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===First Century (after the prophetic period) (August 3, 718)=== ===First Century (after the prophetic period) (August 3, 718)===
*] (682–720)<ref name="livingislam">{{cite web | url=http://www.livingislam.org/fiqhi/fiqha_e96.html|title=Mujaddid Ulema|publisher=Living Islam|accessdate= }}</ref><ref name="Josef W. Meri 2005 p 678">Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906.</ref> Regarded by some as the fifth rightly guided caliph due to his personality and great acomplishments. *] (682–720)<ref name="livingislam">{{cite web | url=http://www.livingislam.org/fiqhi/fiqha_e96.html|title=Mujaddid Ulema|publisher=Living Islam|accessdate= }}</ref><ref name="Josef W. Meri 2005 p 678">Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906.</ref>
*] (642–728)<ref>Studies in the History of the Sokoto Caliphate: The Sokoto Seminar Papers / edited by Y.B. Usman</ref> *] (642–728)<ref>Studies in the History of the Sokoto Caliphate: The Sokoto Seminar Papers / edited by Y.B. Usman</ref>
*] (699–767)<ref name="ReferenceA">]: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of the Most Influential Muslims in History by Muhammad Mojlum Khan</ref> Patronym of the ] madhhab *] (699–767)<ref name="ReferenceA">]: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of the Most Influential Muslims in History by Muhammad Mojlum Khan</ref>
*] (711–795)<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Patronym of the ] madhhab *] (711–795)<ref name="ReferenceA"/>


===Second Century (August 10, 815)=== ===Second Century (August 10, 815)===
*] (767–820)<ref name="Josef W. Meri 2005 p 678"/><ref name="Izalat al-Khafa">{{cite book |last=Waliullah|first=Shah|coathors= |title=]|year= |publisher= |page=77, part 7|isbn= }}</ref><ref name="Paradise Lost">{{cite book |last=Nieuwenhuijze|first=C.A.O.van|coathors= |title=Paradise Lost: Reflections on the Struggle for Authenticity in the Middle East|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=his4f16lUDcC&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=%22ibn+hazm%22+mujaddid&source=bl&ots=yuAxzUxD97&sig=RFWGi-R6scbPA4621WXLcBBdX5A&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pqFqT4COGcrc0QHn15jXBg&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22ibn%20hazm%22%20mujaddid&f=false|year=1997|publisher= |page=24|isbn=90 04 10672 3}}</ref> Patronym of the ] madhhab *] (767–820)<ref name="Josef W. Meri 2005 p 678"/><ref name="Izalat al-Khafa">{{cite book |last=Waliullah|first=Shah|coathors= |title=]|year= |publisher= |page=77, part 7|isbn= }}</ref><ref name="Paradise Lost">{{cite book |last=Nieuwenhuijze|first=C.A.O.van|coathors= |title=Paradise Lost: Reflections on the Struggle for Authenticity in the Middle East|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=his4f16lUDcC&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=%22ibn+hazm%22+mujaddid&source=bl&ots=yuAxzUxD97&sig=RFWGi-R6scbPA4621WXLcBBdX5A&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pqFqT4COGcrc0QHn15jXBg&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22ibn%20hazm%22%20mujaddid&f=false|year=1997|publisher= |page=24|isbn=90 04 10672 3}}</ref>
*] (780–855)<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Patronym of the ] madhhab *] (780–855)<ref name="ReferenceA"/>


===Third Century (August 17, 912)=== ===Third Century (August 17, 912)===
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*] (950–1013)<ref name="Josef W. Meri 2005 p 678"/><ref name="Paradise Lost">{{cite book |last= |first= |coathors= |title=Ihya Ulum Ad Din, Dar Al Minhaj: Volume 1|year= |publisher= |page=403|isbn= }}</ref> *] (950–1013)<ref name="Josef W. Meri 2005 p 678"/><ref name="Paradise Lost">{{cite book |last= |first= |coathors= |title=Ihya Ulum Ad Din, Dar Al Minhaj: Volume 1|year= |publisher= |page=403|isbn= }}</ref>
*] (933–1012)<ref name="Izalat al-Khafa"/> *] (933–1012)<ref name="Izalat al-Khafa"/>
*] (994–1064)<ref name="Paradise Lost"/> an ] polymath and one of the leading scholars of the ] madhhab. *] (994–1064)<ref name="Paradise Lost"/>


