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| Not True This is all a lie. a lie i tell u | |||
| ] | |||
| ] on life on Earth.]] | |||
| The term '''lunar effect''' refers to correlations between specific stages of the roughly 29.5-day ] and behavior in humans or other living things. In some cases these rhythms may depend on external cues, such as a greater or smaller amount of ] due to the ]. In other cases, for example the approximately-monthly cycle of ], the correlation in timing may reflect no known lunar influence. Some purported effects cannot simply be explained by variation in light levels. | |||
| A considerable number of studies have examined the effect on humans. By the late 1980s, there were at least 40 published studies on the purported lunar-lunacy connection,<ref name="RottonKelly1985" /> and at least 20 published studies on the purported lunar-birthrate connection.<ref name="MartensKelly1988" /> Several extensive literature reviews and meta-analyses found no correlation between the lunar cycle and human biology or behavior.<ref name="RottonKelly1985" /><ref name="MartensKelly1988" /><ref name="kelly" /><ref name="FosterRoenneberg2008" /> | |||
| A recent study found a statistically significant connection between sleep quantity and quality and lunar phases, even though the subjects could not see the moon or its light.<ref name="CajochenAltanay-Ekici2013" /> But a subsequent analysis, looking at considerably larger samples, did not find any correlations.<ref name="Cordi2014" /> | |||
| The moon does influence the behavior of several animals, as described below. | |||
| ==Origins of the belief== | |||
| Examples of the belief have been found in ancient ]n/]n writing.<ref name="skepdic">{{cite web | |||
| | last = Carroll | first = Robert Todd | |||
| | authorlink = Robert Todd Carroll | |||
| | title = Full Moon and Lunar Effects | |||
| | work = ] | |||
| | date = 12 August 2011 | |||
| | url = http://www.skepdic.com/fullmoon.html | |||
| | accessdate = 22 October 2011 | |||
| }}</ref> The term '']'' itself was derived in ] from the word ''luna'', meaning "moon".<ref name=etymonline>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=lunatic|title=Lunatic |work=The Online Etymological Dictionary |last=Harper |first=Douglas |authorlink=Douglas Harper |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> | |||
| ==Contexts== | |||
| Claims of a lunar connection have appeared in the following contexts: | |||
| ===Fertility=== | |||
| It is widely believed that the Moon has a relationship with ] due to the corresponding human ], which averages 28 days.<ref name="skepdic"/> However, no connection between lunar rhythms and menstrual onset has been conclusively shown to exist, and the similarity in length between the two cycles is most likely coincidental.<ref name="straightdope-menstruation">{{cite web | |||
| | last = Adams | first = Cecil | authorlink = Cecil Adams | |||
| | title = What's the link between the moon and menstruation? | |||
| | work = ] | |||
| | date = 24 September 1999 | |||
| | url = http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1348/whats-the-link-between-the-moon-and-menstruation | |||
| | accessdate = 14 December 2011}}</ref> | |||
| === Reproductive behavior === | |||
| ] fish have an unusual mating and spawning ritual during the spring and summer months. The egg laying takes place on four consecutive nights, beginning on the nights of the full and new Moons, when tides are highest.<ref name="grunion" /> However, this is a well understood reproductive strategy that is more related to tides than it is to lunar phase. It happens to correlate with the lunar phase because tides are highest when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are aligned, i.e., at new Moon or full Moon. | |||
| === Birth rate === | |||
| Three studies carried out between 1959 and 1973 reported a 1 percent increase in births in New York following a full Moon.{{Citation needed|date=September 2013}} However, multiple studies have found no connection between birth rate and lunar phases. A 1957 analysis of 9,551 births in ], found no correlation between birth rate and the phase of the Moon.<ref name="Abell1979" /> Records of 11,961 live births and 8,142 natural births (not induced by drugs or cesarean section) over a 4-year period (1974-1978) at the ] hospital did not correlate in any way with the cycle of lunar phases.<ref name="AbellGreenspan1979" /> Analysis of 3,706 spontaneous births (excluding births resulting from induced labor) in 1994 showed no correlation with lunar phase.