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Revision as of 00:27, 21 August 2015 view sourceTheFlyingHorse (talk | contribs)546 edits @Sakimonk Excuse me, but I did NOT agree with this suggestion, at all! There must be CONSENSUS among all the Muslims!← Previous edit Revision as of 05:53, 21 August 2015 view source DeCausa (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers38,676 edits Reverted to revision 676953933 by FreeatlastChitchat (talk): Restoring to long-term consensus version. (TW)Next edit →
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{{Usul al-fiqh}} {{Usul al-fiqh}}


A '''mujaddid''' ({{lang-ar|مجدد}}), is an Islamic term for one who brings "renewal" (''tajdid'' {{lang-ar|تجديد}}) to the religion.<ref name=faruqi>{{cite book|last1=Faruqi|first1=Burhan Ahmad|title=The Mujaddid's Conception of Tawhid|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7UeAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Mujaddid&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ekakVI6XG4yvyASLiYCYAw&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Mujaddid&f=false|accessdate=31 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="MICE">{{cite book|editor1-last=Meri|editor1-first=Josef W.|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia|publisher=Psychology Press|page=678|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&pg=PA678&dq=encyclopedia+of+islam+mujaddid&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gUikVMSzOof0yATlgoGIBw&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=encyclopedia%20of%20islam%20mujaddid&f=false}}</ref> According to the popular Muslim tradition, refers to a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revive Islam, cleansing it of extraneous elements, and restoring it to its pristine purity. A '''mujaddid''' ({{lang-ar|مجدد}}), is an Islamic term for one who brings "renewal" (''tajdid'' {{lang-ar|تجديد}}) to the religion.<ref name=faruqi>{{cite book|last1=Faruqi|first1=Burhan Ahmad|title=The Mujaddid's Conception of Tawhid|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7UeAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Mujaddid&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ekakVI6XG4yvyASLiYCYAw&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Mujaddid&f=false|accessdate=31 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="MICE">{{cite book|editor1-last=Meri|editor1-first=Josef W.|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia|publisher=Psychology Press|page=678|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&pg=PA678&dq=encyclopedia+of+islam+mujaddid&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gUikVMSzOof0yATlgoGIBw&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=encyclopedia%20of%20islam%20mujaddid&f=false}}</ref> According to the popular Muslim tradition, it refers to a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revive Islam, cleansing it of extraneous elements and restoring it to its pristine purity.


The concept is based not on the ] but on a famous ] (Prophetic tradition) recorded by ]: ] narrated that the ] ] said: The concept is based not on the ] but on a famous ] (Prophetic tradition) recorded by ]: ] narrated that the ] ] said:
{{Cquote|4=] ], Book 37: Kitab al-Malahim , Hadith Number 4278<ref>{{Hadith-usc|abudawud|usc=yes|37|4278}}</ref>|Verily Allah sends to this Ummah (community) at the head of every hundred years someone (or people) who will renew (or revive) for it its religion.}} {{Cquote|4=] ], Book 37: Kitab al-Malahim , Hadith Number 4278<ref>{{Hadith-usc|abudawud|usc=yes|37|4278}}</ref>|Allah shall raise for this Ummah at the head of every century a man who shall renew (or revive) for it its religion.}}


Mujaddid tend to come from the most prominent Islamic scholars of the time, although they are sometimes pious rulers.<ref name="MICE"/> Mujaddid tend to come from the most prominent Islamic scholars of the time, although they are sometimes pious rulers.<ref name="MICE"/>
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===First Century (after the prophetic period) (August 3, 718)=== ===First Century (after the prophetic period) (August 3, 718)===
*] (682–720)<ref name="livingislam">{{cite web | url=http://www.livingislam.org/fiqhi/fiqha_e96.html|title=Mujaddid Ulema|publisher=Living Islam|accessdate= }}</ref><ref name="Josef W. Meri 2005 p 678">Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906.</ref> *] (682–720)<ref name="livingislam">{{cite web | url=http://www.livingislam.org/fiqhi/fiqha_e96.html|title=Mujaddid Ulema|publisher=Living Islam|accessdate= }}</ref><ref name="Josef W. Meri 2005 p 678">Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906.</ref>
*] (642–728)<ref>Studies in the History of the Sokoto Caliphate: The Sokoto Seminar Papers / edited by Y.B. Usman</ref>
*] (699–767)<ref name="ReferenceA">]: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of the Most Influential Muslims in History by Muhammad Mojlum Khan</ref>
*] (711–795)<ref name="ReferenceA"/>


