 May 1821,<ref>Schoolnet n.d. "."</ref> at which time ''The Guardian'' was a weekly, published on Saturdays and costing 7].; the ] on newspapers (4d. per sheet) forced the price up so high that it was uneconomic to publish more frequently. When the stamp duty was cut in 1836 ''The Guardian'' added a Wednesday edition; with the abolition of the tax in 1855 it became a daily paper costing 2d.

In 1952, the paper took the step of printing news on the front page, replacing the adverts that had hitherto filled that space. Then-editor A. P. Wadsworth wrote: "It is not a thing I like myself, but it seems to be accepted by all the newspaper pundits that it is preferable to be in fashion."

In 1959, the paper dropped "Manchester" from its title, becoming simply ''The Guardian'', and in 1964 it moved to London, losing some of its regional agenda but continuing to be heavily subsidised by sales of the less intellectual but much more profitable ''Manchester Evening News''. The financial position remained extremely poor into the 1970s; at one time it was in merger talks with ''The Times''. The paper consolidated its centre-left stance during the 1970s and 1980s but was both shocked and revitalised by the launch of ''The Independent'' in 1986 which competed for a similar readership and provoked the entire broadsheet industry into a fight for circulation.

On 12 February 1988, ''The Guardian'' had a significant redesign; as well as improving the quality of its printers' ink, it also changed its masthead to a juxtaposition of an ] ] "''The''", with a bold ] "'''Guardian'''", that remained in use until the 2005 redesign.

In 1992, it relaunched its features section as ''G2'', a tabloid-format supplement. This innovation was widely copied by the other "quality" broadsheets, and ultimately led to the rise of "compact" papers and ''The Guardian'''s move to the Berliner format. In 1993 the paper declined to participate in the broadsheet ] started by ]'s ''The Times''. In June 1993, ''The Guardian'' bought ''The Observer'' from ], thus gaining a serious Sunday newspaper partner with similar political views.

Its international weekly edition is now titled ''The Guardian Weekly'', though it retained the title ''Manchester Guardian Weekly'' for some years after the home edition had moved to London. It includes sections from a number of other internationally significant newspapers of a somewhat left-of-centre inclination, including '']'' and '']''. ''The Guardian Weekly'' is also linked to a website for expatriates, ], which was launched in 2007 but had been taken offline by 2012.

''G24'' is a constantly updated electronic newspaper available free of charge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/g24 |title=G24 |publisher=The Guardian |accessdate=11 August 2013}}</ref> It is downloadable as a ] file. The contents come from ''The Guardian'' and its Sunday sibling ''The Observer''.

===Moving to the Berliner paper format===
''The Guardian'' is printed in full colour,<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/editors/archives/2005/09/13/tuesdays_morning_conference.html
|title=Tuesday's morning conference
|work=The Guardian |location=UK |date=13 September 2007
|accessdate=11 February 2007
}}</ref> and was the first newspaper in the UK to use the ] format for its main section, while producing sections and supplements in a range of page sizes including tabloid, approximately A4, and pocket-size (approximately A5).

In 2004, ''The Guardian'' announced plans to change to a "Berliner" or "]" format similar to that used by '']'' in Germany, ''Le Monde'' in France and many other European papers; at 470×315&nbsp;mm, this is slightly larger than a traditional ]. Planned for the autumn of 2005, this change followed the moves by ''The Independent'' and '']'' to start publishing in tabloid (or compact) format. On Thursday 1 September 2005 ''The Guardian'' announced that it would launch the new format on Monday 12 September 2005.
<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/sep/01/theguardian.pressandpublishing|title=New-look Guardian launches on September 12|work=MediaGuardian|date=1 September 2005|last1=Cozens|first1=Claire|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> Sister Sunday newspaper ''The Observer'' went over to the same format on 8 January 2006.

The advantage that ''The Guardian'' saw in the Berliner format was that though it is only a little wider than a tabloid, and is thus equally easy to read on public transport, its greater height gives more flexibility in page design. The new presses mean that printing can go right across the "gutter", the strip down the middle of the centre page, allowing the paper to print striking double page pictures. The new presses also made the paper the first UK national able to print in full colour on every page.