<ref name="JoshiBharadwaj1998" /> The distribution of 167,956 spontaneous vaginal deliveries, at 37 to 40 weeks gestation, in ], between 1995 and 2000, showed no relationship with lunar phase.<ref name="Morton-PradhanBay2005" /> Analysis of 564,039 births (1997 to 2001) in ] showed no predictable influence of the lunar cycle on deliveries or complications.<ref name="ArlissKaplan2005" /> Analysis of 6,725 deliveries (2000 to 2006) in ] revealed no significant correlation of birth rate to lunar phases.<ref name="StaboulidouSoergel2008" /> A 2001 analysis of 70,000,000 birth records from the ] revealed no correlation between birth rate and lunar phase.<ref name="Caton2001" /> An extensive review of 21 studies from 7 different countries showed that the majority of studies reported no relationship to lunar phase, and that the positive studies were inconsistent with each other.<ref name="MartensKelly1988" /> A review of 6 additional studies from 5 different countries similarly showed no evidence of relationship between birth rate and lunar phase.<ref name="KellyMartens1994" /> | |||
| === Blood loss=== | |||
| It is sometimes claimed that surgeons used to refuse to operate on the full Moon because of the increased risk of death of the patient through blood loss.<ref name="RomanSoriano2004"/>{{Failed verification|date=September 2013}}{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} One study, in ], ], found a statistically significant correlation between lunar phase and hospital admissions due to ], but only when comparing full Moon days to all non-full Moon days lumped together.<ref name="RomanSoriano2004" /> The statistical significance of the results disappears if one compares day 29 of the lunar cycle (full Moon) to days 9, 12, 13, or 27 of the lunar cycle, which have an almost equal number of hospital admissions. Researchers acknowledged that the wide variation in the number of admissions throughout the lunar cycle limited the interpretation of the results.<ref name="RomanSoriano2004" /> | |||
| In October 2009, British politician ] asserted that during a full Moon "urgeons will not operate because blood clotting is not effective and the police have to put more people on the street.".<ref></ref> A spokesman for the ] said they would "laugh their heads off" at the suggestion they could not operate at the full Moon.<ref name=RCS>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/technology/iandouglas/100005822/mps-believe-the-funniest-things/|title=MPs believe the funniest things|date=11 October 2010|author=Ian Douglas|publisher =Daily Telegraph|accessdate=18 October 2010}}</ref> | |||
| ===Human behavior=== | |||
| Two studies found evidence that those with mental disorders i.e. Schizophrenia generally exhibit 1.8% of increased violent or aggressive episodes during the full Moon,<ref name="Drum1986" /><ref name="Lieber1978" /> but a more recent study found no such correlation to that of nonschizophrenic human beings.<ref name="Owen1998" /> An analysis of mental-health data found a significant effect of Moon phases, but only on ] patients.<ref name="Barr2000" /> Such effects are not necessarily related directly to the appearance of the Moon. A study into epilepsy found a significant negative correlation between the mean number of seizures and the phase of the Moon, but this correlation disappeared when the local clarity of the night sky was controlled for, suggesting that it was the brightness of the night that influenced the occurrence of epileptic seizures with advanced photosensitive epilepsy.<ref name="BaxendaleFisher2008" /> | |||
| A 1978 review of the literature found that lunar phases and human behavior are not related.<ref name="CampbellBeets1978" /> | |||
| ===Law and order=== | |||
| Senior police officers in ], UK announced in June 2007 that they were planning to deploy more officers over the summer to counter trouble they believe is linked to the lunar cycle.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,2095945,00.html | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Police link full moon to aggression | first=Fred | last=Attewill | date=5 June 2007 | accessdate=11 May 2010}}</ref> This followed research by the ] force that concluded there was a rise in violent crime when the Moon was full. A spokeswoman for the police force said "research carried out by us has shown a correlation between violent incidents and full moons". A police officer responsible for the research told the BBC that "From my experience of 19 years of being a police officer, undoubtedly on full moons we do seem to get people with sort of strange behavior - more fractious, argumentative."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/southern_counties/6723911.stm |title=Crackdown on lunar-fuelled crime |publisher=BBC News |date=5 June 2007 |accessdate=26 July 2013}}</ref> | |||
