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{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Apollo 14
| image = Apollo 14 Shepard.jpg
| image_caption = Shepard poses next to the American flag on the Moon during Apollo 14
| insignia = Apollo_14-insignia.png
| mission_type = Manned lunar landing
| operator = ]<ref name="Orloff">{{cite book |last=Orloff |first=Richard W. |title=Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference |url=http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/SP-4029.htm |accessdate=July 17, 2013 |series=NASA History Series |origyear=First published 2000 |date=September 2004 |work=NASA History Division, Office of Policy and Plans |publisher=] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=0-16-050631-X |lccn=00061677 |id=NASA SP-2000-4029 |chapter=Table of Contents |chapterurl=http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_00g_Table_of_Contents.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823124845/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/SP-4029.htm|archivedate=August 23, 2007}}</ref>
| COSPAR_ID = CSM: 1971-008A<br />LM: 1971-008C
| SATCAT = CSM: 4900<br />LM: 4905
| mission_duration = 9&nbsp;days, 1&nbsp;minute, 58&nbsp;seconds
| spacecraft = ]-110<br />]-8
| manufacturer = CSM: ]<br />LM: ]
| launch_mass = {{convert|102084|lb|kg}}
| landing_mass = {{convert|11481|lb|kg}}

| launch_date = {{start-date|January 31, 1971, 21:03:02|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC
| launch_rocket = ] SA-509
| launch_site = ] ]

| landing_date = {{end-date|February 9, 1971, 21:05:00|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC
| landing_site = South Pacific Ocean<br />{{Coord|27|1|S|172|39|W|type:event|title=Apollo 14 splashdown}}
| recovery_by = {{USS|New Orleans|LPH-11|6}}
| orbit_epoch =
| orbit_reference = ]
| orbit_periapsis = {{convert|9.1|nmi|km|disp=flip|sp=us}}
| orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|58.8|nmi|km|disp=flip|sp=us}}
| orbit_inclination =
| orbit_period = 120&nbsp;minutes
| apsis = selene

|interplanetary =
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
|type = orbiter
|object = ]
|component = ]
|orbits = 34
|arrival_date = February 4, 1971, 06:59:42&nbsp;UTC
|departure_date = February 7, 1971, 01:39:04&nbsp;UTC
}}
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
|type = lander
|object = ]
|component = ]
|arrival_date = February 5, 1971, 09:18:11&nbsp;UTC
|departure_date = February 6, 1971, 18:48:42&nbsp;UTC
|location = ]<br />{{Lunar coords and quad cat|3.64530|S|17.47136|W}}
|sample_mass = {{convert|94.35|lb|kg|order=flip}}
|surface_EVAs = 2
|surface_EVA_time = {{nowrap|Total: 9&nbsp;hours, 22&nbsp;minutes, 31&nbsp;seconds}}<br /><small>First: 4&nbsp;hours, 47&nbsp;minutes, 50&nbsp;seconds<br />Second&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;hours, 34&nbsp;minutes, 41&nbsp;seconds</small>
}}

| docking =
{{Infobox spaceflight/Dock
| docking_target = LM
| docking_type = dock
| docking_date = February 1, 1971, 01:57:58&nbsp;UTC
| undocking_date = February 5, 1971, 04:50:43&nbsp;UTC
| time_docked =
}}
{{Infobox spaceflight/Dock
| docking_target = LM Ascent Stage
| docking_type = dock
| docking_date = February 6, 1971, 20:35:52&nbsp;UTC
| undocking_date = February 6, 1971, 22:48:00&nbsp;UTC
| time_docked =
}}

| crew_size = 3
| crew_members = ]<br />]<br />]
| crew_callsign = CSM: ''Kitty Hawk''<br />LM: ''Antares''
| crew_photo = Apollo 14 crew.jpg
| crew_photo_caption = Left to right: Roosa, Shepard, Mitchell

| previous_mission = ]
| next_mission = ]
| programme = ]
}}

'''Apollo 14''' was the eighth manned mission in the United States ], and the third to ] on the ]. It was the last of the "]," targeted landings with two-day stays on the Moon with two lunar ]s, or moonwalks.