===Fifth Century (September 1, 1106)=== ===Fifth Century (September 1, 1106)===
*] (1058–1111)<ref name="Josef W. Meri 2005 p 678"/><ref name="Paradise Lost"/><ref name="thepenmagazine">{{cite news |last= |first= |url=http://www.thepenmagazine.net/imam-ghazali-the-sun-of-the-fifth-century-hujjat-al-islam/|title=Imam Ghazali: The Sun of the Fifth Century Hujjat al-Islam|work= |location= |publisher=''The Pen''|date=February 1, 2011|accessdate= }}</ref><ref>Jane I. Smith, Islam in America, p 36. ISBN 0231519990</ref><ref>Dhahabi, Siyar, 4.566</ref><ref>Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, Oxford University Press, 1996, p 421</ref> Celebrated and accepted as a mujaddid and scholar in all ] traditions. *] (1058–1111)<ref name="Josef W. Meri 2005 p 678"/><ref name="Paradise Lost"/><ref name="thepenmagazine">{{cite news |last= |first= |url=http://www.thepenmagazine.net/imam-ghazali-the-sun-of-the-fifth-century-hujjat-al-islam/|title=Imam Ghazali: The Sun of the Fifth Century Hujjat al-Islam|work= |location= |publisher=''The Pen''|date=February 1, 2011|accessdate= }}</ref><ref>Jane I. Smith, Islam in America, p 36. ISBN 0231519990</ref><ref>Dhahabi, Siyar, 4.566</ref><ref>Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, Oxford University Press, 1996, p 421</ref>
*] (1078-1166) was a ]<ref>W. Braune, ''Abd al-Kadir al-Djilani, The Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Vol. I, ed. H.A.R Gibb, J.H.Kramers, E. Levi-Provencal, J. Schacht, (Brill, 1986), 69.</ref> ]<ref name="John Renard p 142">John Renard, The A to Z of Sufism. p 142. ISBN 081086343X</ref><ref name="Juan Eduardo Campo p. 288">Juan Eduardo Campo, Encyclopedia of Islam, p. 288. ISBN 1438126964</ref> jurist and ascetic based in Baghdad.


===Sixth Century (September 9, 1203)=== ===Sixth Century (September 9, 1203)===
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===Seventh Century (September 5, 1300)=== ===Seventh Century (September 5, 1300)===
*] (1228–1302)<ref></ref> Taj al-Din al-Subki maintained that the Muslim community had agreed that Ibn Daqiq al-'Id was a mujtahid as well as a mujaddid. Ibn Daqiq "was a mujtahid mutlaq with complete knowledge of legal sciences" (Tabaqat, VI, 2, 3, 6).<ref></ref> *] (1228–1302)<ref></ref> Taj al-Din al-Subki maintained that the Muslim community had agreed that Ibn Daqiq al-'Id was a mujtahid as well as a mujaddid. Ibn Daqiq "was a mujtahid mutlaq with complete knowledge of legal sciences" (Tabaqat, VI, 2, 3, 6).<ref></ref>
*] Considered as a mujaddid by Salafists.<ref></ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://islamqa.com/en/ref/96323/|title=Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyah and the praise of the imams for him}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibntaymiyyah.com/articles/hqddp-ibn-hajar-al-asqalani-on-ibn-taymiyyah-part-1.cfm|title=Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani on Ibn Taymiyyah}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iqrasearch.com/islamic-scholars/what-was-the-role-of-sheikh-ibn-taymiyyah-as-the-mujaddid-in-the-renewal-of-islam.html|title=Role of Sheikh Ibn Taymiyyah as the "Mujaddid"}}</ref> although Ibn Taymiyya and his disciples such as ] faced critcisim by their ] contemporaries such as ] and ] .<ref></ref> *] Considered by Salafists.<ref></ref> Ibn Taymiyya and his disciples such as ] faced critcisim by their ] contemporaries such as ] and ] .<ref></ref>