| Police in ] and ] have blamed temporary rises in crime on the full Moon.<ref></ref><ref></ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kypost.com/2002/jan/29/chase012902.html|title=Police busy for full moon|work=]|publisher=]|date=29 January 2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706203651/http://www.kypost.com/2002/jan/29/chase012902.html|archivedate=6 July 2007}}</ref> In January 2008, ]'s Justice Minister ] suggested that a spate of stabbings in the country could have been caused by the lunar cycle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/4392942a11.html |title=Link between moon and crime supported - national |publisher=Stuff.co.nz |date=2008-02-07 |accessdate=2011-07-11}}</ref> | |||
| A reported correlation between Moon phase and the number of homicides in ] was found, through later analysis, not to be supported by the data and to have been the result of inappropriate and misleading statistical procedures.<ref name="kelly">{{Citation | |||
| | last=Kelly | first=Ivan | last2=Rotton|first2=James | |||
| | last3=Culver | first3=Roger | date=1986 | |||
| | title=The Moon Was Full and Nothing Happened: A Review of Studies on the Moon and Human Behavior | |||
| | journal=Skeptical Inquirer | volume=10 | issue=2 | pages=129–43 | |||
| | url= | |||
| }}. Reprinted in ''The Hundredth Monkey - and other paradigms of the paranormal'', edited by Kendrick Frazier, Prometheus Books. Revised and updated in ''The Outer Edge: Classic Investigations of the Paranormal'', edited by ], ], and ], 1996, ].</ref> | |||
| ===Politics=== | |||
| It was suggested, by Guy Cramer, president of the aerospace science company United Dynamics Corp, that the full Moon might have influenced voter behavior in the ].<ref></ref> | |||
| ===Sleep quality=== | |||
| A July 2013 study carried out at the ] in ] suggests a correlation between the full Moon and human sleep quality.<ref name="CajochenAltanay-Ekici2013" /> Professor Cajochen and colleagues presented evidence that a lunar rhythm can modulate sleep structure in humans when measured under the highly controlled conditions of a circadian laboratory study protocol without time cues. Studying 33 volunteer subjects, the researchers found that subjective and objective measures of sleep varied according to lunar phase and thus may reflect human circalunar rhythmicity. Stringently controlled laboratory conditions, in a cross-sectional setting, were employed to exclude confounding effects such as increased light at night or the potential bias in perception. Measures of lunar influence on sleep structure, ]ic activity during ] (NREM), and secretion of the hormones ] and ], were retrospectively analyzed. At no point, during and after the study, were volunteers or investigators aware of the posteriori analysis relative to lunar phase. Around full Moon it was found that electroencephalogram (EEG) delta activity during NREM sleep, an indicator of deep sleep, decreased by 30%, time to fall asleep increased by five minutes, and EEG-assessed total sleep duration was reduced by 20 minutes. These changes were associated with a decrease in subjective sleep quality and diminished endogenous melatonin levels.<ref name="CajochenAltanay-Ekici2013" /> Cajochen said: "The lunar cycle seems to influence human sleep, even when one does not 'see' the Moon and is not aware of the actual Moon phase." <ref>{{cite web|last=Roberts |first=Michelle |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-23405941 |title=BBC News - Full Moon 'disturbs a good night's sleep' |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2013-07-26}}</ref> | |||
| There are suggestions that the 2013 Cajochen study is faulty because of a relatively small sample size and inappropriate controls for gender and sex.<ref name="Cordi2014" /> A 2014 study with a larger sample size and better experimental controls found no effect of the lunar phase on sleep quality metrics.<ref name="Cordi2014" /> A 2016 study spanning 28 months with over 5,800 participants found a 1% alteration in sleep duration but no other modification in activity behaviors.<ref name="FrontPed">{{cite news|title=Does the moon affect our mood or actions?|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/05/160506105645.htm|accessdate=2016-05-11|work=www.sciencedaily.com}}</ref> The lead scientist said: "Our study provides compelling evidence that the moon does not seem to influence people's behavior."<ref name="FrontPed"/> | |||
| ===Plants=== | |||
