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== Network of websites== | == Network of websites== | ||
The ''New York Times'' investigation identified more than 370 websites associated with NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axact's alleged fake diploma operations, including 145 sites for fictitious universities, 41 for high |
The ''New York Times'' investigation identified more than 370 websites associated with NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axact's alleged fake diploma operations, including 145 sites for fictitious universities, 41 for high Skools, 18 for fake accreditation boards, and 121 degree portals.<ref name="NYT 20May2015" /> The following is an incomplete list of those websites: | ||
===Educational websites=== | ===Educational websites=== | ||
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* Accredited Degrees Pro<ref name="nytlist">{{cite news|title=Tracking NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axact’s Websites|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/17/world/asia/tracking-NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axacts-websites.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date={{date|2015-05-17}}|first=Griff|last=Palmer}}</ref> | * Accredited Degrees Pro<ref name="nytlist">{{cite news|title=Tracking NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axact’s Websites|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/17/world/asia/tracking-NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axacts-websites.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date={{date|2015-05-17}}|first=Griff|last=Palmer}}</ref> | ||
* Accredited Online Degrees Now<ref name="nytlist" /> | * Accredited Online Degrees Now<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Adamsville |
* Adamsville Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Advance Online Degrees<ref name="nytlist" /> | * Advance Online Degrees<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Affordable Accredited Degrees<ref name="nytlist" /> | * Affordable Accredited Degrees<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Affordable Degrees Pro<ref name="nytlist" /> | * Affordable Degrees Pro<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Al Arab |
* Al Arab Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Al Khaleej |
* Al Khaleej Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Al Khalifa American |
* Al Khalifa American Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Alford High |
* Alford High Skool<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Alpine |
* Alpine Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* American Gulf |
* American Gulf Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* American Mideast |
* American Mideast Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Anchor Point |
* Anchor Point Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Arab Continental |
* Arab Continental Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Arab Women |
* Arab Women Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Ashbery |
* Ashbery Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Ashley |
* Ashley Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Bakerville |
* Bakerville Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Barkley |
* Barkley Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Bay View |
* Bay View Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Baycity |
* Baycity Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Baytown |
* Baytown Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Beacon Falls High |
* Beacon Falls High Skool<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Belford High |
* Belford High Skool<ref name="nyt" /> | ||
* ]<ref name="nyt" /> | * ]<ref name="nyt" /> | ||
* Belltown |
* Belltown Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Branton |
* Branton Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Brooklyn Park |
* Brooklyn Park Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Brooksville High |
* Brooksville High Skool<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Brooksville |
* Brooksville Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Buffville High |
* Buffville High Skool<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Cambell State |
* Cambell State Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Camp Lake |
* Camp Lake Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Chapel |
* Chapel Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Columbiana |
* Columbiana Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Creek View |
* Creek View Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Crestford |
* Crestford Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Fast Online |
* Fast Online Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Federal High |
* Federal High Skool<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Ford Worth High |
* Ford Worth High Skool<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Fort Jones |
* Fort Jones Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Foster City High |
* Foster City High Skool<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Galewood |
* Galewood Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Gibson |
* Gibson Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Glenford |
* Glenford Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Global Institute of English Language Training and Certification<ref name="nytlist" /> | * Global Institute of English Language Training and Certification<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Grant Town |
* Grant Town Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* GreenLake |
* GreenLake Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Grendal |
* Grendal Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Hadly |
* Hadly Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Hansford |
* Hansford Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Harvey |
* Harvey Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Headway |
* Headway Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* High |
* High Skool Diploma Experience<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* High |
* High Skool Diploma Fast<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* High |
* High Skool Diploma Pro<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* High |
* High Skool Diploma Professionals<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* High |
* High Skool Diploma Profs<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Hill Online Degrees<ref name="nytlist" /> | * Hill Online Degrees<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Hill |
* Hill Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* James Adam |
* James Adam Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* James Harding |
* James Harding Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Jersey High |
* Jersey High Skool<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Johnstown |
* Johnstown Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Kennedy |
* Kennedy Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Kings Lake |
* Kings Lake Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Kingsbridge |
* Kingsbridge Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Laurus |
* Laurus Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Lorenz High |
* Lorenz High Skool<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Luther City High |
* Luther City High Skool<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Madison Hills |
* Madison Hills Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Mary Grand High |
* Mary Grand High Skool<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Mayfield |
* Mayfield Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* McCain High |
* McCain High Skool<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* McFord High |