Commander ], ] ], and ] ] launched on their nine-day mission on January 31, 1971 at 4:04:02&nbsp;p.m. local time after a 40-minute, 2 second delay due to launch site weather restrictions, the first such delay in the Apollo program.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://history.nasa.gov/afj/launchwindow/lw1.html |title=Apollo lunar landing launch window: The controlling factors and constraints |last=Wheeler |first=Robin |year=2009 |work=Apollo Flight Journal |publisher=NASA |accessdate=July 17, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402101131/http://history.nasa.gov/afj/launchwindow/lw1.html|archivedate=April 2, 2009}}</ref> Shepard and Mitchell made their lunar landing on February 5 in the ] - originally the target of the aborted ] mission. During the two lunar EVAs, {{convert|94.35|lb|kg|disp=flip}} of ]s were collected,<ref>{{cite book |last=Orloff |first=Richard W. |title=Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference |url=http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/SP-4029.htm |chapter=Extravehicular Activity |chapterurl=http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-30_Extravehicular_Activity.htm |accessdate=August 1, 2013 |series=The NASA History Series |origyear=First published 2000 |date=September 2004 |work=NASA History Division, Office of Policy and Plans |publisher=] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=0-16-050631-X |lccn=00061677 |id=NASA SP-2000-4029 |ref=Orloff}} For some reason, the total reported does not match the sum of the two EVAs.</ref> and several ] were performed. Shepard hit two ]s on the lunar surface with a makeshift club he had brought from ]. Shepard and Mitchell spent 33½ hours on the Moon, with almost 9½ hours of EVA.

In the aftermath of Apollo 13, several modifications were made to the Service Module electrical power system to prevent a repeat of that accident, including redesign of the oxygen tanks and addition of a third tank.

While Shepard and Mitchell were on the surface, Roosa remained in ] aboard the ] ''Kitty Hawk'', performing scientific experiments and photographing the Moon, including the landing site of the future ] mission. He took several hundred seeds on the mission, many of which were ] on return, resulting in the so-called ]s. Shepard, Roosa, and Mitchell landed in the ] on February 9.

== Crew ==
{{Spaceflight crew
|terminology = Astronaut
|position1 = Commander
|crew1_up = ]
|flights1_up = Second and last
|position2 = Command Module Pilot
|crew2_up = ]
|flights2_up = Only
|position3 = Lunar Module Pilot
|crew3_up = ]
|flights3_up = Only
}}

Shepard was the oldest U.S. ] when he made his trip aboard Apollo 14.<ref>{{cite news |title=Apollo 14 Moon shot: Alan Shepard 'told he was too old' |first=Paul |last=Rincon |authorlink=Paul Rincon |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12344613 |publisher=] |location=London |date=February 3, 2011 |accessdate=February 3, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204051501/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12344613 |archivedate=February 4, 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/Apollo-14-and-15/12295509436546-9/ |title=1971 Year in Review: Apollo 14 and 15 |work=UPI.com |publisher=] |year=1971 |accessdate=May 3, 2009}}</ref> He is the only astronaut from ] (the original ] astronauts) to reach the Moon. Another of the original seven, ], had (as ]'s backup commander) tentatively been scheduled to command the mission, but according to author ], his casual attitude toward training, along with problems with ] hierarchy (reaching all the way back to the ] flight), resulted in his removal.

The mission was a personal triumph for Shepard, who had battled back from ] which grounded him from 1964 to 1968. He and his crew were originally scheduled to fly on Apollo 13, but in 1969 NASA officials switched the scheduled crews for Apollos 13 and 14. This was done to allow Shepard more time to train for his flight, as he had been grounded for four years.<ref name="Chaikin2009">]</ref>

All three crew members are now dead, making Apollo 14 the first of the six successful moon landing missions whose crew have all died: Roosa in 1994 from ], Shepard in 1998 from ], and Mitchell in 2016.

