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| ==History== | ==History== | ||
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| The iron maiden is uniquely a Germanic invention, originated in the town of Nuremberg at some point in the high-Middle Ages (the period with which it is associated<ref name="Klaus Graf">Graf, Klaus: "Das Hinrichtungswerkzeug "Eiserne Jungfrau" ist eine Fiktion des 19. Jahrhunderts, denn erst in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts hat man frühneuzeitliche Schandmäntel, die als Straf- und Folterwerkzeuge dienten und gelegentlich als "Jungfrau" bezeichnet wurden, innen mit eisernen Spitzen versehen und somit die Objekte den schaurigen Phantasien in Literatur und Sage angepaßt." (''"The execution tool "Iron Maiden" is a fiction of the 19th century, because only since the first half of the 19th Century the early-modern-times' "rishard cloaks", which sometimes were called "maidens", were provided with iron spikes; and thus the objects were adapted to the dreadful fantasies in literature and legend."'' accessed July 11, 2007.</ref>); probably in the 14th century. The device, which is also known in German as the "Eiserne Jungfrau", looked very similar to an Egyptian mummy ].<ref>Donnelly, Mark, and Daniel Diehl. The Big Book of Pain: Torture & Punishment through History. Stroud: History, 2008. Print. Schneiden (headcrusher)</ref> Wolfgang Schild, a professor of criminal law, criminal law history, and philosophy of law at the ], has argued that putative iron maidens were pieced together from ] found in museums to create spectacular objects intended for (commercial) exhibition.<ref>{{cite book|first = Wolfgang| last = Schild|year = 2000| title = Die eiserne Jungfrau. Dichtung und Wahrheit (Schriftenreihe des Mittelalterlichen Kriminalmuseums Rothenburg o. d. Tauber Nr. 3) |location = Rothenburg ob der Tauber}}</ref> Several 19th-century iron maidens are on display in museums around the world, including the ],<ref>{{citation | author = San Diego Museum of Man | url = http://www.museumofman.org/blog/medieval-imposter-iron-maiden | title = Medieval Imposter: the Iron Maiden}}</ref> the ],<ref>{{citation | author = Meiji University Museum | url = http://www.meiji.ac.jp/cip/english/institute/museum.html | title = The Mission of the Meiji University Museum}}</ref> and multiple ]<ref>{{citation | author = Museum Kyburg Castle | url = http://www.schlosskyburg.ch/e/virtualtour/sub_5a.html | title = The Iron Maiden}}</ref><ref>{{citation | author = Český Krumlov Castle Museum of Torture | url = http://www.ckrumlov.info/docs/en/atr589.xml | title = Museum of Torture}}</ref><ref>{{citation | author = Seth Robson, Stars and Stripes | url = http://www.stripes.com/military-life/travel/prague-torture-museum-offers-a-blood-curdling-collection-1.45463 | title = Prague: Torture Museum Offers a Blood-Curdling Collection}}</ref> in Europe. It is unlikely that any of these iron maidens were ever employed as instruments of torture. | |||
| The 17th-century iron maidens may have been constructed as probable misinterpretation of a medieval ] ("coat of shame" or "barrel of shame"),{{Citation needed|date=December 2014}} which was made of wood and metal but without spikes.<ref>{{citation | author = Museum Digital | url = http://www.museum-digital.de/bawue/pdf/multipleimages.php?imagenr=957 | title = Schandmantel}}</ref> Inspiration for the iron maiden may also have come from the Carthaginian execution of ] as recorded in ]'s "To the Martyrs" (Chapter 4) and ]'s '']'' (I.15), in which the ]s "packed him into a tight wooden box, spiked with sharp nails on all sides so that he could not lean in any direction without being pierced",<ref>Translation by Gerald G. Walsh, S.J., Demetrius B. Zema, S.J., Grace Monahan, O.S.U., and Daniel J. Honan.</ref> or from ]' account of ] of ]'s deadly statue of his wife, the ] (earliest form of the device).<ref>{{citation | author = Polybius, Translated by Evelyn Shirley Shuckburgh | url = http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44126/44126-0.txt | title = The Histories of Polybius, Volume II, Book XIII, Chapter 7}}</ref><ref name=Google>Pomeroy, Sarah B. , 198 pages, Books.Google.com, ISBN 0-19-513067-7 and ISBN 978-0-19-513067-6.</ref> | |||
| ==The iron maiden of Nuremberg== | |||
