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| '''Commedia dell'arte''', (], meaning "comedy of professional artists") was a form of ] which began in the ] and was popular from then until the ], although it is still performed and enjoyed today. Traveling teams of players would set up an outdoor stage and provide amusement in the form of ], ], and, more typically, humorous plays based on a repertoire of established characters with a rough storyline, called ]. | '''''Commedia dell'arte''''', (], meaning "comedy of professional artists") was a form of ] which began in the ] and was popular from then until the ], although it is still performed and enjoyed today. Traveling teams of players would set up an outdoor stage and provide amusement in the form of ], ], and, more typically, humorous plays based on a repertoire of established characters with a rough storyline, called ]. | ||
| (Troupes occasionally would perform directly from the back of their traveling wagon, but this is more typical of ''']''', a sort of travelling theatre that that dates back to antiquity. | (Troupes occasionally would perform directly from the back of their traveling wagon, but this is more typical of ''']''', a sort of travelling theatre that that dates back to antiquity. | ||
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| The performances were improvised around preordained situations, ], ], ], ]. The dialogue and action could easily be made topical and adjusted to ] local scandals, current events, or regional tastes, mixed with ancient jokes and punchlines. Characters were identified by ], ]s, and even ], such as the ]. | The performances were improvised around preordained situations, ], ], ], ]. The dialogue and action could easily be made topical and adjusted to ] local scandals, current events, or regional tastes, mixed with ancient jokes and punchlines. Characters were identified by ], ]s, and even ], such as the ]. | ||
| Thus, the ''commedia dell'arte'', with its stock situations and characters and improvised dialogue, has shown the way to many other forms of drama, from ] and ] - which features debased forms of the commedia characters (see below) - to the modern ], ], and even ]. The characters and ]s of the Commedia have also been used in modern ]s, from ] to literary works, notably by ] in his ] stories that culminate with the ] prize-winning ''The Condition of Muzak''. | Thus, the ''commedia dell'arte'', with its stock situations and ] and improvised dialogue, has shown the way to many other forms of drama, from ] and ] - which features debased forms of the commedia characters (see below) - to the modern ], ], and even ]. The characters and ]s of the Commedia have also been used in modern ]s, from ] to literary works, notably by ] in his ] stories that culminate with the ] prize-winning ''The Condition of Muzak''. | ||
| ''Commedia dell'arte'' in its turn was influenced by the tradition of ]. | ''Commedia dell'arte'' in its turn was influenced by the tradition of ]. | ||
| Male ''commedia dell'arte'' characters were depicted by actors wearing masks representing regions or towns. The female characters, however, were usually not masked. In fact, the roles were often played by males in women's clothing and wigs, |
Male ''commedia dell'arte'' characters were depicted by actors wearing masks representing regions or towns. The female characters, however, were usually not masked. In fact, the roles were often played by males in women's clothing and wigs, '']'', as it is called. | ||
| In some cases, the characters were also traditionally considered as respectively representing some Italian regions or main towns. Often they are still now symbolic of the related town. Following is a list of the original Italian characters, with other English or French names, or descendant characters (in parentheses), and the towns/regions to which they are eventually associated: | In some cases, the characters were also traditionally considered as respectively representing some Italian regions or main towns. Often they are still now symbolic of the related town. Following is a list of the original Italian characters, with other English or French names, or descendant characters (in parentheses), and the towns/regions to which they are eventually associated: | ||
| *] (Harlequin), ], an acrobat and clown, he carried a baton which he used to bash other characters, leading to the modern term |
*] (Harlequin), ], an acrobat and clown, he carried a baton which he used to bash other characters, leading to the modern term '']''. He wore a cat mask, and his ultimate costume, a patchwork of red, green, and blue diamonds is still a ] motif. | ||
| *] (], ]'s ]), ], a money-grubbing villain, a partner of Arlecchino | *] (], ]'s ]), ], a money-grubbing villain, a partner of Arlecchino | ||
| *] (Colombina, the Servant, ], Harlequine, Pierrette), ], maidservant to Inamorata and lover of Arlecchino, usually involved in intrigue | *] (Colombina, the Servant, ], Harlequine, Pierrette), ], maidservant to Inamorata and lover of Arlecchino, usually involved in intrigue | ||
| *] (the Captain), boastful he-man soldier, but a coward underneath | *] (the Captain), boastful he-man soldier, but a coward underneath | ||
| *] (the Doctor), ], Pantalone's friend, and a quack | *] (the Doctor), ], Pantalone's friend, and a quack | ||
| *Inamorata (the Lover), the |
*Inamorata (the Lover), the leading woman, who wore no mask ''(see ])'' | ||
| *Inamorato (the Lover), the |
*Inamorato (the Lover), the leading man, who wore no mask ''(see ])'' | ||
| *] (the ]), a forerunner of today's clowns | *] (the ]), a forerunner of today's clowns | ||
| *] (Pantaloon), ], a rich and miserly merchant | *] (Pantaloon), ], a rich and miserly merchant | ||
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| ==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
| * The film |
* The ] '''' (]), based on the ] ''Scaramouche'' (1921) by ], is about a roguish adventurer and swordsman who hides out in a commedia dell'arte troupe, and features many commedia scenes as well as backstage situations. | ||
| * Also includes drawings of many of the characters and costumes. | * Also includes drawings of many of the characters and costumes. | ||
Revision as of 16:29, 13 March 2003
Commedia dell'arte, (Italian, meaning "comedy of professional artists") was a form of improvisational theater which began in the 16th century and was popular from then until the 18th century, although it is still performed and enjoyed today. Traveling teams of players would set up an outdoor stage and provide amusement in the form of juggling, acrobatics, and, more typically, humorous plays based on a repertoire of established characters with a rough storyline, called Canovaccio.