===Second Century (August 10, 815)=== ===Second Century (August 10, 815)===
*] (767–820)<ref name="Josef W. Meri 2005 p 678"/><ref name="Izalat al-Khafa">{{cite book |last=Waliullah|first=Shah|coathors= |title=]|year= |publisher= |page=77, part 7|isbn= }}</ref><ref name="Paradise Lost">{{cite book |last=Nieuwenhuijze|first=C.A.O.van|coathors= |title=Paradise Lost: Reflections on the Struggle for Authenticity in the Middle East|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=his4f16lUDcC&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=%22ibn+hazm%22+mujaddid&source=bl&ots=yuAxzUxD97&sig=RFWGi-R6scbPA4621WXLcBBdX5A&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pqFqT4COGcrc0QHn15jXBg&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22ibn%20hazm%22%20mujaddid&f=false|year=1997|publisher= |page=24|isbn=90 04 10672 3}}</ref> *] (767–820)<ref name="Josef W. Meri 2005 p 678"/><ref name="Izalat al-Khafa">{{cite book |last=Waliullah|first=Shah|coathors= |title=]|year= |publisher= |page=77, part 7|isbn= }}</ref><ref name="Paradise Lost">{{cite book |last=Nieuwenhuijze|first=C.A.O.van|coathors= |title=Paradise Lost: Reflections on the Struggle for Authenticity in the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=his4f16lUDcC&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=%22ibn+hazm%22+mujaddid&source=bl&ots=yuAxzUxD97&sig=RFWGi-R6scbPA4621WXLcBBdX5A&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pqFqT4COGcrc0QHn15jXBg&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22ibn%20hazm%22%20mujaddid&f=false|year=1997|publisher= |page=24|isbn=90 04 10672 3}}</ref>
*] (780–855)<ref name="ReferenceA"/>


===Third Century (August 17, 912)=== ===Third Century (August 17, 912)===
*] (874–936)<ref name="Josef W. Meri p 678">Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906</ref> *] (864–941)<ref name="Izalat al-Khafa"/><ref name="Paradise Lost"/>
*] (874–936)<ref name="Josef W. Meri p 678">Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906</ref>
*] (853–933)<ref>Imam Tahawi has been rightly considered by some nineteenth century authorities as the Mujaddid (Reformer) of the third century </ref>


===Fourth Century (August 24, 1009)=== ===Fourth Century (August 24, 1009)===
*] (950–1013)<ref name="Josef W. Meri 2005 p 678"/><ref name="Paradise Lost">{{cite book |last= |first= |coathors= |title=Ihya Ulum Ad Din, Dar Al Minhaj: Volume 1|year= |publisher= |page=403|isbn= }}</ref> *] (950–1013)<ref name="Josef W. Meri 2005 p 678"/><ref name="Paradise Lost">{{cite book |last= |first= |coathors= |title=Ihya Ulum Ad Din, Dar Al Minhaj: Volume 1|year= |publisher= |page=403|isbn= }}</ref>
*] (933–1012)<ref name="Izalat al-Khafa"/> *] (933–1012)<ref name="Izalat al-Khafa"/>
*] (994–1064)<ref name="Paradise Lost"/> *] (994–1064)<ref name="Paradise Lost"/>