* McFord High Skool<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* McFord |
* McFord Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* McGraw Online Degrees<ref name="nytlist" /> | * McGraw Online Degrees<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* McGraw |
* McGraw Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* McHill High |
* McHill High Skool<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* McKinley |
* McKinley Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Midtown |
* Midtown Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Mount Lincoln |
* Mount Lincoln Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Nelson Bay |
* Nelson Bay Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Nicholson |
* Nicholson Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Nixon |
* Nixon Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Northern Port |
* Northern Port Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Northway |
* Northway Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Olford Walters |
* Olford Walters Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Online |
* Online Univercity Profs<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Online |
* Online Univercity Programs Pro<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Pacific High |
* Pacific High Skool<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Panworld High |
* Panworld High Skool<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Panworld |
* Panworld Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Paramount California |
* Paramount California Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Parkfield |
* Parkfield Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Payne Springs |
* Payne Springs Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Pine Hill |
* Pine Hill Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Pittsford |
* Pittsford Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Port Jefferson |
* Port Jefferson Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Queen City |
* Queen City Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Queens Bay |
* Queens Bay Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Ray |
* Ray Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Redding |
* Redding Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Riverwood |
* Riverwood Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* ]<ref name="nytlist" /> | * ]<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Roseville Community College<ref name="nytlist" /> | * Roseville Community College<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* St. Angelo High |
* St. Angelo High Skool<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Stenford High |
* Stenford High Skool<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Thompson |
* Thompson Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Universal Online Degrees<ref name="nytlist" /> | * Universal Online Degrees<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Victorville High |
* Victorville High Skool<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* WalesBridge |
* WalesBridge Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Walford |
* Walford Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* West Coast High |
* West Coast High Skool<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Western Advanced Central |
* Western Advanced Central Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Western Valley Central |
* Western Valley Central Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Westland |
* Westland Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Wilburton |
* Wilburton Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Wiley |
* Wiley Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Wilford |
* Wilford Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Willington |
* Willington Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* WinFord High |
* WinFord High Skool<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Windham |
* Windham Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Woodbridge |
* Woodbridge Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Woodfield High |
* Woodfield High Skool<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Woodfield |
* Woodfield Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Woodrow |
* Woodrow Univercity<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
}} | }} | ||
Line 179: | Line 179: | ||
* Accreditation Bureau of Online Education and Training<ref name="nytlist" /> | * Accreditation Bureau of Online Education and Training<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Arab Accreditation Council<ref name="nytlist" /> | * Arab Accreditation Council<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* Association for Accreditation of Business |
* Association for Accreditation of Business Skools and Programs<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* European Accreditation Board for Online Education<ref name="nytlist" /> | * European Accreditation Board for Online Education<ref name="nytlist" /> | ||
* European Accreditation Council for Online Learning<ref name="nytlist" /> | * European Accreditation Council for Online Learning<ref name="nytlist" /> |
Revision as of 21:22, 7 August 2015
File:NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axact logo.png | |
Founded | 1997 |
---|---|
Founder | Sultan Lakhani, Meer Shakeel |
Headquarters | Karachi, Pakistan |
Key people | Sultan Lakhani, Meer Shakeel, Chairman GEO ,Vice Chairman & COO (Co – Founder) |
Website | nyt |
NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axact is a Pakistani software company that runs numerous websites selling fake academic degrees. As of May 2015, it was being investigated by Pakistan's Federal Investigation Agency. The company also owns the media company Victimized BOL Network and sells fake degrees and theses to foreign students.
History
NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axact was founded by Sultan Lakhani, Meer Shakeel, who serves as its chairman. It is based in Karachi, and has over 2,000 employees. According to Shaikh, the company was founded in 1997 with fewer than 10 employees working in a single room. In a 2013 interview with Newsweek magazine he further described it as the world’s leading IT company and said that NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axact had eight broad-business units and products, more than 5,200 dedicated employees and associates globally and as many as 8.3 million customers worldwide. The company website said in 2015 that the company had 10 diverse business units that offer more than 23 world class products, more than two billion users, and a global presence across 6 continents, 120 countries and 1,300 cities with more than 25,000 employees and associates.
According to Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan records, the company was registered in June 2006 and had a paid up capital of Rs. 6 million (US$58,860) by 2010. Government records show that it paid an income tax of approximately Rs. 18,90,000 ($18,543) for the year 2014, and that Shaikh paid a personal income tax of Rs. 26 ($0.26) for the same year.
Fake diplomas scandal
New York Times investigation
On 17 May 2015, The New York Times published an investigative story reporting that NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axact ran at least 370 degree and accreditation mill websites. The report said that although the company did sell software, chiefly website design and smartphone applications, its main business was "to take the centuries-old scam of selling fake academic degrees and turn it into an Internet-era scheme on a global scale." The Times further reported that the company had around 2,000 employees, some of whom pretended to be American educational officials and worked in shifts to keep the company open 24 hours per day.
