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Revision as of 18:48, 7 July 2015 editSPACKlick (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers4,193 edits →Chemicals: Reword LAter GEneration e-cigarette devices to later generation e-cigarettes← Previous edit Revision as of 19:32, 7 July 2015 edit undoCFCF (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, IP block exemptions, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers35,041 edits Reverted to revision 670400504 by QuackGuru (talk): A claim doesn't have consensus, it has veracity. Consensus on its inclusion is something else entirely. (TW)Next edit →
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Some metal parts in e-cigarettes contact the e-liquid and may contaminate it with metals<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014>{{cite journal|last1=Farsalinos|first1=K. E.|last2=Polosa|first2=R.|title=Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review|journal=Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety|volume=5|issue=2|year=2014|pages=67–86|issn=2042-0986|doi=10.1177/2042098614524430|pmc=4110871|pmid=25083263}}</ref> in concentrations far below levels permitted in inhaled medicines.<ref name=Hajek2014/> Tin, cadmium, nickel, lead,<ref name=Rom2014>{{cite journal|last1=Rom|first1=Oren|last2=Pecorelli|first2=Alessandra|last3=Valacchi|first3=Giuseppe|last4=Reznick|first4=Abraham Z.|title=Are E-cigarettes a safe and good alternative to cigarette smoking?|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|year=2014|pages=n/a–n/a|issn=00778923|doi=10.1111/nyas.12609|pmid=25557889}}</ref> aluminum,<ref name=Grana2014/> copper,<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> silver,<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> iron,<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> mercury,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=SA|first1=Meo|last2=SA|first2=Al Asiri|title=Effects of electronic cigarette smoking on human health|url=http://www.europeanreview.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/3315-3319.pdf|journal=Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci|volume=18|issue=21|year=2014|pages=3315-9|pmid=25487945}}</ref> and chromium have been found in the vapor.<ref name=Cheng2014/> The nickel and chromium ]s in the vapor may have came from the e-cigarette ].<ref name=Grana2014/> The metals have been found in trace amounts in the vapor, although some of them at higher amounts than traditional ]s.<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> Silicate particles have been found in the vapor.<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> Some metal parts in e-cigarettes contact the e-liquid and may contaminate it with metals<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014>{{cite journal|last1=Farsalinos|first1=K. E.|last2=Polosa|first2=R.|title=Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review|journal=Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety|volume=5|issue=2|year=2014|pages=67–86|issn=2042-0986|doi=10.1177/2042098614524430|pmc=4110871|pmid=25083263}}</ref> in concentrations far below levels permitted in inhaled medicines.<ref name=Hajek2014/> Tin, cadmium, nickel, lead,<ref name=Rom2014>{{cite journal|last1=Rom|first1=Oren|last2=Pecorelli|first2=Alessandra|last3=Valacchi|first3=Giuseppe|last4=Reznick|first4=Abraham Z.|title=Are E-cigarettes a safe and good alternative to cigarette smoking?|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|year=2014|pages=n/a–n/a|issn=00778923|doi=10.1111/nyas.12609|pmid=25557889}}</ref> aluminum,<ref name=Grana2014/> copper,<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> silver,<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> iron,<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> mercury,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=SA|first1=Meo|last2=SA|first2=Al Asiri|title=Effects of electronic cigarette smoking on human health|url=http://www.europeanreview.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/3315-3319.pdf|journal=Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci|volume=18|issue=21|year=2014|pages=3315-9|pmid=25487945}}</ref> and chromium have been found in the vapor.<ref name=Cheng2014/> The nickel and chromium ]s in the vapor may have came from the e-cigarette ].<ref name=Grana2014/> The metals have been found in trace amounts in the vapor, although some of them at higher amounts than traditional ]s.<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> Silicate particles have been found in the vapor.<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/>