===Fifth Century (September 1, 1106)=== ===Fifth Century (September 1, 1106)===
*] (1058–1111)<ref name="Josef W. Meri 2005 p 678"/><ref name="Paradise Lost"/><ref name="thepenmagazine">{{cite news |last= |first= |url=http://www.thepenmagazine.net/imam-ghazali-the-sun-of-the-fifth-century-hujjat-al-islam/|title=Imam Ghazali: The Sun of the Fifth Century Hujjat al-Islam|work= |location= |publisher=''The Pen''|date=February 1, 2011|accessdate= }}</ref><ref>Jane I. Smith, Islam in America, p 36. ISBN 0231519990</ref><ref>Dhahabi, Siyar, 4.566</ref><ref>Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, Oxford University Press, 1996, p 421</ref> *] (1058–1111)<ref name="Josef W. Meri 2005 p 678"/><ref name="Paradise Lost"/><ref name="thepenmagazine">{{cite news |last= |first= |url=http://www.thepenmagazine.net/imam-ghazali-the-sun-of-the-fifth-century-hujjat-al-islam/|title=Imam Ghazali: The Sun of the Fifth Century Hujjat al-Islam|work= |location= |publisher=''The Pen''|date=February 1, 2011|accessdate= }}</ref><ref>Jane I. Smith, Islam in America, p 36. ISBN 0231519990</ref><ref>Dhahabi, Siyar, 4.566</ref><ref>Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, Oxford University Press, 1996, p 421</ref>


===Sixth Century (September 9, 1203)=== ===Sixth Century (September 9, 1203)===
*] (1149–1210)<ref name="muslimphilosophy">{{cite web |url=http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H044.htm|title=al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (1149-1209)|publisher=Muslim Philosophy|accessdate= }}</ref> *] (1149–1210)<ref name="muslimphilosophy">{{cite web |url=http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H044.htm|title=al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (1149-1209)|publisher=Muslim Philosophy|accessdate= }}</ref>
*] (1181–1262)<ref></ref>


===Seventh Century (September 5, 1300)=== ===Seventh Century (September 5, 1300)===
*] (1165–1240)<ref name="Paradise Lost"/>
*] (1228–1302)<ref></ref> Taj al-Din al-Subki maintained that the Muslim community had agreed that Ibn Daqiq al-'Id was a mujtahid as well as a mujaddid. Ibn Daqiq "was a mujtahid mutlaq with complete knowledge of legal sciences" (Tabaqat, VI, 2, 3, 6).<ref></ref>
*] (1165–1240)<ref name="Paradise Lost"/>
*] Considered by Salafists.<ref></ref> Ibn Taymiyya and his disciples such as ] faced critcisim by their ] contemporaries such as ] and ] .<ref></ref>
*] (1263–1328)<ref name="Paradise Lost"/>


===Eighth Century (September 23, 1397)=== ===Eighth Century (September 23, 1397)===
⚫ *] (1372–1448)<ref name="islamic.pwp">{{cite web |url=http://www.islamic.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Biographies/ibn_hajar.htm|title=Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani|publisher=Hanafi.co.uk|accessdate= }}</ref>
*] (1324–1403)<ref>Recognised as a mujaddid by Jalal-Al-Din Al-Suyuti. </ref>
⚫ *] (1372–1448)<ref name="islamic.pwp">{{cite web |url=http://www.islamic.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Biographies/ibn_hajar.htm|title=Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani|publisher=Hanafi.co.uk|accessdate= }}</ref>


===Ninth Century (October 1, 1494)=== ===Ninth Century (October 1, 1494)===
*] (1445–1505)<ref name="livingislam"/><ref name="The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia">{{cite book |last=Azra|first=Azyumardi|coathors= |title=The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia ''part of the ASAA Southeast Asia Publications Series''|year=2004|publisher=]|page=18|isbn=9780824828486}}</ref> *] (1445–1505)<ref name="livingislam"/><ref name="The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia">{{cite book |last=Azra|first=Azyumardi|coathors= |title=The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia ''part of the ASAA Southeast Asia Publications Series''|year=2004|publisher=]|page=18|isbn=9780824828486}}</ref>
*] (1420–1520)<ref></ref>