=== Backup crew ===
{{Spaceflight crew
|terminology = Astronaut
|position1 = Commander
|crew1_up = ]
|position2 = Command Module Pilot
|crew2_up = ]
|position3 = Lunar Module Pilot
|crew3_up = ]
|notes = The backup crew (with ] replacing Engle)<br />would become the prime crew of ].
}}

=== Support crew ===
*]
*]
*]
*]

=== Flight directors ===
*Pete Frank, Orange team
*], Black team
*Milton Windler, Maroon team
*], Gold team

== Mission parameters ==
Geocentric:
*''']:''' CSM 29,240&nbsp;kg; LM 15,264&nbsp;kg
*''']:''' 183.2&nbsp;km
*''']:''' 188.9&nbsp;km
*''']:''' 31.12°
*''']:''' 88.18 min
Selenocentric:
*''']:''' 108.2&nbsp;km
*''']:''' 314.1&nbsp;km
*'''Orbital inclination:''' °
*'''Orbital period:''' 120 min
*'''Landing Site:''' or<br />3° 38' 43.08" S – 17° 28' 16.90" W

=== LM – CSM docking ===
*'''Undocked''': February 5, 1971 – 04:50:43 UTC
*'''Docked''': February 6, 1971 – 20:35:42 UTC

=== EVAs ===
; EVA 1
* '''Start''': February 5, 1971, 14:42:13 UTC
* ''Shepard '' – EVA 1
*'''Stepped onto Moon''': 14:54 UTC
*'''LM ingress''': 19:22 UTC
* ''Mitchell'' – EVA 1
*'''Stepped onto Moon''': 14:58 UTC
*'''LM ingress''': 19:18 UTC
*'''End''': February 5, 19:30:50 UTC
**'''Duration''': 4 hours, 47 minutes, 50 seconds

; EVA 2
* '''Start''': February 6, 1971, 08:11:15 UTC
* ''Shepard '' – EVA 2
*'''Stepped onto Moon''': 08:16 UTC
*'''LM ingress''': 12:38 UTC
* ''Mitchell'' – EVA 2
*'''Stepped onto Moon''': 08:23 UTC
*'''LM ingress''': 12:28 UTC
*'''End''': February 6, 12:45:56 UTC
**'''Duration''': 4 hours, 34 minutes, 41 seconds

== Mission highlights ==
]

===Launch and flight to lunar orbit===
Apollo 14 launched during heavy cloud cover and the Saturn V booster quickly disappeared from view. NASA's long-range cameras, based 60 miles south in ], had a clear shot of the remainder of the launch. Following the launch, the ] at ] was visited by ] ], ] of ], and his wife, ].

At the beginning of the mission, the ] ''Kitty Hawk'' had difficulty achieving capture and docking with the ] ''Antares''. Repeated attempts to dock went on for 1 hour and 42 minutes, until it was suggested that Roosa hold ''Kitty Hawk'' against ''Antares'' using its thrusters, then the docking probe would be retracted out of the way, hopefully triggering the docking latches. This attempt was successful, and no further docking problems were encountered during the mission.

===Lunar descent===
After separating from the Command Module in lunar orbit, the LM ''Antares'' also had two serious problems. First, the LM computer began getting an ABORT signal from a faulty switch. NASA believed that the computer might be getting erroneous readings like this if a tiny ball of solder had shaken loose and was floating between the switch and the contact, closing the circuit. The immediate solution&nbsp;— tapping on the panel next to the switch&nbsp;— did work briefly, but the circuit soon closed again. If the problem recurred after the descent engine fired, the computer would think the signal was real and would initiate an auto-abort, causing the ] to separate from the ] and climb back into orbit. NASA and the software teams at the ] scrambled to find a solution, and determined the fix would involve reprogramming the flight software to ignore the false signal. The ] were transmitted to the crew via voice communication, and Mitchell manually entered the changes (amounting to over 80 keystrokes on the LM computer pad) just in time.