The format switch was accompanied by a comprehensive redesign of the paper's look. On Friday 9 September 2005, the newspaper unveiled its new-look front page, which débuted on Monday 12 September 2005. Designed by ], the new look includes a new ] for the newspaper, its first since 1988. A typeface family designed by ] and ] was created for the new design. With just over 200 fonts, it is "one of the most ambitious custom type programs ever commissioned by a newspaper."<ref name="fontshop2006">{{cite web
|url=http://www.fontshop.be/details.php?entry=91
|publisher=FontShop Benelux
|date=15 November 2006
|author=Paul A Barnes, Christian E Schwartz
|title=Does type design matter in newspapers?
|accessdate=26 July 2012}}</ref>
Especially notable is Guardian Egyptian, a highly legible ] that is used in various weights for both text and headlines and is central to the redesign.

The switch cost Guardian Newspapers £80&nbsp;million and involved setting up new printing presses in east London and Manchester. This was because, before ''The Guardian'''s move, no printing presses in Britain could produce newspapers in the Berliner format. There were additional complications as one of the paper's presses was part-owned by '']'' and '']'', and it was contracted to use the plant until 2009. Another press was shared with the Guardian Media Group's north-western tabloid local papers, which did not wish to switch to the Berliner format.

====Reception====
The new format was generally well received by ''Guardian'' readers, who were encouraged to provide feedback on the changes. The only controversy was over the dropping of the '']'' cartoon strip. The paper reported thousands of calls and emails complaining about its loss; within 24 hours the decision was reversed and the strip was reinstated the following week. ''G2'' supplement editor Ian Katz, who was responsible for dropping it, apologised in the editors' blog saying, "I'm sorry, once again, that I made you—and the hundreds of fellow fans who have called our helpline or mailed our comments' address—so cross".<ref>{{Wayback |date=20070212135000 |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/values/socialaudit/story/0,,1600349,00.html |title=''Guardian Reborn'', The Guardian}}. Retrieved on 22 July 2007. {{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> Some readers were, however, dissatisfied as the earlier deadline needed for the all-colour sports section meant that coverage of late-finishing evening football matches became less satisfactory in the editions supplied to some parts of the country.

The investment was rewarded with a circulation rise. In December 2005, the average daily sale stood at 380,693, nearly 6% higher than the figure for December 2004.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/jan/13/abcs.pressandpublishing|title=Telegraph sales hit all-time low|work=MediaGuardian|date=13 January 2006|last1=Cozens|first1=Claire|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> (However as of December 2012, circulation has since dropped to 204,222.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/jan/11/guardian-telegraph-financial-times-december-abcs|title=Guardian, Telegraph and FT post modest sales rises in December|date=11 January 2013|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref>) In 2006, the US-based ] chose ''The Guardian'' and Polish daily '']'' as the world's best-designed newspapers—from among 389 entries from 44 countries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/feb/21/theguardian.pressandpublishing |title=Guardian wins design award |date=21 February 2006 |work=MediaGuardian |location=London |last=Busfield|first=Steve|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref>

==Regular content and features==
On each weekday ''The Guardian'' comes with the ''G2'' supplement containing feature articles, columns, television and radio listings, and the quick crossword. Since the change to the Berliner format, there is a separate daily Sport section. Other regular supplements during the week are shown below.

Before the redesign in 2005, the main news section was in the large broadsheet format, but the supplements were all in the half-sized tabloid format, with the exception of the glossy ''Weekend'' section, which was a 290×245&nbsp;mm magazine, and ''The Guide'', which was in a small 225×145&nbsp;mm format.

With the change of the main section to the Berliner format, the specialist sections are now printed as Berliner, as is a now-daily Sports section, but ''G2'' has moved to a "magazine-sized" demi-Berliner format. A Thursday Technology section and daily science coverage in the news section replaced Life and Online. ''Weekend'' and ''The Guide'' are still in the same small formats as before the change.

On Monday to Thursday prior to the recession, the supplements carried substantial quantities of recruitment advertising as well as editorial on their specialised topics. However, this has diminished since the onset of recession, to the point that the supplements have been seriously contracted or no longer appear as independent sections. The formerly sixty-page-thick ''Society'' supplement (Wednesday) is now no more and has been absorbed into the main part of the paper.

