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| By approximately ], the Mitanni kingdom had weakened, and had become practically dependent on the ], then under the rule of ]. ], previously under Mitanni control, was able to assert its independence during the reign of ] in approximately ]. | By approximately ], the Mitanni kingdom had weakened, and had become practically dependent on the ], then under the rule of ]. ], previously under Mitanni control, was able to assert its independence during the reign of ] in approximately ]. | ||
| They seem to have venerated ] deities and their nobility used ] names, and worshipped Indo-Aryan gods. In a treaty between the ] and the Mitanni, Indic deities ], ], ], and ] (Ashvins) are invoked. A text by a Mitannian named Kikkuli uses words such as ''aika'' (''eka'', one), ''tera'' (''tri'', three), ''panza'' (''pancha'', five), ''satta'' (''sapta'', seven), ''na'' (''nava'', nine), ''vartana'' (''vartana'', round). Another text has ''babru'' (''babhru'', brown), ''parita'' (''palita'', grey), and ''pinkara'' (''pingala'', red). Their chief festival was the celebration of '']'' (]) which was common in most cultures in the ancient world. Some people believer that it is not only the kings who had ] names; a large number of other Sanskrit names have been unearthed in the records from the area; other point out that over interpretation of ancient names is an issue that must be taken into account. | They seem to have venerated ] deities and their nobility used ] names, and worshipped Indo-Aryan gods. In a treaty between the ] and the Mitanni, Indic deities ], ], ], and ] (]) are invoked. A text by a Mitannian named Kikkuli uses words such as ''aika'' (''eka'', one), ''tera'' (''tri'', three), ''panza'' (''pancha'', five), ''satta'' (''sapta'', seven), ''na'' (''nava'', nine), ''vartana'' (''vartana'', round). Another text has ''babru'' (''babhru'', brown), ''parita'' (''palita'', grey), and ''pinkara'' (''pingala'', red). Their chief festival was the celebration of '']'' (]) which was common in most cultures in the ancient world. Some people believer that it is not only the kings who had ] names; a large number of other Sanskrit names have been unearthed in the records from the area; other point out that over interpretation of ancient names is an issue that must be taken into account. | ||
| ==Chronology of Mitanni rulership== | ==Chronology of Mitanni rulership== | ||
Revision as of 16:39, 13 November 2004
The Mitanni were a people of Indic origin who ruled a vast kingdom (with a common Hurrian population) in West Asia in the second millennium BC. Mitanni arose near the sources of the Khabur River in Mesopotamia sometime after 1500 BC. It was a feudal state led by a warrior nobility. The kingdom Hanilgalbat ruled northern Mesopotamia (including Syria) for about 300 years, out of their capital of Washshukanni, (or Wassukkani, or Vasukhani, meaning "a mine of wealth.") Their warriors were called marya, which is the proper Sanskrit term for it.
By approximately 1350 BC, the Mitanni kingdom had weakened, and had become practically dependent on the Hittites, then under the rule of Shuppiluliuma I. Assyria, previously under Mitanni control, was able to assert its independence during the reign of Ashuruballit I in approximately 1330 BC.
They seem to have venerated Vedic deities and their nobility used Indo-Aryan names, and worshipped Indo-Aryan gods. In a treaty between the Hittites and the Mitanni, Indic deities Mitra, Varuna, Indra, and Nasatya (Ashvins) are invoked. A text by a Mitannian named Kikkuli uses words such as aika (eka, one), tera (tri, three), panza (pancha, five), satta (sapta, seven), na (nava, nine), vartana (vartana, round). Another text has babru (babhru, brown), parita (palita, grey), and pinkara (pingala, red). Their chief festival was the celebration of vishuva (solstice) which was common in most cultures in the ancient world. Some people believer that it is not only the kings who had Sanskrit names; a large number of other Sanskrit names have been unearthed in the records from the area; other point out that over interpretation of ancient names is an issue that must be taken into account.
Chronology of Mitanni rulership
- Kirta 1500 BC-1490 BC
- Suttarna I 1490 BC-1470 BC
- Baratarna 1470 BC-1450 BC
- Parsatatar 1450 BC-1440 BC
- Saustatar 1440 BC-1410 BC
- Artatama 1410 BC-1400 BC
- Suttarna II 1400 BC-1385 BC
- Artashumara 1385 BC-1380 BC
- Tushratta 1380 BC-1350 BC
- Mattivaza 1350 BC-1320 BC
- Sattuara I 1320 BC-1300 BC
- Vashasatta 1300 BC-1280 BC
- Sattuara II 1280 BC-1270 BC
The name Sutarna I means ("good sun"). He was followed by Paratarna I ("great sun"), Parashukshatra ("ruler with axe"), Saukshatra ("son of Sukshatra, the good ruler"), Paratarna II, Artatama or Ritadhama ("abiding in cosmic law"), Sutarna II, Dasharatha, and finally Mativaja (Matiwazza, "whose wealth is prayer") during whose lifetime the Mitanni state appears to have become a vassal to Assyria.
The daughter of the King Tushratta (Tushyaratha or Dasharatha), Princess Tadukhipa, became the second queen of Akhenaten; the daughter of King Artatama was married to Thutmose IV, Akhenaten's grandfather; and the daughter of Sutarna II (Gilukhipa) was married to his father, Amenhotep III, the great builder of temples who ruled during 1390-1352 BC ("khipa" of these names is the Sanskrit "kshipa," night). In his old age, Amenhotep wrote to Dasharatha many times wishing to marry his daughter, Tadukhipa. It appears that by the time she arrived Amenhotep III was dead. Tadukhipa married the new king Akhenaten and she may have became famous as the Queen Kiya (short for Khipa). Some theories however identify her with Nefertiti, also a Queen of Akhenaten.