A second problem occurred during the powered descent, when the LM ] failed to lock automatically onto the Moon's surface, depriving the navigation computer of vital information on the vehicle's altitude and vertical descent speed (this was not a result of the modifications to the ABORT command; rather, the post-mission report indicated it was an unrelated bug in the radar's operation). After the astronauts cycled the landing radar breaker, the unit successfully acquired a signal near {{convert|18000|ft|m}}, again just in time. Shepard then manually landed the LM closer to its intended target than any of the other six Moon landing missions. Mitchell believed that Shepard would have continued with the landing attempt without the radar, using the LM inertial guidance system and visual cues. A post-flight review of the descent data showed the inertial system alone would have been inadequate, and the astronauts probably would have been forced to abort the landing as they approached the surface.

===Lunar surface operations===
] left on the Moon by Apollo 14]]
Shepard and Mitchell named their landing site ''Fra Mauro Base'', and this designation is recognized by the ] (depicted in Latin on lunar maps as ''Statio Fra Mauro'').

Shepard's first words, after stepping onto the lunar surface were, "And it's been a long way, but we're here." Unlike ] on ] and ] on Apollo 12, Shepard had already stepped off the LM footpad and was a few yards (meters) away before he spoke.

Shepard's moonwalking suit was the first to utilize red stripes on the arms and legs and on the top of the lunar EVA sunshade "hood," so as to allow easy identification between the commander and LM pilot on the surface;<ref>{{cite journal |last=von Braun |first=Wernher |authorlink=Wernher von Braun |title=Space Suits—from Pressurized Prison to Mini-Spacecraft |date=July 1972 |journal=] |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WZ6okH8FCs4C&lpg=PA121&dq=space%20suits%20red%20bands&pg=PA121#v=onepage&q=space%20suits%20red%20bands&f=false |accessdate=July 17, 2013}}</ref> on the ] pictures, it had been almost impossible to distinguish between the two crewmen, causing a great deal of confusion. This feature was included on ]'s Apollo 13 suit; because no landing was made on that mission, Apollo 14 was the first to make use of it. This feature was used for the remaining Apollo missions, and for the EVAs of ] flights afterwards, and it is still in use today on both the U.S. and Russian ]s on the ].

After landing in the Fra Mauro formation—the destination for Apollo 13—Shepard and Mitchell took two moonwalks, adding new ]<ref>Brzostowski and Brzostowski, pp 414-416</ref> to the by now familiar ] (ALSEP), and using the ] (MET), a pull-cart for carrying equipment and samples, nicknamed "lunar rickshaw". Roosa, meanwhile, took pictures from on board Command Module ''Kitty Hawk'' in lunar orbit.

The second moonwalk, or EVA, was intended to reach the rim of the {{convert|1000|ft|m|adj=on}} wide Cone Crater. The two astronauts were not able to find the rim amid the rolling terrain of the crater's slopes. They became physically exhausted from the attempt and with their suits' oxygen supplies starting to run low, the effort was called off. Later analysis, using the pictures that they took, determined that they had come within an estimated {{convert|65|ft|m}} of the crater's rim. Images from the ] (LRO) show the tracks of the astronauts and the MET come to within 30&nbsp;m of the rim.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/news/index.php?/archives/91-Trail-of-Discovery-at-Fra-Mauro.html |title = Trail of Discovery at Fra Mauro |last=Lawrence |first=Samuel |date=August 19, 2009 |work=Featured Images |publisher=LROC News System |location=Tempe, Arizona}}</ref>
] broadcast Alan Shepard taking a couple of ] on the Moon]]

Shepard and Mitchell deployed and activated various scientific instruments and experiments and collected almost {{convert|100|lb|kg}} of lunar samples for return to Earth. Other Apollo 14 achievements included the only use of MET; longest distance traversed by foot on the lunar surface; first use of shortened lunar orbit rendezvous techniques; and the first extensive orbital science period conducted during CSM solo operations.