===Eighth Century (September 23, 1397)=== ===Eighth Century (September 23, 1397)===
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*] (1747–1809)<ref>"The initial alacrity with which Ibn ‘Ajība set about ‘‘renewing God’s religion” is mirrored by the moralizing, inward-looking character of many passages of his Tafsīr." </ref> *] (1747–1809)<ref>"The initial alacrity with which Ibn ‘Ajība set about ‘‘renewing God’s religion” is mirrored by the moralizing, inward-looking character of many passages of his Tafsīr." </ref>
*] (1754–1817)<ref name="African And Islamic Revival">{{cite book |last=O. Hunwick|first=John|coathors= |title=''African And Islamic Revival'' in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources|url=http://www.uga.edu/islam/hunwick.html|year=1995|publisher= |page=6|isbn= }}</ref> *] (1754–1817)<ref name="African And Islamic Revival">{{cite book |last=O. Hunwick|first=John|coathors= |title=''African And Islamic Revival'' in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources|url=http://www.uga.edu/islam/hunwick.html|year=1995|publisher= |page=6|isbn= }}</ref>
*] (1732–1790)<ref name="The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia"/>
*] (1703–1792)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ahya.org/amm/modules.php?name=Sections&op=viewarticle&artid=180|title=Imaam Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab - His Life and Mission - by Sheikh ibn Baz}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://islamqa.com/en/ref/36616|title=Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhaab – a reformer concerning whom many malicious lies have been told - IslamQA}}</ref> patronym of ], he is regarded by salafis as a reviver of orthodoxy in the Arabian peninsula by ].


===Thirteenth Century (November 14, 1882)=== ===Thirteenth Century (November 14, 1882)===
*] (1849–1905)<ref name="Paradise Lost"/> *] (1849–1905)<ref name="Paradise Lost"/>
*] (1865–1935)<ref>Muhammad 'Abduh and Rashid Rida: Contributions to the Reinterpretation of Islamic Constitutional and Legal Theory by Malcolm H. Kerr</ref><ref></ref><ref></ref><ref></ref> *] (1865–1935)<ref>Muhammad 'Abduh and Rashid Rida: Contributions to the Reinterpretation of Islamic Constitutional and Legal Theory by Malcolm H. Kerr</ref><ref></ref><ref></ref><ref></ref>
*] (1879–1973)<ref></ref> *] (1879–1973)<ref>Considered by Dr. Fathi Hasan Malkawi</ref>
*] (1878–1960)<ref name="Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices">{{cite book |last=Rippin|first=Andrew|coathors= |title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|year= |publisher= |page=282|isbn= }}</ref> *] (1878–1960)<ref name="Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices">{{cite book |last=Rippin|first=Andrew|coathors= |title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|year= |publisher= |page=282|isbn= }}</ref>
*] (1879-1951)<ref></ref> *] (1879-1951)<ref></ref>
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*] (1893-1963)<ref>Mahmud Shaltut and Islamic Modernism by Kate Zebiri</ref> *] (1893-1963)<ref>Mahmud Shaltut and Islamic Modernism by Kate Zebiri</ref>
*] (1898–1974)<ref>Muhammad Abu Zahrah was a well-known legal theorist and jurist of 20th. His publishers call him Imam, ranking him with the great figures of Islamic scholarship of the past, such as Abu Haneefah, Malik, Al-Shafie and Ibn Hanbal. </ref> *] (1898–1974)<ref>Muhammad Abu Zahrah was a well-known legal theorist and jurist of 20th. His publishers call him Imam, ranking him with the great figures of Islamic scholarship of the past, such as Abu Haneefah, Malik, Al-Shafie and Ibn Hanbal. </ref>
*] (1863–1943)<ref name="Hakimul-ummah, Mujaddidul-milla">{{cite web |url=http://annoor.wordpress.com/biography-of-hazrat-thanwi/|title=Hadhrat Thanwi, Hakimul-ummat, Mujaddidul-millat|accessdate= }}</ref><ref name="Hadhrat Thanawi">{{cite web |url=http://www.haqislam.org/maulana-ashraf-ali-thanwi/|title=It is for this reason that he has been given the titles Hakimul Ummat and Mujaddid-e-Millat.|accessdate= }}</ref><ref name="Darul Uloom, Deobandi website">{{cite web |url=http://darululoomwaqf.com/peer mehr ali shah.php|title=Darul Uloom, Deobandi website|accessdate= March 2012}}</ref> One of the mujaddids of the ] movement in the Indian subcontinent.


