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'''Sandilch''' (''Σάνδιλ'', ''Σάνδιλχος''; Turkic-] "boat"), was the chieftain of the ] ] ] in the 6th century.<ref>"The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", Hyun Jin Kim, page 256: " Thus in our sources the names Kutrigur, Bulgar and Hun are used interchangeably and refer in all probability not to separate groups but one group.", page 254 : " That the Utigurs and Kutrigurs formed the two main wings of the same steppe confederacy is proved by the foundation legend told by Procopius regarding the ethnogenesis of the two tribal groupings. He states that before the formation of both entities power in the steppe was concentrated in the hands of a single ruler ( presumably he is referring here to Ernak, son of Attila ), who then divided the power/empire between his two sons called Utigur and Kutrigur " page 141: "Utigurs, Kutrigurs and Onogurs were in all likelihood identical with the Bulgars"
'''Sandilch''' (''Σάνδιλ'', ''Σάνδιλχος''; Turkic-] "boat"<ref>{{cite book |last=Maenchen-Helfen |first=Otto J. |author-link=Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen |date=1973 |chapter=Chapter IX. Language: 6. Turkish names |chapter-url=http://www.kroraina.com/huns/mh/mh_6.html#Sandilchos |title=The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture |publisher=] |pages=412 |isbn=9780520015968}}</ref>), was the chieftain of the ] in the 6th century. Although initially protested to lead the Utigurs against their relative people ] into a mutual warfare, through diplomatic persuasion and bribery by ] Emperor ] (527–565) finally became an ally to the Byzantines.{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=99–100}}{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=140}} Utigurs led by Sandilch attacked the Kutrigurs who suffered great losses.{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=99–100}}{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=140}}
https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false</ref><ref>"Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries", Romilly James Heald Jenkins, page 45 : " The Bulgarians seem to have been in origin Huns, who may well have formed part, and survived as a rump, of the hordes of Attila in the fifth century. ... the so called Onogur Bulgarians are found in large numbers somewhere between the Kuban and the Volga rivers..." https://books.google.hr/books?id=O5JqH_NXQBsC&pg=PA45&dq=onogur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDAQ6AEwBDgoahUKEwistou42ZPJAhWGWiwKHUbUDxI#v=onepage&q=onogur&f=false</ref><ref>"The Empire of the Steppes", René Grousset, page 79: " Other Hun clans survived north of the Black Sea in two hordes : the Kutrigur Huns, who led a nomadic life northwest of the of Azov and the Utigur or Utrigur Huns, whose haunts were by the mouth of the Don." https://books.google.hr/books?id=CHzGvqRbV_IC&pg=PA79&dq=kutrigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBmoVChMIvfOPuuqTyQIVxQcsCh1bWwlR#v=onepage&q=kutrigur&f=false</ref><ref>"A history of the Balkans", Plamen S. T︠S︡vetkov, page 71: " According to Omeljan Pritsak, by 550 the Bulgarian state split into two realms : the Kutrigur realm on the west of the Azov Sea and the Utigur one to the East. ... Soon after that the Kutrigur kan Zavergan (550-560) made peace with Sandilkh and undertook in 558 a large scale attack on the East-Roman Empire. " https://books.google.hr/books?id=VR5pAAAAMAAJ&q=kutrigur&dq=kutrigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBTgUahUKEwi_m8Cm9JPJAhUEwxQKHZq8Ccs</ref><ref>Justinian and Theodora, Robert Browning, page 160 : "The Huns of Attila, and their descendants the Bulgars, the Kutrigurs and the Utigurs, were pastoral peoples of the steppe and semi-desert lands of central Asia, who had been driven westwards in search of new pastures by a combination of factors. The progressive desiccation of their ancient home, and in particular of the Tarim Basin, reduced the grazing land available. ", https://books.google.bg/books?id=gOIMSWMtow0C&pg=PA158&dq=utigurs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAzgKahUKEwiRrunKvo7HAhWrF9sKHSH-A6o#v=onepage&q=utigurs&f=false</ref><ref>Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns, page 378 : " In one instance we are explicitly told that the Kutrigur and Utigur, called Huns by Procopius, Agathias, and Menander, were of the same stock, dressed in the same way, and had the same language. ", http://www.kroraina.com/huns/mh/mh_1.html</ref><ref>"A history of the First Bulgarian Empire", "Book I THE CHILDREN OF THE HUNS " Steven Runciman, page . 