The astronauts also engaged in less serious activities on the Moon. Shepard brought along a ] which he could attach to the handle of a lunar excavation tool, and two golf balls, and took several one-handed swings (due to the limited flexibility of the EVA suit). He exuberantly exclaimed that the second ball went "miles and miles and miles" in the low lunar ], but later estimated the distance as {{convert|200|to|400|yd|sp=us}}. Mitchell then threw a lunar scoop handle as if it were a ].

===Return, splashdown and quarantine===
]
On the way back to Earth, the crew conducted the first U.S. materials processing experiments in space.

The Command Module ''Kitty Hawk'' splashed down in the South Pacific Ocean on February 9, 1971 at 21:05 , approximately {{convert|760|nmi|km}} south of ]. After recovery by the ship ], the crew was flown to ] in ] for a reception before being flown on a ] cargo plane to ]. The Apollo 14 astronauts were the last lunar explorers to be ] on their return from the Moon.

Roosa, who worked in forestry in his youth, took several hundred tree seeds on the flight. These were germinated after the return to Earth, and widely distributed around the world as commemorative ]s.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/moon_tree.html| title=The 'Moon Trees'| first=David R.| last=Williams| publisher=NASA| work=]| date=28 July 2009| accessdate=July 17, 2013}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Mission insignia ==
]]]
The oval insignia shows a gold NASA ], given to U.S. astronauts upon completing their first space flight, traveling from the Earth to the Moon. A gold band around the edge includes the mission and astronaut names. The designer was Jean Beaulieu.

The backup crew spoofed the patch with its own version, with revised artwork showing a ] cartoon character depicted as gray-bearded (for Shepard, who was 47 at the time of the mission and the oldest man on the Moon), pot-bellied (for Mitchell, who had a pudgy appearance) and red furred (for Roosa's red hair), still on the way to the Moon, while ] (for the backup crew) is already on the Moon, holding a U.S. flag and a flag labeled "1st Team."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/a14beep-beep.html |title=Back-up-Crew Patch |year=2005 |editor1-last=Lotzmann |editor1-first=Ulrich |editor2-last=Jones |editor2-first=Eric M. |work=Apollo 14 Lunar Surface Journal |publisher=NASA |accessdate=July 17, 2013}} Image of backup crew patch.</ref> The flight name is replaced by "BEEP BEEP" and the backup crew's names are given. Several of these patches were hidden by the backup crew and found during the flight by the crew in notebooks and storage lockers in both the CSM ''Kitty Hawk'' and the LM ''Antares'' spacecraft, and one patch was even stored on the MET lunar hand cart.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/a14-prelim1.html |title=Down the Ladder for EVA-1 |year=1995 |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Eric M. |work=Apollo 14 Lunar Surface Journal |publisher=NASA |accessdate=July 17, 2013}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Spacecraft location ==
The Apollo 14 Command Module ''Kitty Hawk'' is on display at the ] building at the Kennedy Space Center after being on display at the ] near ], for several years.

The ascent stage of Lunar Module ''Antares'' impacted the Moon on February 7, 1971 at 00:45:25.7 UT (February 6, 7:45 PM EST) {{Coord|3.42|S|19.67|W|globe:Moon_type:landmark|name=Apollo 14 LM ascent stage}}. ''Antares''' descent stage and the mission's other equipment remain at Fra Mauro at {{Coord|3.65|S|17.47|W|globe:Moon_type:landmark|name=Apollo 14 LM descent stage}}.