===Fourteenth Century (November 21, 1979)=== ===Fourteenth Century (November 21, 1979)===
*] (1911–1998)<ref>He was an unequalled imam and preacher and the most popular Islamic scholar in the second half of 1900s, so much so that he won the hearts of millions of people in the Arab and Islamic worlds. </ref> *] (1911–1998)<ref>He was an unequalled imam and preacher and the most popular Islamic scholar in the second half of 1900s, so much so that he won the hearts of millions of people in the Arab and Islamic worlds. </ref><ref></ref>
*] (1918–2005)<ref>"In this latest generation, I have never seen the highest mujaddid like Ahmad Deedat (in terms of comparative religion)" </ref> he revolutionised the field of modern dawah. *] (1918–2005)<ref>"In this latest generation, I have never seen the highest mujaddid like Ahmad Deedat (in terms of comparative religion)" </ref>
*] (1921–2009)<ref></ref> *] (1921–2009)<ref></ref>
*] (1917–1996)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.safaa-kh.com/?p=69|title= Mohammed al-Ghazali, Overseer of the Islamic Awakening and his Ummah's Path}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |degree=Ph.D|last=Bensaid|first=Benaouda|title=Towards a model of Da'wah in Contemporary Societies: The Case of Shaykh Muhammad Al-Ghazālī (1917-1996)|publisher=McGill University|Date:2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |degree=Ph.D|last=Grine|first=Fadila|title=The Problem of Culture in Shaykh Ghazali s Thought: The Muslim Woman as a Case Study|publisher=Universiti Malaya|Date:2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alghazaly.org/index.php?id=2|title= al-Ghazali as al-Qaradawi sees him}}</ref>
*] (1914–1999)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009031632293|title=Al-Albani: The great reviver of our era}}</ref>
*] (November 21, 1910 &ndash; May 13, 1999)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.almuflihoon.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=176:shaykh-abdulazeez-ibn-baaz-&catid=65:scholarslives&Itemid=170|title= Shaykh Abdul’azeez ibn Baaz: In the eyes of the scholars |publisher=almuflihoon.com |date= | quote= "There’s no doubt that Our Shaykh , and our father , Shaykh Abdulazeez ibn Baz is an Imaam , a Mujaddid (reviver) in our present time. He is an Imaam in the sciences of Hadeeth and its narrators ; without any doubt. And he is an Imaam in fiqh and in precision, And he is an Imaam in calling to Allaah by his tongue , his pen , his self and his wealth. And he is an Imaam in generosity of himself and generosity of his hand. And he is an Imaam in giving advice in affairs and having diligence In this. And he is an Imaam in gentleness, humility, contentment, fear of Allaah , and righteousness" }}</ref>
*] (1933-2001)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dawahfromyemen.info/the-mujaddid-ash-shaykh-muqbel-rahimahullaah/|title=The Mujaddid, ash-Shaykh Muqbel rahimahullaah | publisher= dawahfromyemen.info |date= | quote= "Allaamah al Muhadith al Mujaahid, Mujadid (A Reviver)" }}</ref>
*] (March 9, 1925 – January 10, 2001) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://calltoislam.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=4&id=143&Itemid=26|title=Shaykh Muhammad Ibn Saalih Al-Uthaymeen |publisher= calltoislam.com |date= | quote= }}</ref>
*] (1856–1921)<ref name="alahazrat">{{cite web |url=http://www.alahazrat.net/events/ursealahazrat/servicesasamujaddid.htm|title=Services As A Mujadid|publisher=Alahazrat Imam Ahmed Raza Khan|accessdate= }}</ref> Note: Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi claimed to be the Mujaddid of the 14th century a claim which is accepted by the ]s, but rejected by other Muslim communities.
*] (1835-1908)<ref name="Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices">{{cite book |title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|last=Rippin|first= Andrew|coauthors= |year= |publisher= |page=282|isbn= }}</ref><ref name="alislamtopics">{{cite web |url=http://www.alislam.org/topics/messiah/index.php|title=The Promised Messiah|publisher=Al Islam|accessdate= }}</ref> – Note: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed to be the Mujaddid of the 14th century,<ref name="alislambooks">{{cite web |url= http://www.alislam.org/library/links/00000087.html|title=Claims of Hadhrat Ahmad|publisher=Al Islam|accessdate= }} Chapter Two</ref> a claim which is accepted by the ].<ref name=" alislamBritishGovt-and-Jihad">{{cite web |url=http://www.alislam.org/library/books/BritishGovt-and-Jihad.pdf|title=British Government and Jihad|publisher=Al Islam|accessdate= }}</ref> but rejected by other Muslim communities.<ref name="hazrat">{{cite web |url=http://www.hazrat.org/renewal.htm|title=Renewal Deeds|publisher=AlaHazrat|accessdate= }}</ref>