===''G2'' and other supplements===
The following sections are in ''G2'' every day from Monday to Friday: Arts, TV and Radio, Puzzles.

;Monday
Sport:
* Clogger, a humorous look at the weekend's football. This includes an ever-changing list of sub-features such as:
** Jobs ] could do
** Total earnings of ]
* Screen Break, by ]: analysis of TV sports coverage
* What's rocking sport; Where sportspeople select their favourite music

In ''G2'':
* ]'s column
* Ask Hadley: fashion advice from ]

MediaGuardian:
* ] (every month)
* Media Monkey: gossip from the media sector

;Tuesday
EducationGuardian:
* Multiple choice: poses the same question to three different people (e.g. a teacher, a parent and a pupil)

;Wednesday
In ''G2'':
* The digested read, by ]

SocietyGuardian (covers the British ] and related issues)
* Eco Soundings: environmental news

;Thursday
In ''G2'':
* Private Lives
* ] (readers' answers to reader's questions on almost any topic)
* Westminster Digested, political satire by John Crace.

Formerly TechnologyGuardian (print version ceased to appear from 17 December 2009)<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/18/technology-future-charles-arthur | publisher=Guardian News and Media | work=The Guardian | title= The Guardian's technology coverage: what happens next | date=18 November 2009 | location=London |accessdate=25 May 2010|last=Arthur|first=Charles}}</ref>
* The "Free Our Data" campaign

;Friday
In ''G2'':
* Lost in showbiz
* Women
* Chess, poker and bridge

Film & Music supplement

;Saturday
''The Guide'' (a weekly ])
* TVOD by Lucy Mangan
* Infomania (humorous statistical data on a topical personality or institution)

''Weekend'' (supplement)
* Tim Dowling (eponymous diary column)
* This Column Will Change Your Life by ]
* Food
* ] (chef's recipes)

''Review'' (covers literature, cinema, the arts)

''Money''

''Work'' including ''Graduate''

''Travel''

''Family''

===Regular cartoon strips===
* '']'' by ]
* '']''
* ''My Peculiar World'' by Karrie Fransman (in ''G2'')
* '']''
* ''Loomus'', by ] (Saturday, in the Family section)
* ''Media Tarts'' (Monday, in the Media section)
* '']'' (Wednesday, in the Society section)
* '']'' (Saturday, in the Guide section)

]s ] and ] have received ] for their treatment of topics that some deem controversial.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/nov/25/usa.comment|title=Drawing fire|work=The Guardian |location=London |date=25 November 2005|last=Rowson|first=Martin|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref>

==Online media==
{{Main|theguardian.com}}

''The Guardian'' and its Sunday sibling ''The Observer'' publish all their news online, with free access both to current news and an archive of three million stories. A third of the site's hits are for items over a month old.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/oct/08/comment.comment|title=Editor's week|work=The Guardian|date=8 October 2005| location=London|last=Bell|first=Emily}}</ref> The website also offers ''G24'', a free printable A4 format ] 24-hour newspaper containing the top stories<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/g24|title=G24|work=The Guardian|accessdate=28 July 2009|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> and, for a monthly subscription, the complete newspaper in PDF format. {{As of|2012|01}} it is the second most popular UK newspaper website, behind the '']'''s '']'', with a daily average of 2,937,070 browsers to the Mail's 4,838,140,<ref>{{cite web |title=Newspaper websites suffer winter chill |date=26 January 2012 |work=The Guardian |first=Mark |last=Sweney |url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/jan/26/newspaper-websites-abce}}</ref> and in April 2011 MediaWeek reported that it is the fifth most popular newspaper site in the world.<ref>{{cite news|work=MediaWeek|date=19 April 2011|title=MailOnline overtakes Huffington Post to become world's no 2|url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/node/46605|publisher=Haymarket|first=Arif|last=Durrani}}</ref>