Photographs taken in 2009 by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter were released on July 17, and the Fra Mauro equipment was the most visible Apollo hardware at that time, owing to particularly good lighting conditions. In 2011, the LRO returned to the landing site at a lower altitude to take higher resolution photographs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/news/apollo-sites.html |title=NASA Spacecraft Images Offer Sharper Views of Apollo Landing Sites |last1=Neal-Jones |first1=Nancy |last2=Zubritsky |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Cole |first3=Steve |date=September 6, 2011 |editor-last=Garner |editor-first=Robert |publisher=NASA |id=Goddard Release No. 11-058 (co-issued as NASA HQ Release No. 11-289) |accessdate=July 17, 2013}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Apollo 14 footage of the astronauts climbing down from the lunar lander and planting an American flag.ogv|Apollo 14 astronaut Ed Mitchell sets foot on the Moon
File:Ap14 flag.ogg|Shepard and Mitchell erect a ] on the lunar surface
File:Apollo 14 landing site 3133 h2.jpg|Reprocessed ] image taken in 1967, used in mission planning. The image is somewhat oblique and facing south at an illumination angle of about 34 degrees from the left (east).
File:Apollo 14 landing site AS16-M-1419.jpg|] image showing the Apollo 14 landing site at the green dot near center. The ]y terrain stretching from the lower left to the upper right is the approximate extent of the ].
File:LRO Apollo14 landing site 369228main ap14labeled 540.jpg|Apollo 14 landing site, photograph by ]
File:Apollo14LRO2.png|Later photo of landing site taken by LRO
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

== References ==
{{NASA}}
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
* Brzostowski, M.A., and Brzostowski, A.C., ''Archiving the Apollo active seismic data'', The Leading Edge, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, April, 2009.
* {{cite book |last=Chaikin |first=Andrew |authorlink=Andrew Chaikin |title=]: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts |origyear=Originally published 1994 |year=2009 |publisher=] |location=London |isbn=978-0-14-104183-4 |oclc=310154550 |lccn=93048680 |ref=Chaikin 2009}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lattimer |first=Dick |others=Foreword by ] |title=All We Did Was Fly to the Moon |edition=1st |series=History-alive series |volume=1 |year=1985 |publisher=Whispering Eagle Press |location=Alachua, FL |isbn=0-9611228-0-3 |ref=Lattimer}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{commons|Apollo 14}}
* at Encyclopedia Astronautica
* {{Wayback|url=http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/LunarAtlas/maps/images/AP14_traverseL.jpg|title=Apollo 14 Traverse Map|date=20060919032908}} – ] (USGS)
* {{cite web |url=http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/LunarAtlas/maps/ |title=Apollo Mission Traverse Maps |publisher=USGS |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060924151815/http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/LunarAtlas/maps/ |archivedate=September 24, 2006}} – Several maps showing routes of moonwalks
* at the ]

'''NASA reports'''
* (PDF), NASA, Release No. 71-3K, January 21, 1971
* (PDF), NASA, JSC-09423, April 1975
* NASA, NASA SP-4009
* from NASA Historical Data Book: Volume III: Programs and Projects 1969–1978 by Linda Neuman Ezell, NASA History Series (1988)
* – by Paul Fjeld at the . NASA. Detailed technical article describing the ABORT signal problem and its solution
* (PDF) ], NASA, February 1971
* at NASA

'''Multimedia'''
*{{YouTube|id=rv6Cwzfj3yc|title=''Apollo 14 "Mission to Fra Mauro"'' - NASA Space Program & Moon Landings Documentary}}
* {{Wayback|url=http://www.life.com/gallery/25452/apollo-14-shepard-roosa-mitchell#index/0|title="Apollo 14: Shepard, Roosa, Mitchell"|date=20110504171049}} – slideshow by ] magazine
* – Interview with the Apollo 14 astronauts, March 31, 1971, from the at the
* at

{{Apollo program| before=]| after=]}}
{{Moon spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 1971}}
{{NASA space program}}

{{Use American English|date=January 2014}}

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Revision as of 13:41, 9 September 2016

NASCAR'S Biggest mistake. and UnderArmourKid likes this