==References== ==References==

Revision as of 00:27, 21 August 2015

Part of a series on Islam
Usul al-Fiqh
Fiqh
Ahkam
Legal vocations and titles

A mujaddid (Template:Lang-ar), is an Islamic term for one who brings "renewal" (tajdid Template:Lang-ar) to the religion. According to the popular Muslim tradition, refers to a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revive Islam, cleansing it of extraneous elements, and restoring it to its pristine purity.

The concept is based not on the Quran but on a famous hadith (Prophetic tradition) recorded by Abu Dawood: Abu Hurairah narrated that the Islamic prophet Muhammad said:

Verily Allah sends to this Ummah (community) at the head of every hundred years someone (or people) who will renew (or revive) for it its religion.

— Sunan Abu Dawood, Book 37: Kitab al-Malahim , Hadith Number 4278

Mujaddid tend to come from the most prominent Islamic scholars of the time, although they are sometimes pious rulers.

List of claimants and potential Mujaddids

While there is no formal mechanism for designating a mujaddid, there is often a popular consensus. The Shia and the Naqshbandi order have their own list of mujaddids.

First Century (after the prophetic period) (August 3, 718)

Second Century (August 10, 815)

Third Century (August 17, 912)

Fourth Century (August 24, 1009)

Fifth Century (September 1, 1106)

Sixth Century (September 9, 1203)

Seventh Century (September 5, 1300)

Eighth Century (September 23, 1397)

Ninth Century (October 1, 1494)

Tenth Century (October 19, 1591)

Eleventh Century (October 26, 1688)

Twelfth Century (November 4, 1785)

Thirteenth Century (November 14, 1882)

Fourteenth Century (November 21, 1979)