===Tenth Century (October 19, 1591)=== ===Tenth Century (October 19, 1591)===
⚫ *] (1585–1671)<ref name="livingislam"/>
*] (1513–1596)<ref></ref>
⚫ *] (1585–1671)<ref name="livingislam"/>
*] (1564–1624)<ref name="Josef W. Meri p 678"/><ref name="The New Encyclopedia of Islam">{{cite book |last=Glasse|first=Cyril|coathors= |title=]|year=1997|publisher=]|page=432|isbn=90 04 10672 3}}</ref>


===Eleventh Century (October 26, 1688)=== ===Eleventh Century (October 26, 1688)===
*] (1634–1720)<ref name="iqra">{{cite web |url=http://www.iqra.net/articles/al-haddad.html|title=A Short Biographical Sketch of Mawlana al-Haddad|publisher=Iqra Islamic Publications|accessdate= }}</ref> *] (1564–1624)<ref name="Josef W. Meri p 678"/><ref name="The New Encyclopedia of Islam">{{cite book |last=Glasse|first=Cyril|coathors= |title=]|year=1997|publisher=]|page=432|isbn=90 04 10672 3}}</ref>
*] (1634–1720)<ref name="iqra">{{cite web |url=http://www.iqra.net/articles/al-haddad.html|title=A Short Biographical Sketch of Mawlana al-Haddad|publisher=Iqra Islamic Publications|accessdate= }}</ref>
*] (1703–1762)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kunju|first1=Saifudheen|url=http://www.academia.edu/592790/SHAH_WALIULLAH_AL-DEHLAWI_THOUGHTS_AND_CONTRIBUTIONS|title=Shah Waliullah al-Dehlawi: Thoughts and Contributions|date=2012|page=1|accessdate=5 April 2015}}</ref> *] (1703–1762)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kunju|first1=Saifudheen|url=http://www.academia.edu/592790/SHAH_WALIULLAH_AL-DEHLAWI_THOUGHTS_AND_CONTRIBUTIONS|title=Shah Waliullah al-Dehlawi: Thoughts and Contributions|date=2012|page=1|accessdate=5 April 2015}}</ref>


===Twelfth Century (November 4, 1785)=== ===Twelfth Century (November 4, 1785)===
*] (1732–1790)<ref name="The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia"/> *] (1732–1790)<ref name="The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia"/>
*] (1745–1823)<ref name="almukhtarbooks">{{cite web |url=http://www.almukhtarbooks.com/?p=63|title=Gyarwee Sharif|publisher=al-mukhtar books|accessdate= }}</ref> *] (1745–1823)<ref name="almukhtarbooks">{{cite web |url=http://www.almukhtarbooks.com/?p=63|title=Gyarwee Sharif|publisher=al-mukhtar books|accessdate= }}</ref>
*] (1747–1809)<ref>"The initial alacrity with which Ibn ‘Ajība set about ‘‘renewing God’s religion” is mirrored by the moralizing, inward-looking character of many passages of his Tafsīr." </ref>
*] (1754–1817)<ref name="African And Islamic Revival">{{cite book |last=O. Hunwick|first=John|coathors= |title=''African And Islamic Revival'' in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources|url=http://www.uga.edu/islam/hunwick.html|year=1995|publisher= |page=6|isbn= }}</ref> *] (1754–1817)<ref name="African And Islamic Revival">{{cite book |last=O. Hunwick|first=John|coathors= |title=''African And Islamic Revival'' in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources|url=http://www.uga.edu/islam/hunwick.html|year=1995|publisher= |page=6|isbn= }}</ref>


