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| ===Cubism, Futurism and Dada=== | ===Cubism, Futurism and Dada=== | ||
| '']'' was the Italian movement contemporaneous with '']''. Futurism was started by the poet ] in ]. Marietti influenced Italian painters and suggested that French Cubism was an example As Cubism attempted to modernise perspective ] by adopting not one but several points of view, so Futurism attempted to modernise all the arts and imbue them with force and dynamism by multiple methods. The Futurists were also great enthusiasts of science and machines. Their love of machines was mercilessly parodied by the ]ists. Much of Dada's style and methods came originally from subverting Futurism. | '']'' was the Italian movement contemporaneous with '']''. Futurism was started by the poet ] in ]. Marietti influenced Italian painters and suggested that French Cubism was an example of the direction Italian painters should be taking. As Cubism attempted to modernise perspective ] by adopting not one but several points of view, so Futurism attempted to modernise all the arts and imbue them with force and dynamism by multiple methods. The Futurists were also great enthusiasts of science and machines. Their love of machines was mercilessly parodied by the ]ists. Much of Dada's style and methods came originally from subverting Futurism. | ||
| ===Metaphysical painting and Surrealism=== | ===Metaphysical painting and Surrealism=== | ||
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The Roman Period
The Roman empire at its height stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to well into Asia and from Scotland to Africa. The empire was thus in a position to absorb a very broad combination of art influences, including the great achievements of Ancient Greece and those of the Etruscan civilization. Consequently the art of ancient Rome was a mixture of influences. In later centuries Italian art has developed those influences in new directions.
Medieval Italy
The Christianisation of Rome gave new focus to Italian artists and the sheer size of the empire resulted in a stylistic division between the art of the western empire and the art of Byzantium.
As time went by Byzantine art spread from the east and began to be adopted across Europe. The character of medieval art was a retreat from the realistic forms of ancient Greece into more stylised approximations of figures and a repetition of formulaic depictions of moral stories.
Gothic Period
The Gothic period marks a transition from the medieval to the Renaissance and is characterised by the styles and attitudes nurtured by the influence of the Dominican and Franciscan order of monks, founded by Saint Dominic (1170 to 1221) and Saint Francis of Assisi (1182 to 1226) respectively.
It was a time of religious disputes within the church. The Franciscans and Dominicans were founded as an attempt to address these disputes and bring the Roman Catholic church back to basics. The early days of the Franciscans are remembered especially for the compassion of Saint Francis, while the Dominicans are remembered as the order most responsible for the beginnings of the Inquisition.
Gothic architecture began in northern Europe and spread southward to Italy.
The earliest important monument of the Italian Gothic style is the great church at Assisi. The Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi (St Francis) is a World Heritage Site. The Franciscan monastery and the lower and upper church (Basilica inferiore e superiore) of St Francis were begun immediately after his canonization in 1228, and completed 1253. The lower church has frescos by Cimabue and Giotto di Bondone. In the Upper church are frescos of scenes in the life of St Francis by Giotto and his circle.
Cenni di Petro (Giovanni) Cimabue (c.1240-1302} and Giotto di Bondone (better known as just Giotto) (1267-1337), were two of the first painters who began to move toward the role of the artist as a creative individual, rather than a mere copier of traditional forms. They began to take an interest in improving the depiction of the figure. The Byzantine style was unrealistic and could be improved upon by a return to forms achieved in ancient Greece.
Other terms sometimes applied to describe the artists of this period are The Primitives and the Early Renaissance.
The Renaissance
The Renaissance is said to begin in 14th century Italy. The rediscovery of Ancient Greek and Roman art and classics brought better proportions, perspective and use of lighting in art. Wealthy families, such as the Medicis, and the papacy served as patrons for many Italian artists, including Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Donatello, and Raphael.
The focus of most art remained religious. Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel, and sculpted his famous Pietà. Leonardo painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper (Leonardo). Raphael painted several Madonnas. Both Michelangelo and Donatello sculpted visions of David.
Mannerism
As the Renaissance had moved from formulaic depiction to a more natural observation of the figure, light and perspective, so the subsequent, Mannerist, period is marked by a move to forms conceived in the mind. Once the ideals of the Renaissance had had their effect artists such as Giulio Romano (ca 1499? to 1546) were able to introduce personal elements of subjectivity to their interpretation of visual forms. The perfection of perspective, light and realistic human figures can be thought of as impossible to improve upon unless another factor is included in the image, namely the factor of how the artist feels about the image. This emotional content in Mannerism is also the beginnings of a movement which would eventually, much later, become Expressionism in the 19th century. The difference between Mannerism and Expressionism is really a matter of degree.
Guilo Romano was a student an protege of Raphael. Other Italian Mannerist painters included Pontormo and Rosso Fiorentino, students of Andrea del Sarto. The Spanish Mannerist El Greco was a student of the Italian Renaissance painter Titian.
The most famous Italian painter of the Mannerist style and period is Tintoretto (Jacopo Robusti) (1518-1594).
Modernity
Baroque
A movement to reform Mannerism, Italian Baroque art saw Mannerism as excessive and tried to bring it back to Christian piety.
Impressionism and Post-Impressionism
Italy produced its own form of Impressionism, the Macchiaioli artists, who were actually there first, before the more famous Impressionists.
Expressionism
The great Italian Expressionist was Amedeo Modigliani (1884 to 1920).
Cubism, Futurism and Dada
Futurism was the Italian movement contemporaneous with Cubism. Futurism was started by the poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti in 1909. Marietti influenced Italian painters and suggested that French Cubism was an example of the direction Italian painters should be taking. As Cubism attempted to modernise perspective representation by adopting not one but several points of view, so Futurism attempted to modernise all the arts and imbue them with force and dynamism by multiple methods. The Futurists were also great enthusiasts of science and machines. Their love of machines was mercilessly parodied by the Dadaists. Much of Dada's style and methods came originally from subverting Futurism.
Metaphysical painting and Surrealism
Giorgio de Chirico (1888-1978) was the Italian painter who founded the Metaphysical school of painting and was an enormous influence upon the Surrealists.
Post-Modern Italian art
See also:
External Links
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