References

  1. Faruqi, Burhan Ahmad. The Mujaddid's Conception of Tawhid. p. 7. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  2. ^ Meri, Josef W. (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Psychology Press. p. 678.
  3. Sunan Abu Dawood, 37:4278
  4. ^ "Mujaddid Ulema". Living Islam.
  5. ^ Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906.
  6. Studies in the History of the Sokoto Caliphate: The Sokoto Seminar Papers / edited by Y.B. Usman
  7. ^ The Muslim 100: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of the Most Influential Muslims in History by Muhammad Mojlum Khan
  8. ^ Waliullah, Shah. Izalatul Khafa'an Khilafatul Khulafa. p. 77, part 7. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coathors= (help)
  9. ^ Nieuwenhuijze, C.A.O.van (1997). Paradise Lost: Reflections on the Struggle for Authenticity in the Middle East. p. 24. ISBN 90 04 10672 3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coathors= (help) Cite error: The named reference "Paradise Lost" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  10. ^ Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906
  11. Imam Tahawi has been rightly considered by some nineteenth century authorities as the Mujaddid (Reformer) of the third century
  12. "Imam Ghazali: The Sun of the Fifth Century Hujjat al-Islam". The Pen. February 1, 2011. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  13. Jane I. Smith, Islam in America, p 36. ISBN 0231519990
  14. Dhahabi, Siyar, 4.566
  15. Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, Oxford University Press, 1996, p 421
  16. "al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (1149-1209)". Muslim Philosophy.
  17. On Taqlid: Ibn al Qayyim's Critique of Authority in Islamic Law by Abdul-Rahman Mustafa
  18. Considered by Jalal-Al-Din Al-Suyuti.
  19. Law and Legal Theory in Classical and Medieval Islam by Wael B. Hallaq
  20. Ibn Taymiyyah, Salafi calls “Sheikh-ul-Islam” - Hidaya Research
  21. Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century by Khaled El-Rouayheb
  22. Recognised as a mujaddid by Jalal-Al-Din Al-Suyuti.
  23. "Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani". Hanafi.co.uk.
  24. ^ Azra, Azyumardi (2004). The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia part of the ASAA Southeast Asia Publications Series. University of Hawaii Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780824828486. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coathors= (help)
  25. The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia: Networks of Malay-Indonesian and Middle Eastern 'Ulama' in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries by Azyumardi Azra
  26. Islam in Modern Asia by I.K. Khan
  27. Glasse, Cyril (1997). The New Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. p. 432. ISBN 90 04 10672 3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coathors= (help)
  28. "A Short Biographical Sketch of Mawlana al-Haddad". Iqra Islamic Publications.
  29. Kunju, Saifudheen (2012). "Shah Waliullah al-Dehlawi: Thoughts and Contributions": 1. Retrieved 5 April 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  30. "Gyarwee Sharif". al-mukhtar books.
  31. "The initial alacrity with which Ibn ‘Ajība set about ‘‘renewing God’s religion” is mirrored by the moralizing, inward-looking character of many passages of his Tafsīr." Esoteric Hermeneutic of Ibn 'Ajiba by Faris Casewit
  32. O. Hunwick, John (1995). African And Islamic Revival in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources. p. 6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coathors= (help)
  33. Muhammad 'Abduh and Rashid Rida: Contributions to the Reinterpretation of Islamic Constitutional and Legal Theory by Malcolm H. Kerr
  34. Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt by Arthur Goldschmidt
  35. Modernist Islam, 1840-1940: A Sourcebook by Charles Kurzman
  36. Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World: Transmission, Transformation and Communication (New Horizons in Islamic Studies) by Stephane A. Dudoignon, Komatsu Hisao, Kosugi Yasushi
  37. Considered by Dr. Fathi Hasan Malkawi
  38. Rippin, Andrew. Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. p. 282. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coathors= (help)
  39. Praised by Imam Muhammad Abu Zahra as a Reviver (mujaddid).
  40. Egyptian modernist reformer and rector of al-Azhar. Called for social, legal, and educational reforms. Pursued an aggressive campaign to integrate modern sciences into al-Azhar's curriculum. Called for the exercise of ijtihad (independent reasoning) and reconciliation of different schools of Islamic law. Participated in international religious conferences. Desired a greater role for clergy in government. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam by John L. Esposito
  41. Mahmud Shaltut and Islamic Modernism by Kate Zebiri
  42. Muhammad Abu Zahrah was a well-known legal theorist and jurist of 20th. His publishers call him Imam, ranking him with the great figures of Islamic scholarship of the past, such as Abu Haneefah, Malik, Al-Shafie and Ibn Hanbal. Arab News
  43. He was an unequalled imam and preacher and the most popular Islamic scholar in the second half of 1900s, so much so that he won the hearts of millions of people in the Arab and Islamic worlds. Almasry Alyoum
  44. Al-Azhar Memory
  45. "In this latest generation, I have never seen the highest mujaddid like Ahmad Deedat (in terms of comparative religion)" An Interview with Sh. Muhammad Awal
  46. Mostafa Mahmoud: The Life Path of a Polymath by Wael Hazem Fouda

Further reading

  • Alvi, Sajida S. "The Mujaddid and Tajdīd Traditions in the Indian Subcontinent: An Historical Overview" ("Hindistan’da Mucaddid ve Tacdîd geleneği: Tarihî bir bakış"). Journal of Turkish Studies 18 (1994): 1–15.
  • Friedmann, Yohanan. "Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi: An Outline of His Thought and a Study of His Image in the Eyes of Posterity". Oxford India Paperbacks

External links

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