| The popular belief that the moon has an effect on plants is unsubstantiated. When witnessed, the effects have been indirectly attributed to "moon gardeners"' attentive care.<ref>{{cite web|last=Roach|first=John|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/07/0710_030710_moongarden.html|title=Age-Old Moon Gardening Growing in Popularity|publisher=National Geographic|date= |accessdate=2016-08-15}}</ref> | |||
| ==Meta-analyses== | |||
| A meta-analysis of thirty-seven studies that examined relationships between the Moon's four phases and human behavior revealed no significant correlation. The authors found that, of twenty-three studies that had claimed to show correlation, nearly half contained at least one ] error.<ref name="RottonKelly1985"/><ref name="kelly"/> Similarly, in a review of twenty studies examining correlations between Moon phase and suicides, most of the twenty studies found no correlation, and the ones that did report positive results were inconsistent with each other.<ref name="kelly" /> | |||
| ==In animals== | |||
| Correlation between hormonal changes in the ] and lunar periodicity was found in ] (a type of fish), which spawns synchronously around the last Moon quarter.<ref name="zimecki">{{cite journal |last=Zimecki |first=M |date=2006 |title=The lunar cycle: effects on human and animal behavior and physiology |url=http://www.phmd.pl/fulltxt.php?ICID=442883|journal=Postepy Hig Med Dosw|pmid=16407788 |access-date=24 July 2015}}</ref> In ], lunar phases affect the levels of ] in the blood.<ref name="zimecki"/> | |||
| The ] is another fish that is influenced by the moon or tides (see above). | |||
| Evidence for lunar effect in reptiles, birds and mammals is scant,<ref name="zimecki"/> but among reptiles ]s (which live in the ]) time their trips to the sea in order to arrive at low tide.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Martin Wikelski|author2=Michaela Hau|title=Is There an Endogenous Tidal Foraging Rhythm in Marine Iguanas?|journal=]|date=Dec 1995|doi=10.1177/074873049501000407}}</ref> | |||
| In insects, the lunar cycle may affect hormonal changes early in ].<ref name="zimecki"/> The body weight of ] peaks during ].<ref name="zimecki"/> The ] '']'' has a biological clock synchronized with the moon.<ref name="CajochenAltanay-Ekici2013"/><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Tobias Kaiser|author2=Dietrich Neumann|author3=David Heckel|title=Timing the tides: genetic control of diurnal and lunar emergence times is correlated in the marine midge Clunio marinus|journal=]|date=May 2011|doi=10.1186/1471-2156-12-49|url=http://bmcgenet.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2156-12-49}}</ref> | |||
| Spawning of coral '']'' occurs at night during the summer on a date determined by the ]; in the ], this is the three- to five-day period around the ] in July and the similar period in August.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Schlesinger, Y. |author2=Loya, Y. |year=1991 |title=Larval development and survivorship in the corals ''Favia favus'' and ''Platygyra lamellina'' |journal=Developments in Hydrobiology |volume=66 |pages=101–108 |doi=10.1007/978-94-011-3240-4_14 }}</ref> '']'' coral time their simultaneous release of sperm and eggs to just one or two days a year, after sundown with a full moon.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Alex Riley|title=Playing Cupid to get reluctant corals in the mood for love|journal=]|date=Feb 20, 2016|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2077033}}</ref> | |||
| The ] that lives in the seas of Indonesia and Polynesia loose the terminal part of their bodies during a waning moon at a certain time of year. These parts float to the surface and release sperm and eggs. The terminal parts are gathered by people as a special food. The event would be predicted by the local priests, and the lunar calendar was set by the event.<ref>{{cite book|author1=]|title=Eden in the East|date=1998|isbn=0753806797|pages=345, 346}}</ref> Because the Palolo adjust their spawning time between October and November, and because of inter-island differences in spawning times, there are factors other than the Moon that control the timing. Such factor may include seawater temperatures, tides, weather, or other biological signals.<ref>{{cite web| first = P. | last = Craig| title= Natural History Guide to American Samoa| url= http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/basch/uhnpscesu/pdfs/NatHistGuideAS09op.pdf| publisher = National Park of American Samoa, Department Marine and Wildlife Resources, American Samoa Community College| accessdate=2016-05-11}}</ref> | |||
| ==Proposed explanations== | |||