5, " On Attila’s death, his empire crumbled. His people, who had probably been only a conglomeration of kindred tribes that he had welded together, divided again into these tribes; and each went its own way. One of these tribes was soon to be known as the Bulgars." http://www.promacedonia.org/en/sr/sr_1_1.htm</ref><ref>"Great Walls and Linear Barriers", Peter Spring, " In 460 the Huns split into the Onogurs, Utigurs and Kotrigurs.", стр. 199 https://books.google.hr/books?id=OfmxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA199&dq=utigurs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCEQ6AEwATgoahUKEwia2MPL75zHAhVEhywKHcRYDHg#v=onepage&q=utigurs&f=false</ref><ref> Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire, Jennifer Lawler, " Utigurs - Hunnic tribe that lived on the east steppes of Don, related to the Bulgars", page. 296 https://books.google.hr/books?id=sEWeCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA296&dq=utigurs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAjgUahUKEwi427LD25zHAhVEECwKHc3wDFQ#v=onepage&q=utigurs&f=false</ref><ref> "History of the Later Roman Empire", J.B. Bury: " The Kotrigurs, who were a branch of the Hunnic race, occupied the steppes of South Russia, from the Don to the Dniester, and were probably closely allied to the Bulgarians or Onogundurs — the descendants of Attila's Huns — who had their homes in Bessarabia and Walachia. They were a formidable people and Justinian had long ago taken precautions to keep them in check, in case they should threaten to attack the Empire, though it was probably for the Roman cities of the Crimea, Cherson and Bosporus, that he feared, rather than for the Danubian provinces. As his policy on the Danube was to use the Lombards as a check on the Gepids, so his policy in Scythia was to use another Hunnic people, the Utigurs, as a check on the Kotrigurs. The Utigurs lived beyond the Don, on the east of the Sea of Azov, and Justinian cultivated their friendship by yearly gifts. ", http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/20*.html#ref39</ref><ref>"SOME REMARKS ON THE CHINESE "BULGAR"", 2004, SANPING CHEN: " In fact contemporary European sources kept equating the Bulgars with the Huns. At the very least, the Hun-Bulgar connection was much more tangible than the Hun-Xiongnu identification. " http://www.bulgari-istoria-2010.com/booksBG/Sanping_Chen_SOME_REMARKS_ON_THE_CHINESE_BULGARIAN.pdf</ref><ref>The Huns of Justinian: Byzantium, Utigur and Kutrigur, Ricci, Joseph http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/94441061/huns-justinian-byzantium-utigur-kutrigur</ref><ref>The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume 4, Edward Gibbon, page 537: " And both Procopius and Agathias represent Kotrigurs and Utigurs as tribes of Huns. There can be no doubt Kutrigurs, Utigurs and Bulgars belong to the same race as the Huns of Attila and spoke tongues closely related, - were in fact Huns. They had all been under Attila's dominion", https://books.google.bg/books?id=j83oF6YQI68C&dq=utigurs&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false</ref><ref>Cafer Saatchi , Early Mediaeval identity of the Bulgarians, page 3 : " The early Byzantine texts use the names of Huns, Bulgarians, Kutrigurs and Utrigurs as interchangeable terms. There the Bulgarians are represented as identical, they are a part of Huns or at least have something common with them. The khans Avtiochol and Irnik, listed in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans today are identified with Attila and Ernach.", http://www.academia.edu/10894065/Early_Mediaeval_identity_of_the_Bulgarians</ref><ref>The Wars of Justinian, Prokopios, " Utigur Huns, tribe near the Sea of Azov" https://books.google.bg/books?id=eK9aBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA638&lpg=PA638&dq=utigur&source=bl&ots=GixSXSPUuC&sig=OBCGMS6Y5og6NdMbYr04wL-byio&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCGoVChMI6_CL7IGWyQIVy44sCh0VPQ7r#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false</ref><ref>The Age of Justinian, J. A. S. Evans, page 78 https://books.google.bg/books?id=jjSDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA78&lpg=PA78&dq=utigur&source=bl&ots=vpLPsXJMUK&sig=Hkkj_4k0inacyEGz4OM0WI-Lfto&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwADgoahUKEwjZgu6GhZbJAhWIVSwKHQqcD3o#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false</ref><ref>Cambridge Medieval History, Shorter: Volume 1, The Later Roman Empire, C. W. Previté-Orton https://books.google.bg/books?id=RXU5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA201&lpg=PA201&dq=utigur&source=bl&ots=V7yIeGSrvF&sig=82b_onYnZTrZQUGEQl-7P5bUi3g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAzgoahUKEwjZgu6GhZbJAhWIVSwKHQqcD3o#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false</ref><ref> http://carpdemo.cloudapp.net/FactFinder/demo/en?subject=Utigur%20Bulgars&context=Bulgars</ref><ref>Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States, Leif Inge Ree Petersen, page 369</ref><ref>Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland https://books.google.bg/books?id=m_6zAAAAIAAJ&q=utigur&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEcQ6AEwCGoVChMIz5XCoo-WyQIVg1kaCh3MnQym</ref><ref>Justinian, John Moorhead, https://books.google.bg/books?id=aacuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT180&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBzgKahUKEwiQorefkZbJAhUDOxoKHSaDBbM#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false</ref><ref>The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian, Michael Maas, https://books.google.bg/books?id=9AvjaThtrKYC&pg=PA624&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBzgUahUKEwjDt-3RkZbJAhUBVxoKHW-tBaQ#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false</ref><ref>Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000, Roger Collins, page 206 https://books.google.bg/books?id=ZukcBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA206&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEYQ6AEwCDgUahUKEwjDt-3RkZbJAhUBVxoKHW-tBaQ#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false</ref><ref>The Cambridge Medieval History, Series volumes 1-5, https://books.google.bg/books?id=9lHeh36S8ooC&pg=PT582&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBwQ6AEwADgeahUKEwid_pDUkpbJAhUBCBoKHQ0XB1M#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false</ref><ref>Justinian and the Later Roman Empire, John W. Barker, page 199 https://books.google.bg/books?id=LiJljEXvwAoC&pg=PA199&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBzgeahUKEwid_pDUkpbJAhUBCBoKHQ0XB1M#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false</ref><ref>The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, Volume 2, https://books.google.bg/books?id=4aX-W6AVNv8C&pg=PA606&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFAQ6AEwCTgeahUKEwid_pDUkpbJAhUBCBoKHQ0XB1M#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false</ref><ref>Information and Frontiers: Roman Foreign Relations in Late Antiquity, A. D. Lee https://books.google.bg/books?id=qKi1O3KvjkAC&pg=PA212&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBwQ6AEwADgoahUKEwjwxcmClJbJAhUBqxoKHTAeCWo#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false</ref><ref>The Collected Works of M.A. Czaplicka, Volume 1, Marie Antoinette Czaplicka, https://books.google.bg/books?id=uFkK2oz8L-kC&pg=PA68&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBTgoahUKEwjwxcmClJbJAhUBqxoKHTAeCWo#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false</ref><ref>Attila the Hun, Nic Fields, https://books.google.bg/books?id=rxBaCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA64&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEwQ6AEwCDgoahUKEwjwxcmClJbJAhUBqxoKHTAeCWo#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false</ref><ref>The emperor Maurice and his historian, Michael Whitby, https://books.google.bg/books?id=xdxQAQAAIAAJ&q=utigur&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEwQ6AEwCThGahUKEwjZlqaElZbJAhVEuBoKHR9DAMI</ref><ref>Armies of the Dark Ages, Ian Heath, https://books.google.bg/books?id=qKdkCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CC8Q6AEwBDhuahUKEwj7-an4lZbJAhUBgBoKHT4fD4M#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false</ref> The origin of the name is probably Turkic.<ref>{{cite book |last=Maenchen-Helfen |first=Otto J. |author-link=Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen |date=1973 |chapter=Chapter IX. Language: 6. Turkish names |chapter-url=http://www.kroraina.com/huns/mh/mh_6.html#Sandilchos |title=The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture |publisher=] |pages=412 |isbn=9780520015968}}</ref><ref>"The Histories, Volume 2, Part 1", Agathias, https://books.google.bg/books?id=PqsJZcQR7oIC&pg=PA147&dq=Sandilch&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Sandilch&f=false</ref> Although initially protested to lead the Utigurs against their relative people ] into a mutual warfare, through diplomatic persuasion and bribery by ] Emperor ] (527–565) finally became an ally to the Byzantines.{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=99–100}}{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=140}} Utigurs led by Sandilch attacked the Kutrigurs who suffered great losses.{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=99–100}}{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=140}}


Sandilch own words: Sandilch own words:

Revision as of 20:00, 17 November 2015

Sandilch (Σάνδιλ, Σάνδιλχος; Turkic-Mamluk "boat"), was the chieftain of the Utigur Bulgar Huns in the 6th century. The origin of the name is probably Turkic. Although initially protested to lead the Utigurs against their relative people Kutrigurs into a mutual warfare, through diplomatic persuasion and bribery by Byzantine Emperor Justinian I (527–565) finally became an ally to the Byzantines. Utigurs led by Sandilch attacked the Kutrigurs who suffered great losses.