===Thirteenth Century (November 14, 1882)=== ===Thirteenth Century (November 14, 1882)===
*] (1849–1905)<ref name="Paradise Lost"/> *] (1849–1905)<ref name="Paradise Lost"/>
⚫ *] (1878–1960)<ref name="Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices">{{cite book |last=Rippin|first=Andrew|coathors= |title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|year= |publisher= |page=282|isbn= }}</ref>
*] (1865–1935)<ref>Muhammad 'Abduh and Rashid Rida: Contributions to the Reinterpretation of Islamic Constitutional and Legal Theory by Malcolm H. Kerr</ref><ref></ref><ref></ref><ref></ref>
*] (1879–1973)<ref>Considered by Dr. Fathi Hasan Malkawi</ref>
⚫ *] (1878–1960)<ref name="Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices">{{cite book |last=Rippin|first=Andrew|coathors= |title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|year= |publisher= |page=282|isbn= }}</ref>
*] (1879-1951)<ref></ref>
*] (1881–1945)<ref>Egyptian modernist reformer and rector of al-Azhar. Called for social, legal, and educational reforms. Pursued an aggressive campaign to integrate modern sciences into al-Azhar's curriculum. Called for the exercise of ijtihad (independent reasoning) and reconciliation of different schools of Islamic law. Participated in international religious conferences. Desired a greater role for clergy in government. </ref>
*] (1893-1963)<ref>Mahmud Shaltut and Islamic Modernism by Kate Zebiri</ref>
*] (1898–1974)<ref>Muhammad Abu Zahrah was a well-known legal theorist and jurist of 20th. His publishers call him Imam, ranking him with the great figures of Islamic scholarship of the past, such as Abu Haneefah, Malik, Al-Shafie and Ibn Hanbal. </ref>


===Fourteenth Century (November 21, 1979)=== ===Fourteenth Century (November 21, 1979)===
*] (1856–1921)<ref name="alahazrat">{{cite web |url=http://www.alahazrat.net/events/ursealahazrat/servicesasamujaddid.htm|title=Services As A Mujadid|publisher=Alahazrat Imam Ahmed Raza Khan|accessdate= }}</ref> Note: Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi claimed to be the Mujaddid of the 14th century a claim which is accepted by the ]s, but rejected by other Muslim communities.
*] (1911–1998)<ref>He was an unequalled imam and preacher and the most popular Islamic scholar in the second half of 1900s, so much so that he won the hearts of millions of people in the Arab and Islamic worlds. </ref><ref></ref>
*] (1835-1908)<ref name="Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices">{{cite book |title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|last=Rippin|first= Andrew|coauthors= |year= |publisher= |page=282|isbn= }}</ref><ref name="alislamtopics">{{cite web |url=http://www.alislam.org/topics/messiah/index.php|title=The Promised Messiah|publisher=Al Islam|accessdate= }}</ref> – Note: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed to be the Mujaddid of the 14th century,<ref name="alislambooks">{{cite web |url= http://www.alislam.org/library/links/00000087.html|title=Claims of Hadhrat Ahmad|publisher=Al Islam|accessdate= }} Chapter Two</ref> a claim which is accepted by the ].<ref name=" alislamBritishGovt-and-Jihad">{{cite web |url=http://www.alislam.org/library/books/BritishGovt-and-Jihad.pdf|title=British Government and Jihad|publisher=Al Islam|accessdate= }}</ref> but rejected by other Muslim communities.<ref name="hazrat">{{cite web |url=http://www.hazrat.org/renewal.htm|title=Renewal Deeds|publisher=AlaHazrat|accessdate= }}</ref>
*] (1918–2005)<ref>"In this latest generation, I have never seen the highest mujaddid like Ahmad Deedat (in terms of comparative religion)" </ref>
*] (1921–2009)<ref></ref>


==References== ==References==
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==External links== ==External links==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Mujaddid}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mujaddid}}

Revision as of 05:53, 21 August 2015

Part of a series on Islam
Usul al-Fiqh
Fiqh
Ahkam
Legal vocations and titles

A mujaddid (Template:Lang-ar), is an Islamic term for one who brings "renewal" (tajdid Template:Lang-ar) to the religion. According to the popular Muslim tradition, it refers to a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revive Islam, cleansing it of extraneous elements and restoring it to its pristine purity.

The concept is based not on the Quran but on a famous hadith (Prophetic tradition) recorded by Abu Dawood: Abu Hurairah narrated that the Islamic prophet Muhammad said:

Allah shall raise for this Ummah at the head of every century a man who shall renew (or revive) for it its religion.