| Believers in the lunar theory suggest several different mechanisms by which the behaviour of the Moon could influence the behaviour of human beings. A common suggestion is that, since the Moon affects large bodies of water such as the ocean (a phenomenon known as "]"), the Moon should be expected to have an analogous effect on human beings, whose bodies contain a great deal of water.<ref name="skepdic"/><ref name="straightdope">{{cite web | |||
| | last=Adams | first=Cecil | authorlink = Cecil Adams | |||
| | title = Do things get crazy when the moon is full? | |||
| | work = ] | |||
| | date = 13 March 1987 | |||
| | url = http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/552/do-things-get-crazy-when-the-moon-is-full | |||
| | accessdate = 14 December 2011 | |||
| }}</ref> However, this is a misconception that fails to take into account differences in scale. The tidal force is in fact very weak and should be expected to exercise no more gravitational pull on the human body than a mosquito.<ref name="skepdic" /> Besides this, the "suggestion" failed to account for the dependence of ]s from both the phase of the Moon and the ''time of day''. A further suggestion is that ] increase in abundance during a full Moon and that this should be expected to influence human behavior. However, this is a pseudo-scientific claim. Not only is the increase in frequency extremely slight (much smaller than that caused by ] and ]),<ref name="straightdope" /> but ionic charge—positive or negative—has no effect on human behavior, and no physiological effect other than static electric shock.<ref>{{cite web|last=Novella|first=Steven|authorlink=Steven Novella|title=Pseudoscience Sells|url=http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/index.php/pseudoscience-sells/|accessdate=20 March 2012}}</ref> | |||
| Believers (] being a prominent example) often support their claims by noting that many police officers, teachers, and nurses have observed a lunar effect in the course of their work. To the extent that nurses and police officers do indeed claim to observe patterns, this is most likely to be explained in terms of ]: People notice if something dramatic happens during a full Moon, but do not notice when nothing dramatic happens;<ref name="straightdope"/><ref name="Gilovich1993" /> furthermore, dramatic occurrences that do not occur during full Moons are typically not counted as evidence against the belief.<ref name="skepdic"/> Believers are further bolstered in their belief through ]: The more people talk about the effect, the more people notice spurious relationships.<ref name="skepdic"/> | |||
| ==Possible evolutionary explanations== | |||
| {{quotation|Nocturnal carnivores are widely believed to have played an important role in human evolution, driving the need for nighttime shelter, the control of fire and our innate fear of darkness. We performed an extensive analysis of predatory behavior across the lunar cycle on the largest dataset of lion attacks ever assembled and found that African lions are as sensitive to moonlight when hunting humans as when hunting herbivores and that lions are most dangerous to humans when the Moon is faint or below the horizon. |{{Citation|author1=C. Packer |author2=A. Swanson |author3=D. Ikanda |author4=H. Kushnir |last-author-amp=yes |date=2011|title=Fear of Darkness, the Full Moon and the Nocturnal Ecology of African Lions. |journal=PLoS ONE|volume= 6|issue=7|page= e22285|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0022285}}}} | |||
| For some 3–4 million years, bipedal hominins in the East African Rift valley were evolving in potential conflict and competition with fearsome carnivores including sabre-toothed cats equipped with excellent night-vision. Using the largest data set ever recorded – 1,000 lion attacks on humans across Tanzania between 1988 and 2009 – Craig Packer and his colleagues showed that there is a peak of attacks by lions upon humans during the evening dark hours following full Moon. According to Packer, this may help explain why so many myths and superstitions attribute fearsome dangers and nightmarish potencies to the Moon.<ref>C. Packer, A. Swanson, D. Ikanda, and H. Kushnir (2011). ''Fear of Darkness, the Full Moon and the Nocturnal Ecology of African Lions.'' PLoS ONE 6(7): e22285. {{DOI|10.1371/journal.pone.0022285}}</ref> While not all archaeologists accept that lunar periodicity was ever relevant to human evolution, those favouring the idea include Curtis Marean, who heads excavations at the important Middle Stone Age site of ], South Africa. Marean argues that anatomically modern humans around 165,000 years ago – when inland regions of the continent were dry, arid and uninhabitable – became restricted to small populations clustered around coastal refugia, reliant on marine resources including shellfish whose safe harvesting at spring low tides presupposed careful tracking of lunar phase. Against this background, if Marean is right, humans who ignored or misread the Moon might frequently have been drowned.