Sandilch own words:

"it is neither fair nor decent to exterminate our tribesmen (the Kutrigurs), who not only speak a language, identical to ours, who are our neighbours and have the same dressing and manners of life, but who are also our relatives, even though subjected to other lords".

See also

References

  1. "The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", Hyun Jin Kim, page 256: " Thus in our sources the names Kutrigur, Bulgar and Hun are used interchangeably and refer in all probability not to separate groups but one group.", page 254 : " That the Utigurs and Kutrigurs formed the two main wings of the same steppe confederacy is proved by the foundation legend told by Procopius regarding the ethnogenesis of the two tribal groupings. He states that before the formation of both entities power in the steppe was concentrated in the hands of a single ruler ( presumably he is referring here to Ernak, son of Attila ), who then divided the power/empire between his two sons called Utigur and Kutrigur " page 141: "Utigurs, Kutrigurs and Onogurs were in all likelihood identical with the Bulgars" https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false
  2. "Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries", Romilly James Heald Jenkins, page 45 : " The Bulgarians seem to have been in origin Huns, who may well have formed part, and survived as a rump, of the hordes of Attila in the fifth century. ... the so called Onogur Bulgarians are found in large numbers somewhere between the Kuban and the Volga rivers..." https://books.google.hr/books?id=O5JqH_NXQBsC&pg=PA45&dq=onogur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDAQ6AEwBDgoahUKEwistou42ZPJAhWGWiwKHUbUDxI#v=onepage&q=onogur&f=false
  3. "The Empire of the Steppes", René Grousset, page 79: " Other Hun clans survived north of the Black Sea in two hordes : the Kutrigur Huns, who led a nomadic life northwest of the of Azov and the Utigur or Utrigur Huns, whose haunts were by the mouth of the Don." https://books.google.hr/books?id=CHzGvqRbV_IC&pg=PA79&dq=kutrigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBmoVChMIvfOPuuqTyQIVxQcsCh1bWwlR#v=onepage&q=kutrigur&f=false
  4. "A history of the Balkans", Plamen S. T︠S︡vetkov, page 71: " According to Omeljan Pritsak, by 550 the Bulgarian state split into two realms : the Kutrigur realm on the west of the Azov Sea and the Utigur one to the East. ... Soon after that the Kutrigur kan Zavergan (550-560) made peace with Sandilkh and undertook in 558 a large scale attack on the East-Roman Empire. " https://books.google.hr/books?id=VR5pAAAAMAAJ&q=kutrigur&dq=kutrigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBTgUahUKEwi_m8Cm9JPJAhUEwxQKHZq8Ccs
  5. Justinian and Theodora, Robert Browning, page 160 : "The Huns of Attila, and their descendants the Bulgars, the Kutrigurs and the Utigurs, were pastoral peoples of the steppe and semi-desert lands of central Asia, who had been driven westwards in search of new pastures by a combination of factors. The progressive desiccation of their ancient home, and in particular of the Tarim Basin, reduced the grazing land available. ", https://books.google.bg/books?id=gOIMSWMtow0C&pg=PA158&dq=utigurs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAzgKahUKEwiRrunKvo7HAhWrF9sKHSH-A6o#v=onepage&q=utigurs&f=false
  6. Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns, page 378 : " In one instance we are explicitly told that the Kutrigur and Utigur, called Huns by Procopius, Agathias, and Menander, were of the same stock, dressed in the same way, and had the same language. ", http://www.kroraina.com/huns/mh/mh_1.html
  7. "A history of the First Bulgarian Empire", "Book I THE CHILDREN OF THE HUNS " Steven Runciman, page . 5, " On Attila’s death, his empire crumbled. His people, who had probably been only a conglomeration of kindred tribes that he had welded together, divided again into these tribes; and each went its own way. One of these tribes was soon to be known as the Bulgars." http://www.promacedonia.org/en/sr/sr_1_1.htm
  8. "Great Walls and Linear Barriers", Peter Spring, " In 460 the Huns split into the Onogurs, Utigurs and Kotrigurs.", стр. 199 https://books.google.hr/books?id=OfmxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA199&dq=utigurs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCEQ6AEwATgoahUKEwia2MPL75zHAhVEhywKHcRYDHg#v=onepage&q=utigurs&f=false