The ] section features columns by the paper's journalists and regular commentators, as well as articles from guest writers, with readers comments and responses below. The section includes all the opinion pieces published in the paper itself, as well as many others that only appear online. Censorship is exercised by Moderators who can ban posts&nbsp;– with no right of appeal&nbsp;– by those who they feel have overstepped the mark.
''The Guardian'' has taken what they call a very "open" stance in delivering news, and have launched an open platform for their content. This allows external developers to easily use ''Guardian'' content in external applications, and even to feed third-party content back into the ''Guardian'' network.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.idioplatform.com/the-guardian-im-impressed/|title=The Guardian: I'm impressed|work=]|date=1 June 2010|accessdate=26 July 2010}}</ref>
''The Guardian'' also had a number of talkboards that were noted for their mix of political discussion and whimsy, until they were closed on Friday 25 February 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/help/insideguardian/2011/feb/28/guardian-unlimited-talkboards|title=Guardian Unlimited Talkboard closure|work=The Guardian|date=28 February 2011| location=London|last=Gibson|first=Janine|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> They were spoofed in ''The Guardian's'' own regular humorous ''Chatroom'' column in ''G2''. The spoof column purported to be excerpts from a chatroom on , a real URL which pointed to ''The Guardian's'' talkboards.

On August 2013 a webshow titled ''Thinkfluencer''<ref>Thnikfluencer episode 1, Selfies, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/video/2013/aug/29/thinkfluencer-episode-1-selfies-video</ref> was launched by Guardian Multimedia in association with ].

The paper has also launched a dating website, ''Soulmates'',<ref>.Retrieved on 3 August 2007.</ref> and is experimenting with new media, having previously offered a free twelve part weekly ] series by ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/dec/08/radio.broadcasting1|title=Gervais to host Radio 2 Christmas show|work=MediaGuardian|date=8 December 2005|last=Deans|first=Jason|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> In January 2006 Gervais' show topped the ] podcast chart having been downloaded by two million listeners worldwide,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/jan/23/radio.mondaymediasection1|title=Comedy stars and radio DJs top the download charts|work=The Guardian|date=23 January 2006|location=London}}</ref> and is scheduled to be listed in the 2007 '']'' as the most downloaded podcast.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/feb/06/radio.newmedia|title=Gervais podcast in the record books|work=MediaGuardian|date=6 February 2006|last=Plunkett|first=John|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref>

==GuardianFilms==
In 2003, ''The Guardian'' started the film production company GuardianFilms, headed by journalist Maggie O'Kane. Much of the company's output is documentary made for television– and it has included ]'s '']'' for ]'s daily flagship '']'', some of which have been shown in compilations by ''] International'', ''Sex On The Streets'' and ''Spiked'', both made for the UK's ] television.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/guardianfilms |title=Films |work=The Guardian |location=UK |date= 12 February 2009|accessdate=28 July 2009 }}</ref>

"GuardianFilms was born in a sleeping bag in the Burmese ]," wrote O'Kane in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/11-7-2003-47360.asp |title=Maggie O'Kane: Bringing the Guardian's Ethos to Tv |publisher=Buzzle.com |date=7 November 2003 |accessdate=28 July 2009}}{{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref> "I was a foreign correspondent for the paper, and it had taken me weeks of negotiations, dealing with shady contacts and a lot of walking to reach the cigar-smoking Karen twins– the boy soldiers who were leading attacks against the country's ruling junta. After I had reached them and written a cover story for the newspaper's ''G2'' section, I got a call from the ]'s documentary department, which was researching a film on child soldiers. Could I give them all my contacts?

"The plight of the Karen people, who were forced into slave labour in the rainforest to build pipelines for oil companies (some of them British), was a tale of human suffering that needed to be told by any branch of the media that was interested. I handed over all the names and numbers I had, as well as details of the secret route through ] to get into ]. Good girl. Afterwards– and not for the first time– it seemed to me that we at ''The Guardian'' should be using our resources ourselves. Instead of providing contact numbers for any independent TV company prepared to get on the phone to a journalist, we should make our own films."