| The most famous iron maiden that popularized the design was that of ], first displayed possibly as far back as 1802. The original was lost in the Allied ] in 1944. A copy "from the Royal Castle of Nuremberg", crafted for public display, was sold through J. Ichenhauser of London to the ] in 1890 along with other torture devices, and, after being displayed at the ], Chicago, 1893, was taken on an American tour.<ref> accessed 20 June 2009, refers particularly only to the "justly-celebrated iron maiden".</ref> This copy was auctioned in the early 1960s and is now on display at the Medieval Crime Museum, ].<ref>It was notably absent from the remainder of the collection, auctioned at Guernsey's, New York, in May 2009 ().</ref> | |||
| Historians have ascertained that ] created the history of it as an actual mock-up of the real device implemented in torture of witches and others who opposed the Christian church prior to 1793. According to Siebenkees' ], it was first used on August 14, 1515, to execute a coin ].<ref name="Schild">Wolfgang Schild, ''Die Eiserne Jungfrau'', 2002</ref> | |||
| ==Cultural influence of the iron maiden== | |||
| The British heavy metal band ] was named after the torture device.<ref>{{citation | author = Geoff Barton | title = Blood and Iron: HM from the punky East End and nothing to do with Margaret Thatcher, sez Deaf Barton | date = 27 October 1979 | url= http://www.nwobhm.com/maiden.htm | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070629075244/http://www.nwobhm.com/maiden.htm | archivedate= 29 June 2007 | publisher= NWOBHM.com | accessdate = 8 October 2006}}</ref> | |||
| "Iron Maiden" was the nickname given to a research centrifuge gondola designed for submerging a human body in water to counteract the effects of ], at the Aviation Medical Acceleration Laboratory (AMAL) of the Johnsville ]. In 1958, researcher R. Flanagan Gray survived, experiencing 31.25 Gs for five seconds using AMAL's Iron Maiden.<ref>{{citation | author = The Johnsville Centrifuge and Science Museum | url = http://nadcmuseum.org/2011/08/20th-century-%E2%80%9Ctorture-device%E2%80%9D-returns-to-bucks-county/ | title = 20th Century "Torture Device" Returns to Bucks County}}</ref> | |||
| In 2003, ] magazine reported that an iron maiden was ] of ] in ].<ref>{{cite news| author = Aparisim Ghosh| url = http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,444889,00.html| title = Iron Maiden Found in Uday's Hussein's Playground| work = TIME.com| accessdate = 7 February 2006| date=19 April 2003}}</ref> | |||
| == See also == | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{Reflist|2}} | |||
| == Further reading == | |||
| *{{cite web | |||
| | author=Jürgen Scheffler | |||
| | year= | |||
| | url=http://www.zeitenblicke.de/2002/01/scheffler/scheffler.html | |||
| | title=Der Folterstuhl - Metamorphosen eines Museumsobjektes | |||
| | work=Zeitenblicke | |||
| | accessdate=January 25, 2006 | |||
| }} | |||
| *{{cite web | |||
| | author= | |||
| | year= | |||
| | url=http://www.mondzauberin.de/einstieg/informativ/essays/essays3/BerlinOnline+Die+unsichtbare+H/vortrag.html | |||
| | title=Vortrag von Klaus Graf: Mordgeschichten und Hexenerinnerungen | |||
| | work=Mondzauberin | |||
| | publisher= | |||
| | accessdate=July 11, 2007 | |||
| |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20040828060227/http://www.mondzauberin.de/einstieg/informativ/essays/essays3/BerlinOnline+Die+unsichtbare+H/vortrag.html |archivedate = August 28, 2004}} | |||
| *{{cite web | |||
| | author= | |||
| | year= | |||
| | url=http://www.uni-koblenz.de/~graf/strafj.htm#a274 | |||
| | title=Das leckt die Kuh nicht ab - "Zufällige Gedanken" zu Schriftlichkeit und Erinnerungskultur der Strafgerichtsbarkeit | |||
| | format= | |||
| | work= | |||
| | publisher= | |||
| | accessdate=July 11, 2007 | |||
| |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20030802234515/http://www.uni-koblenz.de/~graf/strafj.htm#a274 |archivedate = August 2, 2003}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| *{{Commonscat-inline|Iron Maiden (torture)}} | |||
| * | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Iron Maiden (Torture)}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 17:34, 17 November 2016
This article is about the supposed torture device. For the band, see Iron Maiden. For other uses, see Iron Maiden (disambiguation).
The iron maiden was a presumed torture and execution device, consisting of an iron cabinet with a hinged front and spike-covered interior, sufficiently tall to enclose a human being.
History
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