  9. Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire, Jennifer Lawler, " Utigurs - Hunnic tribe that lived on the east steppes of Don, related to the Bulgars", page. 296 https://books.google.hr/books?id=sEWeCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA296&dq=utigurs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAjgUahUKEwi427LD25zHAhVEECwKHc3wDFQ#v=onepage&q=utigurs&f=false
  10. "History of the Later Roman Empire", J.B. Bury: " The Kotrigurs, who were a branch of the Hunnic race, occupied the steppes of South Russia, from the Don to the Dniester, and were probably closely allied to the Bulgarians or Onogundurs — the descendants of Attila's Huns — who had their homes in Bessarabia and Walachia. They were a formidable people and Justinian had long ago taken precautions to keep them in check, in case they should threaten to attack the Empire, though it was probably for the Roman cities of the Crimea, Cherson and Bosporus, that he feared, rather than for the Danubian provinces. As his policy on the Danube was to use the Lombards as a check on the Gepids, so his policy in Scythia was to use another Hunnic people, the Utigurs, as a check on the Kotrigurs. The Utigurs lived beyond the Don, on the east of the Sea of Azov, and Justinian cultivated their friendship by yearly gifts. ", http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/20*.html#ref39
  11. "SOME REMARKS ON THE CHINESE "BULGAR"", 2004, SANPING CHEN: " In fact contemporary European sources kept equating the Bulgars with the Huns. At the very least, the Hun-Bulgar connection was much more tangible than the Hun-Xiongnu identification. " http://www.bulgari-istoria-2010.com/booksBG/Sanping_Chen_SOME_REMARKS_ON_THE_CHINESE_BULGARIAN.pdf
  12. The Huns of Justinian: Byzantium, Utigur and Kutrigur, Ricci, Joseph http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/94441061/huns-justinian-byzantium-utigur-kutrigur
  13. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume 4, Edward Gibbon, page 537: " And both Procopius and Agathias represent Kotrigurs and Utigurs as tribes of Huns. There can be no doubt Kutrigurs, Utigurs and Bulgars belong to the same race as the Huns of Attila and spoke tongues closely related, - were in fact Huns. They had all been under Attila's dominion", https://books.google.bg/books?id=j83oF6YQI68C&dq=utigurs&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false
  14. Cafer Saatchi , Early Mediaeval identity of the Bulgarians, page 3 : " The early Byzantine texts use the names of Huns, Bulgarians, Kutrigurs and Utrigurs as interchangeable terms. There the Bulgarians are represented as identical, they are a part of Huns or at least have something common with them. The khans Avtiochol and Irnik, listed in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans today are identified with Attila and Ernach.", http://www.academia.edu/10894065/Early_Mediaeval_identity_of_the_Bulgarians
  15. The Wars of Justinian, Prokopios, " Utigur Huns, tribe near the Sea of Azov" https://books.google.bg/books?id=eK9aBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA638&lpg=PA638&dq=utigur&source=bl&ots=GixSXSPUuC&sig=OBCGMS6Y5og6NdMbYr04wL-byio&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCGoVChMI6_CL7IGWyQIVy44sCh0VPQ7r#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false
  16. The Age of Justinian, J. A. S. Evans, page 78 https://books.google.bg/books?id=jjSDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA78&lpg=PA78&dq=utigur&source=bl&ots=vpLPsXJMUK&sig=Hkkj_4k0inacyEGz4OM0WI-Lfto&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwADgoahUKEwjZgu6GhZbJAhWIVSwKHQqcD3o#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false
  17. Cambridge Medieval History, Shorter: Volume 1, The Later Roman Empire, C. W. Previté-Orton https://books.google.bg/books?id=RXU5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA201&lpg=PA201&dq=utigur&source=bl&ots=V7yIeGSrvF&sig=82b_onYnZTrZQUGEQl-7P5bUi3g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAzgoahUKEwjZgu6GhZbJAhWIVSwKHQqcD3o#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false