According to GuardianFilms's own webpage, its international work has focused on training talented local journalists based on the premise that "the era of a traditional London or Washington based foreign correspondent or fireman is coming to an end and the world urgently needs a more searching challenging journalism brought to us by people who speak the language and can secure access far beyond the "Green Zone Journalist" limits of the traditional correspondent." It says it is especially focused on reporting the Muslim world in a more challenging manner, and has trained a number of journalists in ], ] and ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/guardianfilms |title=Films homepage |work=Guardian |location=UK |date= 12 February 2009|accessdate=2 May 2010 }}</ref>

GuardianFilms has received several broadcasting awards. In addition to two Amnesty International Media Awards in 2004 and 2005, "The Baghdad Blogger: Salam Pax" won a Royal Television Society Award in 2005. "Baghdad: A Doctor's Story" won an Emmy Award for Best International Current Affairs film in 2007.<ref name="guardian.co.uk">{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/video/2008/jan/28/a.doctors.story.guardian.films|title=Excerpt from Baghdad: A Doctor's Story|work=The Guardian |location=London |accessdate=25 May 2010|last1=Salih|first1=Omar|last2=Summers|first2=Ben|publisher=Guardian News and Media|date=28 January 2008}}</ref> In 2008, ] won the Royal Television Society award for best international news film&nbsp;– the first time a newspaper has won such an award.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2009/aug/18/afghanistan-war-sean-smith|title=On the frontline with British troops in Afghanistan|work=The Guardian |location=London |accessdate=25 May 2010|last1=Smith|first1=Sean|last2=Nzerem|first2=Keme|last3=Ulleri|first3=Giovanni|publisher=Guardian News and Media|date=18 August 2009}}</ref> The same year, ''The Guardian'''s ] website was awarded for its outstanding new media output at the One World Media awards. Again in 2008, GuardianFilms' undercover video report revealing vote rigging by Robert Mugabe's Zanu PF party during the 2007 Zimbabwe election won best news programme of the year at the Broadcast Awards.<ref name="guardian.co.uk"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/2009/feb/16/guardian-film-awards|title=GuardianFilms Awards|work=The Guardian|date=16 February 2009 | location=London |accessdate=25 May 2010}}</ref>

==References in popular culture==
The paper's nickname '''''The Grauniad''''' (sometimes abbreviated as "Graun") originated with the satirical magazine '']''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/dec/16/society|title=Surely shome mishtake?|work=The Guardian|date=16 December 2000| location=London|last=Sherrin|first=Ned|authorlink=Ned Sherrin}}</ref> This ] played on ''The Guardian's'' early reputation for frequent ]s, including misspelling its own name as ''The {{not a typo|Gaurdian}}''.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_oO5fWi6dikC&pg=PA26 |pages=26–27 |title=Porcupine, Picayune, & Post: how newspapers get their names |first=Jim|last=Bernhard|publisher=University of Missouri Press|year=2007|isbn=0-8262-1748-6|accessdate=11 August 2013}}</ref> This good-humoured argument was perhaps played because ''Private Eye'' itself is renowned for its terrible typography.{{cn|date=January 2015}} The ''Eye'' and the ''Grauniad'' initiated and continually co-sponsor the ] for investigative journalism.

The domain grauniad.co.uk is registered to the newspaper and redirects to their website.

The very first issue of the newspaper contained a number of errors, perhaps the most notable being a notification that there would soon be some goods sold at ''{{not a typo|atction}}'' instead of ''auction''. Fewer typographical errors are seen in the paper since the end of ].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=''unknown''|journal=Encounter|volume=58 |page=28 |publisher=Congress for Cultural Freedom |year=1982}}<span style="color:blue;">This article refers to the paper by the facetious name: ''The The Grauniad''.</span></ref> One Guardian writer, ], suggested that the high number of observed misprints was due more to the quality of the readership than the misprints' greater frequency.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prime beef: Mathematical micro-mysteries: Keith Devlin returns to prime time computation|authorlink=Keith Devlin|last=Devlin|first=Keith|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=1 March 1984}} Reprinted in {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pdZSGb5DqzsC&pg=PA42 |page=42|title=All the math that's fit to print: articles from the Manchester guardian |chapter=Prime beef"|first=Keith|last=Devlin|authorlink=Keith Devlin|year=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-88385-515-1|accessdate=11 August 2013}}</ref> The fact that the newspaper was printed in Manchester till 1961 and the early, more error-prone, prints were sent to London by train may have contributed as well to this image.<ref>Changing Faces: A History of the Guardian 1956-1988 Geoffrey Taylor Fourth Estate, 1993</ref><ref>Porcupine, Picayune, & Post: How Newspapers Get Their Names Jim Bernhard University of Missouri Press, 2007</ref> When ] was appointed news editor by ]) in 1963, he sharpened the paper's comparatively "amateurish" setup.<ref name="guardian obit">{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/nov/08/john-cole|title=John Cole obituary|first=David|last=McKie|work=The Guardian|date=8 November 2013|accessdate=8 November 2013}}</ref>