<ref>Curtis Marean (2010). Pinnacle Point Cave 13B (Western Cape Province, South Africa) in context: The Cape Floral kingdom, shellfish, and modern human origins. ''Journal of Human Evolution'' '''59''': 425e443</ref>{{quotation|With gradual offshore platforms during spring low tides, substantial areas of the intertidal zone are revealed, and these are the most productive and safest shellfish collecting times... Foragers should schedule visits to coastal residential sites at times during the lunar month when spring tides are present and then move slightly inland during neaps to broaden the size of the exploitable terrestrial area.|{{Citation|title=''Marean, C. 2010. Pinnacle Point Cave 13B (Western Cape Province, South Africa) in context: The Cape Floral kingdom, shellfish, and modern human origins.'' Journal of Human Evolution '''''59''': 425e-443 .''}}}} | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist|30em| | |||
| refs= | |||
| <ref name="MartensKelly1988">{{cite journal|last1=Martens|first1=R.|last2=Kelly|first2=I. W.|last3=Saklofske|first3=D. H.|title=Lunar Phase and Birthrate: A 50-year Critical Review|journal=Psychological Reports|volume=63|issue=3|date=1988|pages=923–934|issn=0033-2941|doi=10.2466/pr0.1988.63.3.923}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="RottonKelly1985">{{cite journal|last1=Rotton|first1=James|last2=Kelly|first2=I. W.|title=Much ado about the full moon: A meta-analysis of lunar-lunacy research.|journal=Psychological Bulletin|volume=97|issue=2|date=1985|pages=286–306|issn=1939-1455|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.97.2.286}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="CajochenAltanay-Ekici2013">{{cite journal|last1=Cajochen|first1=Christian|last2=Altanay-Ekici|first2=Songül|last3=Münch|first3=Mirjam|last4=Frey|first4=Sylvia|last5=Knoblauch|first5=Vera|last6=Wirz-Justice|first6=Anna|title=Evidence that the Lunar Cycle Influences Human Sleep|journal=Current Biology|volume=23|issue=15|date=2013|pages=1485–1488|issn=0960-9822|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2013.06.029|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982213007549}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="RomanSoriano2004">{{cite journal|last1=Roman|first1=Eva Maria|last2=Soriano|first2=German|last3=Fuentes|first3=Mercedes|last4=Galvez|first4=Maria Luz|last5=Fernandez|first5=Clotilde|title=The influence of the full moon on the number of admissions related to gastrointestinal bleeding|journal=International Journal of Nursing Practice|volume=10|issue=6|date=2004|pages=292–296|issn=1322-7114|doi=10.1111/j.1440-172x.2004.00492.x}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="grunion">{{cite web|url=http://grunion.pepperdine.edu/whatis.htm|accessdate=2013-09-17|title=What is a grunion?|work=Pepperdine University}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Gilovich1993">{{cite book|last=Gilovich|first=Thomas|title=How we know what isn't so : the fallibility of human reason in everyday life|date=1993|publisher=Free Press|location=New York|isbn=9780029117064}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Abell1979">{{Citation | |||
| | last=Abell | first=George | authorlink1=George Ogden Abell | |||
| | last2=Greenspan | first2=Bennett | date=1979 | |||
| | title=The Moon and the Maternity Ward | |||
| | journal=] | |||
| | volume=3 | issue=4 | pages=17–25 | |||
| | url= | |||
| }} Reprinted in ''Paranormal Borderlands of Science'', edited by ], ], ISBN 0-87975-148-7.</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Caton2001">{{Cite journal |last=Caton |first=Dan |date=2001 |title=Natality and the Moon Revisited: Do Birth Rates Depend on the Phase of the Moon? |url=http://www.dancaton.physics.appstate.edu/Birthrates/AASstuff/ThisStudy.pdf |journal=Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society |publisher=] |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=1371 |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="KellyMartens1994">{{cite journal|last1=Kelly|first1=I. W.|last2=Martens|first2=R.|title=Geophysical Variables and Behavior: LXXVIII. Lunar Phase and Birthrate: An Update|journal=Psychological Reports|volume=75|issue=1|date=1994|pages=507–511|issn=0033-2941|doi=10.2466/pr0.1994.75.1.507}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Morton-PradhanBay2005">{{cite journal|last1=Morton-Pradhan|first1=Susan|last2=Bay|first2=R. Curtis|last3=Coonrod|first3=Dean V.