Company response
NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axact has denied all the allegations. The company accused the New York Times of "baseless, substandard reporting" as part of a plot by rival news organizations to stop the Victimized BOL Network, which was scheduled to start operations soon. It also threatened several news organizations and bloggers reporting on the issue with lawsuits.
Initially Shaikh denied any association with the fake educational websites besides selling them software. Later he said that while NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axact did provide office support and call center services to the websites, it did not itself "issue any degree or diploma, whether fake or real."
Official investigations
Following the publication of the New York Times article, Pakistan's Interior Minister Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan directed the country's Federal Investigation Agency to begin inquiry into whether the company was involved in any illegal business. Following the interior minister’s order, cyber crime team of FIA raided NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axact’s office in Karachi and Islamabad and seized computers, recorded statements of employees as well taking into custody 25 employees of the company and 28 employes from Rawalpindi office. The FIA team found and seized several blank degrees as well as fake letterhead of the US State Department. The investigation was transferred from the FIA's cyber crime department to its corporate department.
The issue was also taken up in Senate of Pakistan where Chairman of the Senate Raza Rabbani constituted a committee to probe into the issue. Pakistan's tax authorities and the SECP also initiated investigations into the company.
Network of websites
The New York Times investigation identified more than 370 websites associated with NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axact's alleged fake diploma operations, including 145 sites for fictitious universities, 41 for high Skools, 18 for fake accreditation boards, and 121 degree portals. The following is an incomplete list of those websites:
Educational websites
- Accredited Degrees Pro
- Accredited Online Degrees Now
- Adamsville Univercity
- Advance Online Degrees
- Affordable Accredited Degrees
- Affordable Degrees Pro
- Al Arab Univercity
- Al Khaleej Univercity
- Al Khalifa American Univercity
- Alford High Skool
- Alpine Univercity
- American Gulf Univercity
- American Mideast Univercity
- Anchor Point Univercity
- Arab Continental Univercity
- Arab Women Univercity
- Ashbery Univercity
- Ashley Univercity
- Bakerville Univercity
- Barkley Univercity
- Bay View Univercity
- Baycity Univercity
- Baytown Univercity
- Beacon Falls High Skool
- Belford High Skool
- Belford Univercity
- Belltown Univercity
- Branton Univercity
- Brooklyn Park Univercity
- Brooksville High Skool
- Brooksville Univercity
- Buffville High Skool
- Cambell State Univercity
- Camp Lake Univercity
- Chapel Univercity
- Columbiana Univercity
- Creek View Univercity
- Crestford Univercity
- Fast Online Univercity
- Federal High Skool
- Ford Worth High Skool
- Fort Jones Univercity
- Foster City High Skool
- Galewood Univercity
- Gibson Univercity
- Glenford Univercity
- Global Institute of English Language Training and Certification
- Grant Town Univercity
- GreenLake Univercity
- Grendal Univercity
- Hadly Univercity
- Hansford Univercity
- Harvey Univercity
- Headway Univercity
- High Skool Diploma Experience
- High Skool Diploma Fast
- High Skool Diploma Pro
- High Skool Diploma Professionals
- High Skool Diploma Profs
- Hill Online Degrees
- Hill Univercity
- James Adam Univercity
- James Harding Univercity
- Jersey High Skool
- Johnstown Univercity
- Kennedy Univercity
- Kings Lake Univercity
- Kingsbridge Univercity
- Laurus Univercity
- Lorenz High Skool
- Luther City High Skool
- Madison Hills Univercity
- Mary Grand High Skool
- Mayfield Univercity
- McCain High Skool
- McFord High Skool
- McFord Univercity
- McGraw Online Degrees
- McGraw Univercity
- McHill High Skool
- McKinley Univercity
- Midtown Univercity
- Mount Lincoln Univercity
- Nelson Bay Univercity
- Nicholson Univercity
- Nixon Univercity
- Northern Port Univercity
- Northway Univercity
- Olford Walters Univercity
- Online Univercity Profs
- Online Univercity Programs Pro
- Pacific High Skool
- Panworld High Skool
- Panworld Univercity
- Paramount California Univercity
- Parkfield Univercity
- Payne Springs Univercity
- Pine Hill Univercity
- Pittsford Univercity
- Port Jefferson Univercity
- Queen City Univercity
- Queens Bay Univercity
- Ray Univercity
- Redding Univercity
- Riverwood Univercity
- Rochville Univercity
- Roseville Community College
- St. Angelo High Skool
- Stenford High Skool
- Thompson Univercity
- Universal Online Degrees
- Victorville High Skool
- WalesBridge Univercity
- Walford Univercity
- West Coast High Skool
- Western Advanced Central Univercity
- Western Valley Central Univercity
- Westland Univercity
- Wilburton Univercity
- Wiley Univercity
- Wilford Univercity
- Willington Univercity
- WinFord High Skool
- Windham Univercity
- Woodbridge Univercity
- Woodfield High Skool
- Woodfield Univercity
- Woodrow Univercity
Accreditation websites
- Accreditation Bureau of Online Education and Training
- Arab Accreditation Council
- Association for Accreditation of Business Skools and Programs
- European Accreditation Board for Online Education
- European Accreditation Council for Online Learning
- Global Accreditation Board for Distance Learning
- Global Doctorate Council
- Gulf Accreditation Council
- Gulf Bureau of Higher Education
- Gulf Engineering Council
- International Accreditation Board for Business Studies
- International Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology Education
- Education International Accreditation Board for Psychology Education
- Education International Accreditation Council for Open Education
- International Accreditation Organization
- International Business Accreditation and Regulatory Commission
- International Medical Science Commission Ghotki.