==Awards==

===Received===
''The Guardian'' has been awarded the ''National Newspaper of the Year'' in 1999, 2006,<ref name=gazetteroll/> 2011<ref name=Guardian06042011>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/apr/06/press-awards-2011-guardian-newspaper-of-the-year|title=Press Awards 2011: Guardian wins Newspaper of the Year|work=The Guardian|date=6 April 2011|author=Guardian staff|location=London}}</ref> and 2014<ref name="award" /> by the ], and "Front Page of the Year" in 2002 ("A declaration of war", 12 September 2001.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/mar/20/theguardian.uknews|title=Guardian triumphs at Press Awards|work=The Guardian|date=20 March 2002|last=Wells|first=Matt|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref>).<ref name=gazetteroll>'']'', {{dead link|date=August 2013}}. Retrieved 24 July 2011.</ref> It was also co-winner of the ''World's Best-designed Newspaper'' as awarded by the Society for News Design (2006).

''Guardian'' journalists have won a range of British Press Awards, including<ref name=gazetteroll/>
* "Reporter of the Year" (], 2000; ], 2010)
* "Foreign Reporter of the Year" (], 2004; ], 2008)
* "Columnist of the Year" (], 2007; ], 2009)
* "Feature Writer of the Year" (], 2002; ], 2010; ], 2011<ref name=Guardian06042011/>).
* "Cartoonist of the Year" (], 2003)
* "Political Journalist of the Year" (], 2007; ], 2011<ref name=Guardian06042011/>)
* "Interviewer of the Year" (], 2009)
* "Sports Photographer of the Year" (Tom Jenkins, 2004, 2006, 2007)

Other awards include:
* ] for investigative journalism (], 2010)
* ] (], 1999; ], 2003; ], 2005; ], 2009)

The ''guardian.co.uk'' website won the Best Newspaper category three years running in 2005, 2006 and 2007 ]s, beating (in 2005) '']'', ''The Washington Post'', '']'' and '']''.<ref>The Webby Awards, 2005. "."</ref> It has been the winner for six years in a row of the British Press Awards for Best Electronic Daily Newspaper.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newspaperawards.co.uk/default.htm |title=The 2006 Newspaper Awards |accessdate=29 May 2006}}</ref> The site won an '']'' award from the US-based magazine ''Editor & Publisher'' in 2000 for the best-designed newspaper online service.<ref>Eppy Awards, 2000. "."</ref> The website is known for its commentary on sporting events, particularly its over-by-over cricket commentary.

In 2007 the newspaper was ranked first in a study on transparency that analysed 25 mainstream English-language media vehicles, which was conducted by the ] of the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icmpa.umd.edu/pages/studies/transparency/main.html |title=Openness & Accountability: A Study of Transparency in Global Media Outlets|accessdate=19 June 2008 }}</ref> It scored 3.8 out of a possible 4.0.

The Guardian and ''The Washington Post'' shared the 2014 ] for their coverage of the National Security Agency's worldwide electronic surveillance program and the documents leaks by whistleblower Edward Snowden.<ref> Accessed 14 April 2014.</ref>

===Given===
''The Guardian'' is the sponsor of two major literary awards: The ], established in 1999 as a successor to the ], which had run since 1965, and the ], founded in 1967. In recent years the newspaper has also sponsored the ] in ].

The annual ], founded in 1999, recognise excellence in journalism and design of British university and college ], magazines and websites.