  18. http://carpdemo.cloudapp.net/FactFinder/demo/en?subject=Utigur%20Bulgars&context=Bulgars
  19. Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States, Leif Inge Ree Petersen, page 369
  20. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland https://books.google.bg/books?id=m_6zAAAAIAAJ&q=utigur&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEcQ6AEwCGoVChMIz5XCoo-WyQIVg1kaCh3MnQym
  21. Justinian, John Moorhead, https://books.google.bg/books?id=aacuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT180&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBzgKahUKEwiQorefkZbJAhUDOxoKHSaDBbM#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false
  22. The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian, Michael Maas, https://books.google.bg/books?id=9AvjaThtrKYC&pg=PA624&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBzgUahUKEwjDt-3RkZbJAhUBVxoKHW-tBaQ#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false
  23. Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000, Roger Collins, page 206 https://books.google.bg/books?id=ZukcBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA206&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEYQ6AEwCDgUahUKEwjDt-3RkZbJAhUBVxoKHW-tBaQ#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false
  24. The Cambridge Medieval History, Series volumes 1-5, https://books.google.bg/books?id=9lHeh36S8ooC&pg=PT582&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBwQ6AEwADgeahUKEwid_pDUkpbJAhUBCBoKHQ0XB1M#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false
  25. Justinian and the Later Roman Empire, John W. Barker, page 199 https://books.google.bg/books?id=LiJljEXvwAoC&pg=PA199&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBzgeahUKEwid_pDUkpbJAhUBCBoKHQ0XB1M#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false
  26. The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, Volume 2, https://books.google.bg/books?id=4aX-W6AVNv8C&pg=PA606&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFAQ6AEwCTgeahUKEwid_pDUkpbJAhUBCBoKHQ0XB1M#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false
  27. Information and Frontiers: Roman Foreign Relations in Late Antiquity, A. D. Lee https://books.google.bg/books?id=qKi1O3KvjkAC&pg=PA212&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBwQ6AEwADgoahUKEwjwxcmClJbJAhUBqxoKHTAeCWo#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false
  28. The Collected Works of M.A. Czaplicka, Volume 1, Marie Antoinette Czaplicka, https://books.google.bg/books?id=uFkK2oz8L-kC&pg=PA68&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBTgoahUKEwjwxcmClJbJAhUBqxoKHTAeCWo#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false
  29. Attila the Hun, Nic Fields, https://books.google.bg/books?id=rxBaCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA64&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEwQ6AEwCDgoahUKEwjwxcmClJbJAhUBqxoKHTAeCWo#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false
  30. The emperor Maurice and his historian, Michael Whitby, https://books.google.bg/books?id=xdxQAQAAIAAJ&q=utigur&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEwQ6AEwCThGahUKEwjZlqaElZbJAhVEuBoKHR9DAMI
  31. Armies of the Dark Ages, Ian Heath, https://books.google.bg/books?id=qKdkCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53&dq=utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CC8Q6AEwBDhuahUKEwj7-an4lZbJAhUBgBoKHT4fD4M#v=onepage&q=utigur&f=false
  32. Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. (1973). "Chapter IX. Language: 6. Turkish names". The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. University of California Press. p. 412. ISBN 9780520015968.
  33. "The Histories, Volume 2, Part 1", Agathias, https://books.google.bg/books?id=PqsJZcQR7oIC&pg=PA147&dq=Sandilch&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Sandilch&f=false
  34. ^ Golden 1992, p. 99–100.
  35. ^ Golden 2011, p. 140.
  36. D. Dimitrov (1987). "Bulgars, Unogundurs, Onogurs, Utigurs, Kutrigurs". Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie. Varna. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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