(Troupes occasionally would perform directly from the back of their traveling wagon, but this is more typical of Carro di Tespi, a sort of travelling theatre that that dates back to antiquity.
The performances were improvised around preordained situations, adultery, jealousy, old age, love. The dialogue and action could easily be made topical and adjusted to satirize local scandals, current events, or regional tastes, mixed with ancient jokes and punchlines. Characters were identified by costume, masks, and even props, such as the slapstick.
Thus, the commedia dell'arte, with its stock situations and characters and improvised dialogue, has shown the way to many other forms of drama, from pantomime and Punch and Judy - which features debased forms of the commedia characters (see below) - to the modern animated cartoon, situation comedy, and even professional wrestling. The characters and tropes of the Commedia have also been used in modern novels, from sword and sorcery to literary works, notably by Michael Moorcock in his Jerry Cornelius stories that culminate with the Guardian prize-winning The Condition of Muzak.
Commedia dell'arte in its turn was influenced by the tradition of Roman comedy.
Male commedia dell'arte characters were depicted by actors wearing masks representing regions or towns. The female characters, however, were usually not masked. In fact, the roles were often played by males in women's clothing and wigs, in travesti, as it is called.
In some cases, the characters were also traditionally considered as respectively representing some Italian regions or main towns. Often they are still now symbolic of the related town. Following is a list of the original Italian characters, with other English or French names, or descendant characters (in parentheses), and the towns/regions to which they are eventually associated:
- Arlecchino (Harlequin), Venice, an acrobat and clown, he carried a baton which he used to bash other characters, leading to the modern term slapstick. He wore a cat mask, and his ultimate costume, a patchwork of red, green, and blue diamonds is still a fashion motif.
- Brighella (Figaro, Moliere's Scapin), Bergamo, a money-grubbing villain, a partner of Arlecchino
- Columbina (Colombina, the Servant, Columbine, Harlequine, Pierrette), Venice, maidservant to Inamorata and lover of Arlecchino, usually involved in intrigue
- Il Capitano (the Captain), boastful he-man soldier, but a coward underneath
- Il Dottore (the Doctor), Bologna, Pantalone's friend, and a quack
- Inamorata (the Lover), the leading woman, who wore no mask (see innamorati)
- Inamorato (the Lover), the leading man, who wore no mask (see innamorati)
- Pagliaccio (the Clown), a forerunner of today's clowns
- Pantalone (Pantaloon), Bologna, a rich and miserly merchant
- Pedrolino (or Pierino, Pierrot), Vicenza, a dreamer, white mask
- Pulcinella, Naples, a hunchback who chases women, he was the model for Punch in the English variation Punch and Judy,
- La Ruffiana (old woman), usually a mother or gossipy townswoman who intrudes into the lives of the Lovers
- Scaramuccia (Scaramouche), a roguish adventurer and swordsman who replaced Il Capitano in later troupes.
- Gianduia, Turin, a well-mannered Piedmontese peasant.
External Links
- The film Scaramouche (1952), based on the novel Scaramouche (1921) by Rafael Sabatini, is about a roguish adventurer and swordsman who hides out in a commedia dell'arte troupe, and features many commedia scenes as well as backstage situations.
- Also A Thumbnail History of Commedia dell'Arte includes drawings of many of the characters and costumes.