In memory of ], who died in 2004, ''The Guardian'' and ''Private Eye'' jointly set up the "]", with an annual £10,000 prize fund, for investigative or campaigning journalism.<ref>{{Dead link|date=July 2009}}</ref>

==Editors==
* ] (1821–1844)
* ] (1844–1861) (jointly with Russell Scott Taylor in 1847–1848)
* ] (1861–1872)
* ] (1872–1929)
* ] (1929–1932)
* ] (1932–1944)
* Alfred Powell Wadsworth (1944–1956)
* ] (1956–1975)
* ] (1975–1995)
* ] (1995–present)

==Notable regular contributors (past and present)==
{{famous|date=June 2012}}
{{see also|Journalists of The Guardian}}

{| style="width:100%;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|width=25%|
'''Columnists and journalists'''
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]<!--http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/inayat_bunglawala/profile.html-->
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* Damian Carrington
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
|width=25%|
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] (pseudonym)
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] (as ''Dulcie Domum'')
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
|width=25%|
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]<ref>. Retrieved 22 July 2007. {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ']'
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]<ref>.Retrieved on 22 July 2007.</ref><ref>.Retrieved on 22 July 2007.</ref>
|width=25%|
'''Cartoonists'''
* ]
* ]
* ]
*
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

'''Satirists'''
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] aka ]
* ]
* ]

'''Experts'''
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

'''Photographers and Picture Editors'''
* Herbert Walter Doughty (''The Manchester Guardian'''s first photographer, July 1908)
* Eamonn McCabe
* ]
|}

==The Guardian News & Media Archive==
''The Guardian'' and its sister newspaper ''The Observer'' opened ''The Newsroom'', an archive and visitor centre in London, in 2002. The centre preserved and promoted the histories and values of the newspapers through its archive, educational programmes and exhibitions. The Newsroom's activities all transferred to Kings Place in 2008.<ref name="test">{{cite news| url=http://www.theguardian.com/gnm-archive/interactive/guardian-interactive-timeline | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Lisa | last=Villani | title=MIC: GNM archive (microsite) | date=20 August 2009}}</ref> Now known as the Guardian News & Media Archive, the archive preserves and promotes the histories and values of ''The Guardian'' and ''The Observer'' newspapers by collecting and making accessible material that provides an accurate and comprehensive history of the papers. The archive holds official records of ''The Guardian'' and ''The Observer'' and also seeks to acquire material from individuals who have been associated with the papers. As well as corporate records, the archive holds correspondence, diaries, notebooks, original cartoons and photographs belonging to staff of the papers.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news| url=http://www.theguardian.com/gnm-archive/archive-collections | location=London | work=The Guardian | title=MIC: GNM archive (microsite) | date=26 August 2009}}</ref> This material may be consulted by members of the public by prior appointment. There is also an extensive ''Manchester Guardian'' archive at the ]'s ] and there is a collaboration programme between the two archives. The ] also has a large archive of ''The Manchester Guardian'', available in online, hard copy, microform, and CD-ROM in their
collection.

In November 2007 ''The Guardian'' and ''The Observer'' made their archives available over the internet via . The current extent of the archives available are 1821 to 2000 for ''The Guardian'' and 1791 to 2000 for ''The Observer'': these archives will eventually run up to 2003.

The Newsroom's other components were also transferred to Kings Place in 2008. ''The Guardian''<nowiki></nowiki>'s provides a range of educational programmes for students and adults. ''The Guardian'''s was also moved to Kings Place, and has a rolling programme of exhibitions that investigate and reflect upon aspects of news and newspapers and the role of journalism. This programme often draws on the archive collections held in the GNM Archive.

==See also==
{{Portal|England|Journalism}}
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

==Notes and references==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* Ayerst, David. ''The Manchester Guardian: biography of a newspaper'' (Cornell University Press, 1971)

==External links==
{{Commons category|The Guardian}}
{{Wikisource|The Manchester Guardian}}
* {{Official website|1=www.guardian.co.uk|mobile=m.guardian.co.uk}}
* {{Newseum front page|UK_TG}}
* {{OpenCorp|The Guardian|Guardian Media}}
*

{{Guardian Media Group}}
{{Media in the United Kingdom|newsmag}}
{{United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum, 2011}}
{{PulitzerPrize PublicService 2001–2025}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guardian, The}}
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Revision as of 15:08, 1 February 2015

"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952 "Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952 "Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952"Propaganda is a soft weapon; hold it in your hands too long, and it will move about like a snake, and strike the other way." —Jean Anouilh, L'Alouette, 1952