Many chemicals including ] such as ], ], ], and ] can inadvertently be produced when the ] heating element that touches the e-liquid is heated and chemically reacts with the liquid.<ref name=Bekki2014>{{cite journal|last1=Bekki|first1=Kanae|last2=Uchiyama|first2=Shigehisa|last3=Ohta|first3=Kazushi|last4=Inaba|first4=Yohei|last5=Nakagome|first5=Hideki|last6=Kunugita|first6=Naoki|title=Carbonyl Compounds Generated from Electronic Cigarettes|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=11|issue=11|year=2014|pages=11192–11200|issn=1660-4601|doi=10.3390/ijerph111111192|pmid=25353061}}</ref> The propylene glycol-containing liquids produced the most amounts of carbonyls in e-cigarette aerosols.<ref name=Bekki2014/> Glycerin may generate acrolein when heated.<ref name=Hajek2014/> Some e-cigarette products had acrolein identified in the vapor, at greatly reduced amounts than in cigarette smoke.<ref name=Hajek2014/> Glyoxal and methylglyoxal have been found in the vapor.<ref name=Bekki2014/> The amount of carbonyls vary greatly among different companies and within various samples of the same e-cigarettes.<ref name=Bekki2014/> Many chemicals including ] such as ], ], ], and ] can inadvertently be produced when the ] or heating element that touches the e-liquid is heated and chemically reacts with the liquid.<ref name=Bekki2014>{{cite journal|last1=Bekki|first1=Kanae|last2=Uchiyama|first2=Shigehisa|last3=Ohta|first3=Kazushi|last4=Inaba|first4=Yohei|last5=Nakagome|first5=Hideki|last6=Kunugita|first6=Naoki|title=Carbonyl Compounds Generated from Electronic Cigarettes|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=11|issue=11|year=2014|pages=11192–11200|issn=1660-4601|doi=10.3390/ijerph111111192|pmid=25353061}}</ref> The propylene glycol-containing liquids produced the most amounts of carbonyls in e-cigarette aerosols.<ref name=Bekki2014/> Propylene glycol could produce ] when heated and ].<ref name=Grana2014/> Glycerin may generate acrolein when heated at hotter temperatures.<ref name=Hajek2014/> Some e-cigarette products had acrolein identified in the vapor, at greatly reduced amounts than in cigarette smoke.<ref name=Hajek2014/> Glyoxal and methylglyoxal have been found in the vapor.<ref name=Bekki2014/> The amount of carbonyls vary greatly among different companies and within various samples of the same e-cigarettes.<ref name=Bekki2014/>


] (TSNAs) such as ] and ] and tobacco-specific impurities have been found in the vapor at very low levels,<ref name=Rom2014/> comparable to amounts found in ].<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> Trace amounts of ],<ref name=Rom2014/> ],<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> ]s,<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> ]s, ]s (VOCs), and tobacco alkaloids has been found in the vapor.<ref name=Cheng2014>{{cite journal|last1=Cheng|first1=T.|title=Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes|journal=Tobacco Control|volume=23|issue=Supplement 2|year=2014|pages=ii11–ii17|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482|pmc=3995255|pmid=24732157}}</ref> Low levels of isoprene, acetic acid, 2-butanodione, acetone, propanol, and diacetin, and traces of apple oil (3-methylbutyl-3-methylbutanoate) have been found in the vapor.<ref name=Grana2014/> ] (TSNAs) such as ] and ] and tobacco-specific impurities have been found in the vapor at very low levels,<ref name=Rom2014/> comparable to amounts found in ].<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> Trace amounts of ],<ref name=Rom2014/> ],<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> ]s,<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> ]s, ]s (VOCs), and tobacco alkaloids has been found in the vapor.<ref name=Cheng2014>{{cite journal|last1=Cheng|first1=T.|title=Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes|journal=Tobacco Control|volume=23|issue=Supplement 2|year=2014|pages=ii11–ii17|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482|pmc=3995255|pmid=24732157}}</ref> Low levels of isoprene, acetic acid, 2-butanodione, acetone, propanol, and diacetin, and traces of apple oil (3-methylbutyl-3-methylbutanoate) have been found in the vapor.<ref name=Grana2014/>


