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| ''A-mutation'' was a metaphonic process that took place at the late ] stage (perhaps around 200 AD), and caused a ] to become lowered when a following syllable contained a non-high vowel (not just /a/; hence the term is a ]). It did not occur if a /j/ in a consonant cluster nasal followed by another consonant intervened. It operated most consistently on /u/, which was usually lowered to /o/ (a sound that did not previously exist, since /o/ from ] had become /a/ by an earlier change). Its most noticeable effect was on past participles, where, for example, ] 'flogen' "flown" < */flugana/ alternated with 'flugon' "they flew" < */flugunþ/. However, it is also visible in a few ] alternations, for example 'gold' "gold" < */gulda/ vs. 'gyldan' "to gild" < */guldjan/. | '''A-mutation''' was a ] process that took place at the late ] stage (perhaps around 200 AD), and caused a ] to become lowered when a following syllable contained a non-high vowel (not just /a/; hence the term is a ]). It did not occur if a /j/ in a consonant cluster nasal followed by another consonant intervened. It operated most consistently on /u/, which was usually lowered to /o/ (a sound that did not previously exist, since /o/ from ] had become /a/ by an earlier change). Its most noticeable effect was on past participles, where, for example, ] ''flogen'' "flown" < */flugana/ alternated with ''flugon'' "they flew" < */flugunþ/. However, it is also visible in a few ] alternations, for example ''gold'' "gold" < */gulda/ vs. ''gyldan'' "to gild" < */guldjan/. | ||
| U-mutation was a change in ] occurring after ] where a vowel was rounded when a /u/ occurred in the following syllable. For example compare |
U-mutation was a change in ] occurring after ] where a vowel was rounded when a /u/ occurred in the following syllable. For example compare ] plural ''{{Unicode|mǫnnum}}'' "to men" with ] singular ''mann'' "man". | ||
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Revision as of 17:29, 24 August 2006
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A-mutation was a metaphonic process that took place at the late Proto-Germanic stage (perhaps around 200 AD), and caused a high vowel to become lowered when a following syllable contained a non-high vowel (not just /a/; hence the term is a misnomer). It did not occur if a /j/ in a consonant cluster nasal followed by another consonant intervened. It operated most consistently on /u/, which was usually lowered to /o/ (a sound that did not previously exist, since /o/ from Proto-Indo-European had become /a/ by an earlier change). Its most noticeable effect was on past participles, where, for example, Old English flogen "flown" < */flugana/ alternated with flugon "they flew" < */flugunþ/. However, it is also visible in a few lexical alternations, for example gold "gold" < */gulda/ vs. gyldan "to gild" < */guldjan/.
U-mutation was a change in Old Norse occurring after i-mutation where a vowel was rounded when a /u/ occurred in the following syllable. For example compare dative plural mǫnnum "to men" with accusative singular mann "man".
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