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| has an overt indication of quoted speech after the quoted string ''Wow'', the quotative ''kiyalaa''. | has an overt indication of quoted speech after the quoted string ''Wow'', the quotative ''kiyalaa''. | ||
| ==English== | |||
| In ] ], forms of the ] '']'' + the particle '']'', are used as a quotative: | |||
| :''He was like, 'You'll love it.' And I was like, 'You can't be serious!{{'}}'' | |||
| In speech, the word ''like'' in this use is typically followed by a brief ], indicated here with a comma. This quotative construction is particularly common for introducing direct speech indicating someone's ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Explaining English Grammar: A Guide to Explaining Grammar for Teachers of English as a Second Or Foreign Language |author=George Yule |section=Quotative ''be like'' |pages=283–284 |publisher=] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-437172-8}}</ref> | |||
| ==Japanese== | ==Japanese== | ||
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A quotative is a grammatical device to mark quoted speech in some languages, and as such it preserves the grammatical person and tense of the original utterance rather than adjusting it as would be the case with reported speech. It can be equated with "spoken quotation marks". In the English sentence
- John said, "Wow,"
there is no word indicating that we are dealing with quoted speech. This is only indicated typographically. In Sinhala on the other hand, the equivalent sentence
- John Wow kiyalaa kivvaa
has an overt indication of quoted speech after the quoted string Wow, the quotative kiyalaa.
English
In English colloquial speech, forms of the verb to be + the particle like, are used as a quotative:
- He was like, 'You'll love it.' And I was like, 'You can't be serious!'
In speech, the word like in this use is typically followed by a brief pause, indicated here with a comma. This quotative construction is particularly common for introducing direct speech indicating someone's attitude.
Japanese
In Japanese, the quotative と is used to indicate direct speech in this sentence:
| 石田さん | は | 「トマトが好きじゃない」 | と | 言いました。 |
| Ishida-san | wa | "tomato ga suki janai" | to | iimashita. |
| Mr. Ishida | top. | "tomato-nom. like-neg." | quot. | say-past-polite |
| "Mr. Ishida said that he didn't like tomatoes" lit. "that 'I don't like tomatoes'" | ||||
The following example shows the preservation of both grammatical person and the tense in a quoted utterance using the quotative particle:
| 彼女 | は | 僕 | に | 「あなたが好きだ」 | と | 言った。 |
| Kanojo | wa | boku | ni | "anata ga suki da" | to | itta. |
| She | top. | me | dat. | "you-nom. like cop." | quot. | say-past |
| "She told me that she liked me" lit. "that 'I like you'" | ||||||
See Japanese grammar for more examples of when と (to) is used.
Georgian
Georgian marks quoted speech with one of two suffixes depending on the grammatical person of who made the original utterance, -მეთქი for the first person and -ო for the second and third person.
The following sentences show the use of the first person and non-first person quotative particles respectively. Note the preservation of both the person and tense of the original utterances:
First person quotative
| მოხუცმა | იტირა, | როცა | ვუთხარი, | რომ | თქვენი | ვაჟიშვილი | ჯარში | უნდა | წავიდეს | -მეთქი. |
| Mokhutsma | it'ira | rotsa | vutkhari | rom | tkveni | vazhishvili | jar-shi | unda | ts'avides | metki. |
| He-ERG | cry-AOR | when | I told-AOR him | that | your | son-NOM | in the army | must | he goes-OPT | 1st person quot. |
| "The old man cried when I told him that his son had to enter the army" lit. "that 'your son has to enter the army.'" | ||||||||||
Second and third person quotative
| კახეთწი | კი | ინტურისტის | ექსკურსიას | უნდა | გაყვე | ო. |
| K'akhet-shi | k'i | int'urist'is | eksk'ursias | unda | gaqve | o. |
| To Kakheti | but | Intourist-GEN | excursion-DAT | must | you accompany-OPT it | 3rd person quot. |
| "But (they said) that I had to accompany an Intourist excursion to Kakheti" lit. "that 'you must accompany'" | ||||||
Note that this second sentence omits an overt verbum dicendi since the original speaker is already known, and context makes it clear that the speaker was the original addressee.
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek can mark quoted speech in prose with the subordinating conjunction ὅτι:
| οἱ | δὲ | εἶπον | ὅτι | ἱκανοί | ἐσμεν. |
| They | but | said-AOR | quot. | ready | we are-PAI1P. |
| "They said that they were ready" lit. "that 'we are ready'" | |||||
Turkish
In Turkish, direct speech is marked by following it by a form of the verb demek ("to say"), as in
- 'Hastayım' dedi.
- 'I am ill', he said.
In particular, the word diye (literally "saying"), a participle of demek, is used to mark quoted speech when another verb of utterance than demek is needed:
- 'Hastayım mı?' diye sordu.
- 'Am I ill?', he asked.
In contrast, indirect speech uses the opposite order. The reported utterance is preceded by the verb of utterance and introduced by the conjunctive particle ki, comparable to English "that":
- Dedi ki hastaydı.
- He said that he was ill.
See also
References
- George Yule (1998). "Quotative be like". Explaining English Grammar: A Guide to Explaining Grammar for Teachers of English as a Second Or Foreign Language. Oxford University Press. pp. 283–284. ISBN 978-0-19-437172-8.
- "Japanese example sentences". Retrieved 2013-08-30.
- Howard I. Aronson, A Reading Grammar, §8.5
- Howard I. Aronson, A Reading Grammar, p. 218
- Howard I. Aronson & Dodona Kiziria, Georgian Language and Culture: A Continuing Course, p. 68
- Herbert Weir Smyth, Greek Grammar, §2590a
- Xenophon, Anabasis, 5.4.10
- Jaklin Kornfilt (2013). "1.1.1.1. Direct speech versus indirect speech". Turkish. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-83252-2.
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