— Sunan Abu Dawood, Book 37: Kitab al-Malahim , Hadith Number 4278

Mujaddid tend to come from the most prominent Islamic scholars of the time, although they are sometimes pious rulers.

List of claimants and potential Mujaddids

While there is no formal mechanism for designating a mujaddid, there is often a popular consensus. The Shia and the Naqshbandi order have their own list of mujaddids.

First Century (after the prophetic period) (August 3, 718)

Second Century (August 10, 815)

Third Century (August 17, 912)

Fourth Century (August 24, 1009)

Fifth Century (September 1, 1106)

Sixth Century (September 9, 1203)

Seventh Century (September 5, 1300)

Eighth Century (September 23, 1397)

Ninth Century (October 1, 1494)

Tenth Century (October 19, 1591)

Eleventh Century (October 26, 1688)

Twelfth Century (November 4, 1785)

Thirteenth Century (November 14, 1882)

Fourteenth Century (November 21, 1979)

  • Ahmad Raza Khan (1856–1921) Note: Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi claimed to be the Mujaddid of the 14th century a claim which is accepted by the Barelvis, but rejected by other Muslim communities.
  • Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835-1908) – Note: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed to be the Mujaddid of the 14th century, a claim which is accepted by the Ahmadi Muslims. but rejected by other Muslim communities.

References

  1. Faruqi, Burhan Ahmad. The Mujaddid's Conception of Tawhid. p. 7. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  2. ^ Meri, Josef W. (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Psychology Press. p. 678.
  3. Sunan Abu Dawood, 37:4278
  4. ^ "Mujaddid Ulema". Living Islam.
  5. ^ Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906.
  6. ^ Waliullah, Shah. Izalatul Khafa'an Khilafatul Khulafa. p. 77, part 7. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coathors= (help)
  7. ^ Nieuwenhuijze, C.A.O.van (1997). Paradise Lost: Reflections on the Struggle for Authenticity in the Middle East. p. 24. ISBN 90 04 10672 3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coathors= (help) Cite error: The named reference "Paradise Lost" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  8. ^ Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906
  9. "Imam Ghazali: The Sun of the Fifth Century Hujjat al-Islam". The Pen. February 1, 2011. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  10. Jane I. Smith, Islam in America, p 36. ISBN 0231519990
  11. Dhahabi, Siyar, 4.566
  12. Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, Oxford University Press, 1996, p 421
  13. "al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (1149-1209)". Muslim Philosophy.
  14. "Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani". Hanafi.co.uk.
  15. ^ Azra, Azyumardi (2004). The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia part of the ASAA Southeast Asia Publications Series. University of Hawaii Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780824828486. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coathors= (help)
  16. Glasse, Cyril (1997). The New Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. p. 432. ISBN 90 04 10672 3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coathors= (help)
  17. "A Short Biographical Sketch of Mawlana al-Haddad". Iqra Islamic Publications.
  18. Kunju, Saifudheen (2012). "Shah Waliullah al-Dehlawi: Thoughts and Contributions": 1. Retrieved 5 April 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  19. "Gyarwee Sharif". al-mukhtar books.
  20. O. Hunwick, John (1995). African And Islamic Revival in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources. p. 6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coathors= (help)
  21. ^ Rippin, Andrew. Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. p. 282. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coathors= (help) Cite error: The named reference "Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  22. "Services As A Mujadid". Alahazrat Imam Ahmed Raza Khan.
  23. "The Promised Messiah". Al Islam.
  24. "Claims of Hadhrat Ahmad". Al Islam. Chapter Two
  25. "British Government and Jihad" (PDF). Al Islam.
  26. "Renewal Deeds". AlaHazrat.

Further reading

  • Alvi, Sajida S. "The Mujaddid and Tajdīd Traditions in the Indian Subcontinent: An Historical Overview" ("Hindistan’da Mucaddid ve Tacdîd geleneği: Tarihî bir bakış"). Journal of Turkish Studies 18 (1994): 1–15.
  • Friedmann, Yohanan. "Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi: An Outline of His Thought and a Study of His Image in the Eyes of Posterity". Oxford India Paperbacks

External links

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