|title=Birth rate and its correlation with the lunar cycle and specific atmospheric conditions|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=192|issue=6|date=2005|pages=1970–1973|issn=0002-9378|doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2005.02.066}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="ArlissKaplan2005">{{cite journal|last1=Arliss|first1=Jill M.|last2=Kaplan|first2=Erin N.|last3=Galvin|first3=Shelley L.|title=The effect of the lunar cycle on frequency of births and birth complications|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=192|issue=5|date=2005|pages=1462–1464|issn=0002-9378|doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2004.12.034}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="StaboulidouSoergel2008">{{cite journal|last1=Staboulidou|first1=Ismini|last2=Soergel|first2=Philipp|last3=Vaske|first3=Bernhard|last4=Hillemanns|first4=Peter|title=The influence of lunar cycle on frequency of birth, birth complications, neonatal outcome and the gender: A retrospective analysis|journal=Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica|volume=87|issue=8|date=2008|pages=875–879|issn=0001-6349|doi=10.1080/00016340802233090}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="JoshiBharadwaj1998">{{cite journal|last1=Joshi|first1=Raksha|last2=Bharadwaj|first2=Anoopendra|last3=Gallousis|first3=Spiro|last4=Matthews|first4=Ronald|title=Labor ward workload waxes and wanes with the lunar cycle, myth or reality?|journal=Primary Care Update for OB/GYNS|volume=5|issue=4|date=1998|pages=184|issn=1068-607X|doi=10.1016/S1068-607X(98)00100-0}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Drum1986">{{cite journal | |||
| | last = Drum | first = M. | last2 = Terry | first2 = C. | |||
| | last3 = Hammonds | first3 = C. | |||
| | title = Lunar phase and acting-out behaviour | |||
| | journal = Psychological Reports | |||
| | volume = 59 | pages = 987–990 | |||
| | date = 1986 | |||
| | pmid=3809355 | issue=2 Pt 2 | doi=10.2466/pr0.1986.59.2.987 | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Lieber1978">{{cite journal | |||
| | last = Lieber | first = A. | |||
| | title = Human aggression and the lunar synodic cycle | |||
| | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychiatry | |||
| | date=1978 | |||
| | pmid=641019 | |||
| | volume = 39 | issue = 5 | pages = 385–392 | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Owen1998">{{cite journal | |||
| | last = Owen | first = C. | last2 = Tarantello | first2 = C. | |||
| | last3 = Jones | first3 = M. | last4 = Tennant | first4 = C. | |||
| | title = Lunar cycles and violent behaviour | |||
| | journal = Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry | |||
| | volume = 32 | issue = 4 | pages = 496–499 | |||
| | date = 1998 | |||
| | pmid = 9711362 | doi=10.3109/00048679809068322 | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Barr2000">{{cite journal | |||
| | last = Barr | first = W. | |||
| | title = Lunacy revisited: The influence of the moon on mental health and quality of life | |||
| | journal = Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Service | |||
| | volume = 38 | pages = 28–36 | date = 2000 | pmid=10820695 | issue=5 | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="BaxendaleFisher2008">{{cite journal|last1=Baxendale|first1=Sallie|last2=Fisher|first2=Jennifer|title=Moonstruck? The effect of the lunar cycle on seizures|journal=Epilepsy & Behavior|volume=13|issue=3|date=2008|pages=549–550|issn=1525-5050|doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.06.009}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="CampbellBeets1978">{{cite journal|last1=Campbell|first1=D.E.|last2=Beets|first2=J.L.|journal=Psychological Bulletin|date=1978|volume=85|issue=5|pages=1123–1129|title=Lunacy and the Moon|pmid=704720|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.85.5.1123}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="AbellGreenspan1979">{{cite journal|author1=Abell G.O. |author2=Greenspan B. |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Human Births and the Phase of the Moon|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=300|issue=2|date=1979|pages=96–96|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM197901113000223|pmid=758594}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="FosterRoenneberg2008">{{cite journal|last1=Foster|first1=Russell G.