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| '''Chauvinism''' is an exaggerated ] and a belligerent belief in national superiority and glory.<ref name=oed>]</ref> | |||
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| According to legend, French soldier ] was badly wounded in the ]. He received a pension for his injuries but it was not enough to live on. After Napoleon abdicated, Chauvin was a fanatical ] despite the unpopularity of this view in ] France. His single-minded blind devotion to his cause, despite neglect by his faction and harassment by its enemies, started the use of the term.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chauvinism|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/chauvinism|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> | |||
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| ''Chauvinism'' has extended from its original use to include fanatical devotion and undue partiality to any group or cause to which one belongs, especially when such ] includes prejudice against or hostility toward outsiders or rival groups and persists even in the face of overwhelming opposition.<ref>{{cite web|title=15 Words You Didn't Realize Were Named After People|url=http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/15-words-you-didnt-realize-were-named-after-people|website=Grammar Girl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chauvinism|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/chauvinism|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chauvinism|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/31017?redirectedFrom=chauvinism#eid|website=The Oxford English Dictionary}}</ref> This French quality finds its parallel in the British term '']'', which has retained the meaning of ''chauvinism'' strictly in its original sense; that is, an attitude of belligerent nationalism.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jingoism|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/jingoism|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=22 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chauvinism|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/31017?redirectedFrom=chauvinism#eid|website=The Oxford English Dictionary}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jingoism & Chauvinism|url=http://wordhistories.com/2013/06/15/jingoism-chauvinism/|website=Word Histories|accessdate=22 June 2015}}</ref> | |||
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| In contemporary English, the word has come to be used as shorthand for ], a trend reflected in ], which begins its entry on ''chauvinism'' with "an attitude that the members of your own sex are always better than those of the opposite sex."<ref>{{cite web|title=Chauvinism|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chauvinism|website=Merriam-Webster's Dicionary}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Columbia Guide to Standard American English |url=http://www.bartleby.com/68/24/1224.html |accessdate=4 December 2008 |quote=''Chauvinism'' is "fanatical, boastful, unreasoning patriotism" and by extension "prejudiced belief or unreasoning pride in any group to which you belong." Lately, though, the compounds "male chauvinism" and "male chauvinist" have gained so much popularity that some users may no longer recall the patriotic and other more generalized meanings of the words.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=15 Words You Didn't Realize Were Named After People|url=http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/15-words-you-didnt-realize-were-named-after-people|website=Grammar Girl}}</ref> | |||
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| ==Male chauvinism== | |||
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| {{see also|androcentrism|machismo|patriarchy|masculism|feminism}} | |||
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| Male chauvinism is the belief that ] are superior to ]. The first documented use of the phrase "male chauvinism" is in the 1935 ] play '']''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mansbridge|first=Jane|author2=Katherine Flaster|title=Male Chauvinist, Feminist, Sexist, and Sexual Harassment: Different Trajectories in Feminist Linguistic Innovation|journal=American Speech|year=2005|volume=80|issue=3|page=261|publisher=Harvard University|doi=10.1215/00031283-80-3-256}}</ref> The pejorative phrase "male chauvinist pig" (sometimes abbreviated "MCP") has been used both seriously and humorously since the 1960s.{{fact|date=June 2015}} | |||
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| The balance of the ] changed during ] through the dramatic rise of women’s participation as men left their positions to enlist in the military and fight in the war. After the war ended and men returned home to find jobs in the workplace, male chauvinism was on the rise according to Cynthia B. Lloyd. Previously, men had been the main source of labour, and they expected to come back to their previous employment, but women had stepped into many of their positions to fill the void says Lloyd.<ref name="Lloyd, Cynthia B. 1975">Lloyd, Cynthia B., ed. ''Sex, Discrimination, and the Division of Labor''. New York: Columbia University Press, 1975. Print.</ref> | |||
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| Lloyd and Michael Korda have argued that as they integrated back into the workforce, men returned to predominantly holding positions of power, and women worked as their secretaries, usually typing dictations and answering telephone calls. This division of labor was understood and expected, and women typically felt unable to challenge their position or male superiors, argue Korda and Lloyd.<ref name="Korda, Michael 1973">], ''Male Chauvinism! How It Works''. New York: Random House, 1973. Print.</ref><ref name="Lloyd, Cynthia B. 1975"/> | |||
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| ==Female chauvinism== | |||
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| The term ''female chauvinism'' has been adopted by critics of some types or aspects of ]; second-wave feminist ] is a notable example.<ref>"If I were a man, I would strenuously object to the assumption that women have any moral or spiritual superiority as a class. This is female chauvinism." Friedan, Betty. 1998. ''It Changed My Life: Writings on the Women's Movement''. Harvard University Press</ref> ] used the term in similar, but opposite sense in her book, ''],'' in which she argues that many young women in the United States and beyond are replicating male chauvinism and older ] ]s.<ref>''Female Chauvinist Pigs: Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture'', ], 2006, ISBN 0-7432-8428-3</ref> | |||
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| ==See also== | |||
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