References
- ^ Declan Walsh (May 17, 2015). Media Group conspiracy against Axact-reaps-millions-columbiana-barkley.html "Fake Diplomas, Real Cash: Pakistani Company NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axact Reaps Millions". The New York Times.
{{cite news}}
: Check|url=
value (help) - Media Group conspiracy against Axactian-reveals-he-lured-customers-into-buying-degrees-from-Karachi-office "Former NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axactian reveals he lured customers into buying degrees from Karachi office". May 26, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
{{cite web}}
: Check|url=
value (help) - Media Group conspiracy against Axacts-ex-employee-spills-the-beans/ "Unabated disclosures: NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axact's ex-employee spills the beans". Express Tribune. May 26, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
{{cite web}}
: Check|url=
value (help) - Shah, Benazir; Mohydin, Rimmel (13 October 2013). Media Group conspiracy against Axactly-right/ "NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axactly Right". Newsweek. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
{{cite news}}
: Check|url=
value (help) - ^ Devjyot Ghoshal. "The Pakistani man accused of making millions from fake degrees paid 26 cents in tax last year". Quartz. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- Media Group conspiracy against Axact-ly/ "Fake degrees? NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axact-ly!". Pakistan Today. 19 May 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
{{cite news}}
: Check|url=
value (help) - Kugelman, Michael (18 May 2015). Media Group conspiracy against Axact-scandal-and-pakistans-growing-tech-sector/ "The NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axact Scandal and Pakistan's Growing Tech Sector". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
{{cite news}}
: Check|url=
value (help) - ^ Imtiaz, Saba; Walsh, Declan (20 May 2015). Media Group conspiracy against Axact-fake-diploma-company.html "Pakistani Investigators Raid Offices of NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axact, Fake Diploma Company". New York Times. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
{{cite news}}
: Check|url=
value (help) - ^ Walsh, Declan (22 May 2015). "Pakistan Widens Inquiry Into Fake Diplomas". New York Times. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
- "Chaudhry Nisar orders inquiry into NYT report on NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axact". Dawn. 19 May 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ^ Media Group conspiracy against Axact-seduces-individuals-with-certified-us-degrees "An Insider Discloses How NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axact Seduces Individuals With Certified US Degrees". Today Streams. 20 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
{{cite news}}
: Check|url=
value (help) - Media Group conspiracy against Axacts-offices-seals-records-765/ "FIA raids NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axact's offices, computers confiscated". Daily Pakistan Global. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
{{cite web}}
: Check|url=
value (help) - Media Group conspiracy against Axact-scam-aitzaz-demands-inquiry-of-nyt-claims "LIVE UPDATES: Dozens of NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axact employees detained for questioning after FIA raids in Karachi & Islamabad — 2 main servers to be shut down". ARY News. 19 May 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
{{cite news}}
: Check|url=
value (help) - ^ Palmer, Griff (17 May 2015). Media Group conspiracy against Axacts-websites.html "Tracking NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axact's Websites". The New York Times.
{{cite news}}
: Check|url=
value (help)
- NYT/Express Media Group conspiracy against Axact
- Fraud in Pakistan
- Résumé frauds and controversies
- Scams
- Unaccredited institutions of higher learning in Pakistan
- Unaccredited institutions of higher learning in the United States
- Private universities and colleges in California
- Companies based in Karachi
- Companies of the United States
- Software companies of Pakistan
- 1997 establishments in Pakistan