|last2=Roenneberg|first2=Till|title=Human Responses to the Geophysical Daily, Annual and Lunar Cycles|journal=Current Biology|volume=18|issue=17|date=2008|pages=R784–R794|issn=0960-9822|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.003|pmid=18786384}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Cordi2014">{{cite journal|last1=Cordi|first1=Maren|last2=Ackermann|first2=Sandra|last3=Bes|first3=Frederik W.|last4=Hartmann|first4=Francina|last5=Konrad|first5=Boris N.|last6=Genzel|first6=Lisa|last7=Pawlowski|first7=Marcel|last8=Steiger|first8=Axel|last9=Schulz|first9=Hartmut|last10=Rasch|first10=Björn|last11=Dresler|first11=Martin|title=Lunar cycle effects on sleep and the file drawer problem|journal=Current Biology|volume=24|issue=12|year=2014|pages=R549–R550|issn=0960-9822|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2014.05.017}}</ref> | |||
| }} | |||
| ==Bibliography== | |||
| * Abell, George (1979). Review of the book ''The Alleged Lunar Effect'' by Arnold Lieber, '']'', Spring 1979, 68-73. Reprinted in ''Science Confronts the Paranormal'', edited by Kendrick Frazier, ], ISBN 0-87975-314-5. | |||
| * Abell, George and Barry Singer (1981). ''Science and the Paranormal - probing the existence of the supernatural'', ], chapter 5, ISBN 0-684-17820-6. | |||
| * ] (2003). Fooled by the Full Moon - Scientists search for the sober truth behind some loony ideas, '']'', September 2003, page 30. | |||
| * Caton, Dan (2001). Natality and the Moon Revisited: Do Birth Rates Depend on the Phase of the Moon?, '']'', Vol 33, No. 4, 2001, p. 1371. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| |last=Diefendorf|first=David | |||
| |date=2007 | |||
| |title=Amazing... But false! Hundreds of "facts" you thought were true, but aren't | |||
| |publisher=] | |||
| |isbn=978-1-4027-3791-6}} | |||
| * Sanduleak, Nicholas (1985). The Moon is Acquitted of Murder in Cleveland, ''Skeptical Inquirer'', Spring 1985, 236-42. Reprinted in ''Science Confronts the Paranormal'', edited by Kendrick Frazier, Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-314-5. | |||
| * {{cite journal | last1 = Packer | first1 = C. | last2 = Swanson | first2 = A. | last3 = Ikanda | first3 = D. | last4 = Kushnir | first4 = H. | year = 2011 | title = Fear of Darkness, the Full Moon and the Nocturnal Ecology of African Lions | url = | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 7| page = 22285 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0022285 }} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
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| *{{cite journal |last1=Palmer |first1=JD |last2=Udry |first2=JR |last3=Morris |first3=NM |title=Diurnal and weekly, but no lunar rhythms in humans copulation |journal=Human biology; an international record of research |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=111–21 |date=1982 |pmid=7200945}} | |||
| *{{cite journal |last1=Foster |first1=Russell G. |last2=Roenneberg |first2=Till |title=Human Responses to the Geophysical Daily, Annual and Lunar Cycles |journal=Current Biology |volume=18 |issue=17 |pages=R784–R794 |date=2008 |pmid=18786384 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.003 |quote=Lunar cycles had, and continue to have, an influence upon human culture, though despite a persistent belief that our mental health and other behaviours are modulated by the phase of the moon, there is no solid evidence that human biology is in any way regulated by the lunar cycle}} | |||
| *{{cite journal |last1=Zimecki |first1=Michał |title=The lunar cycle: effects on human and animal behavior and physiology |journal=Postepy higieny i medycyny doswiadczalnej |volume=60 |pages=1–7 |date=2006 |pmid=16407788 |url=http://www.phmd.pl/fulltxt.php?ICID=442883 |quote=In fish the lunar clock influences reproduction and involves the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. In birds, the daily variations in melatonin and corticosterone disappear during full-moon days. The lunar cycle also exerts effects on laboratory rats with regard to taste sensitivity and the ultrastructure of pineal gland cells. Cyclic variations related to the moon's phases in the magnitude of the humoral immune response of mice to polivinylpyrrolidone and sheep erythrocytes were also described. It is suggested that melatonin and endogenous steroids may mediate the described cyclic alterations of physiological processes. The release of neurohormones may be triggered by the electromagnetic radiation and/or the gravitational pull of the moon}} | |||
| {{pseudoscience}} | |||
| {{The Moon}} | |||
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Revision as of 13:47, 18 August 2016
Not True This is all a lie. a lie i tell u