] can create greater amounts of carcinogens.<ref name=Orellana-Barrios2015>{{cite journal|last1=Orellana-Barrios|first1=Menfil A.|last2=Payne|first2=Drew|last3=Mulkey|first3=Zachary|last4=Nugent|first4=Kenneth|title=Electronic cigarettes-a narrative review for clinicians|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|year=2015|issn=00029343|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.033|pmid=25731134}}</ref> E-cigarettes devices using higher voltages can produce carcinogens including formaldehyde at levels found in cigarette smoke.<ref name=Collaco2015>{{cite journal|last1=Collaco|first1=Joseph M.|title=Electronic Use and Exposure in the Pediatric Population|journal=JAMA Pediatrics|volume=169|issue=2|year=2015|pages=177-182|doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.2898|pmid=25546699}}</ref> High-voltage e-cigarettes is capable of producing large amounts of carbonyls.<ref name=Bekki2014/> Reduced voltage e-cigarettes had e-cigarette aerosol levels of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde roughly 13 and 807-fold less than indicated in cigarette smoke.<ref name=Bekki2014/> Later-generation ] can create greater amounts of carcinogens.<ref name=Orellana-Barrios2015>{{cite journal|last1=Orellana-Barrios|first1=Menfil A.|last2=Payne|first2=Drew|last3=Mulkey|first3=Zachary|last4=Nugent|first4=Kenneth|title=Electronic cigarettes-a narrative review for clinicians|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|year=2015|issn=00029343|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.033|pmid=25731134}}</ref> E-cigarettes devices using higher voltages can produce carcinogens including formaldehyde at levels found in cigarette smoke.<ref name=Collaco2015>{{cite journal|last1=Collaco|first1=Joseph M.|title=Electronic Use and Exposure in the Pediatric Population|journal=JAMA Pediatrics|volume=169|issue=2|year=2015|pages=177-182|doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.2898|pmid=25546699}}</ref> High-voltage e-cigarettes is capable of producing large amounts of carbonyls.<ref name=Bekki2014/> Reduced voltage e-cigarettes had e-cigarette aerosol levels of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde roughly 13 and 807-fold less than indicated in cigarette smoke.<ref name=Bekki2014/>


== See also == == See also ==

Revision as of 19:32, 7 July 2015

Various levels of chemicals have been found in the aerosol from electronic cigarettes.

Chemicals

Aerosol (vapor) exhaled by an e-cigarette user.
The nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) molecule.

In e-cigarettes a liquid is heated to a temperature of about 55°C to create an aerosolized vapor. The vapor contains similar chemicals to the e-liquid which vary in composition and concentration across and within manufacturers. The vapor usually contains nicotine, glycerin, propylene glycol, flavors and aroma transporters. The vapor may also contain tiny amounts of toxicants, carcinogens, and heavy metals. Contamination with various chemicals has been identified. Some products contained trace amounts of the drugs tadalafil and rimonabant.

Some metal parts in e-cigarettes contact the e-liquid and may contaminate it with metals in concentrations far below levels permitted in inhaled medicines. Tin, cadmium, nickel, lead, aluminum, copper, silver, iron, mercury, and chromium have been found in the vapor. The nickel and chromium nanoparticles in the vapor may have came from the e-cigarette heating element. The metals have been found in trace amounts in the vapor, although some of them at higher amounts than traditional cigarettes. Silicate particles have been found in the vapor.

Many chemicals including carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and glyoxal can inadvertently be produced when the nichrome wire or heating element that touches the e-liquid is heated and chemically reacts with the liquid. The propylene glycol-containing liquids produced the most amounts of carbonyls in e-cigarette aerosols. Propylene glycol could produce propylene oxide when heated and aerosolized. Glycerin may generate acrolein when heated at hotter temperatures. Some e-cigarette products had acrolein identified in the vapor, at greatly reduced amounts than in cigarette smoke. Glyoxal and methylglyoxal have been found in the vapor. The amount of carbonyls vary greatly among different companies and within various samples of the same e-cigarettes.

Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) such as NNK and N-Nitrosonornicotine and tobacco-specific impurities have been found in the vapor at very low levels, comparable to amounts found in nicotine replacement products. Trace amounts of toluene, xylene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and tobacco alkaloids has been found in the vapor. Low levels of isoprene, acetic acid, 2-butanodione, acetone, propanol, and diacetin, and traces of apple oil (3-methylbutyl-3-methylbutanoate) have been found in the vapor.

Later-generation e-cigarette devices can create greater amounts of carcinogens. E-cigarettes devices using higher voltages can produce carcinogens including formaldehyde at levels found in cigarette smoke. High-voltage e-cigarettes is capable of producing large amounts of carbonyls. Reduced voltage e-cigarettes had e-cigarette aerosol levels of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde roughly 13 and 807-fold less than indicated in cigarette smoke.

See also

References

  1. ^ Rom, Oren; Pecorelli, Alessandra; Valacchi, Giuseppe; Reznick, Abraham Z. (2014). "Are E-cigarettes a safe and good alternative to cigarette smoking?". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: n/a–n/a. doi:10.1111/nyas.12609. ISSN 0077-8923. PMID 25557889.
  2. Oh, Anne Y.; Kacker, Ashutosh (December 2014). "Do electronic cigarettes impart a lower potential disease burden than conventional tobacco cigarettes?: Review on e-cigarette vapor versus tobacco smoke". The Laryngoscope. 124 (12): 2702–2706. doi:10.1002/lary.24750. PMID 25302452.
  3. ^ Bertholon, J.F.; Becquemin, M.H.; Annesi-Maesano, I.; Dautzenberg, B. (2013). "Electronic Cigarettes: A Short Review". Respiration. 86: 433–8. doi:10.1159/000353253. ISSN 1423-0356. PMID 24080743.
  4. ^ Cheng, T. (2014). "Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes". Tobacco Control. 23 (Supplement 2): ii11 – ii17. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 3995255. PMID 24732157.
  5. ^ Hajek, P; Etter, JF; Benowitz, N; Eissenberg, T; McRobbie, H (31 July 2014). "Electronic cigarettes: review of use, content, safety, effects on smokers and potential for harm and benefit" (PDF). Addiction (Abingdon, England). 109 (11): 1801–10. doi:10.1111/add.12659. PMID 25078252.
  6. ^ Grana, R; Benowitz, N; Glantz, SA (13 May 2014). "E-cigarettes: a scientific review". Circulation. 129 (19): 1972–86. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.007667. PMC 4018182. PMID 24821826.
  7. ^ Farsalinos, K. E.; Polosa, R. (2014). "Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review". Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety. 5 (2): 67–86. doi:10.1177/2042098614524430. ISSN 2042-0986. PMC 4110871. PMID 25083263.
  8. SA, Meo; SA, Al Asiri (2014). "Effects of electronic cigarette smoking on human health" (PDF). Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 18 (21): 3315–9. PMID 25487945.
  9. ^ Bekki, Kanae; Uchiyama, Shigehisa; Ohta, Kazushi; Inaba, Yohei; Nakagome, Hideki; Kunugita, Naoki (2014). "Carbonyl Compounds Generated from Electronic Cigarettes". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 11 (11): 11192–11200. doi:10.3390/ijerph111111192. ISSN 1660-4601. PMID 25353061.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  10. Orellana-Barrios, Menfil A.; Payne, Drew; Mulkey, Zachary; Nugent, Kenneth (2015). "Electronic cigarettes-a narrative review for clinicians". The American Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.033. ISSN 0002-9343. PMID 25731134.
  11. Collaco, Joseph M. (2015). "Electronic Use and Exposure in the Pediatric Population". JAMA Pediatrics. 169 (2): 177–182. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.2898. PMID 25546699.

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