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{{Distinguish|Glufosinate}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 443847907
| Name = Glyphosate
| ImageFile = Glyphosate.svg
| ImageSize =
| ImageFile2 = Glyphosate-3D-balls.png
| ImageFile3 = Glyphosate-3D-vdW.png
| IUPACName = ''N''-(phosphonomethyl)glycine
| OtherNames = 2-acetic acid
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 4632WW1X5A
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = C01705
| InChI = 1/C3H8NO5P/c5-3(6)1-4-2-10(7,8)9/h4H,1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H2,7,8,9)
| InChIKey = XDDAORKBJWWYJS-UHFFFAOYAE
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 95764
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C3H8NO5P/c5-3(6)1-4-2-10(7,8)9/h4H,1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H2,7,8,9)
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = XDDAORKBJWWYJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| CASNo = 1071-83-6
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo1_Ref = {{cascite|changed|CAS}}
| CASNo1 = 38641-94-0
| CASNo1_Comment = (isopropylammmonium salt)
| CASNo2_Ref = {{cascite|changed|CAS}}
| CASNo2 = 70393-85-0
| CASNo2_Comment = (sesquisodium salt)
| CASNo3_Ref = {{cascite|changed|CAS}}
| CASNo3 = 81591-81-3
| CASNo3_Comment = (] salt)<!-- 38641-94-0 also verified at CAS Common Chemistry, 70393-85-0 and 81591-81-3 verified at ESIS -->
| EC_number = 213-997-4 <!-- 254-056-8 for isopropylammmonium salt, 274-591-0 for sesquisodium salt -->
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 3376
| RTECS = MC1075000
| PubChem = 3496
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 27744
| SMILES = O=C(O)CNCP(=O)(O)O
}}
|Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| Properties_ref = <ref name="EHC">{{EHC-ref|number=159|name=Glyphosate|date=1994|isbn=92-4-157159-4}}</ref>
| C=3 | H=8 | N=1 | O=5 | P=1
| Appearance = white crystalline powder
| Density = 1.704 (20&nbsp;°C)
| MeltingPtC = 184.5
| BoilingPt= decomposes at
| BoilingPtC = 187
| Solubility = 1.01 g/100 mL (20&nbsp;°C)
| LogP = −2.8
| pKa = <2, 2.6, 5.6, 10.6
}}
|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| Hazards_ref = <ref name="EHC"/><ref>{{CLP Regulation|index=607-315-00-8|pages=570, 1100}}</ref>
| ExternalSDS =
| EUClass = Irritant ('''Xi''')<br />Dangerous for the environment ('''N''')
| RPhrases = {{R41}}, {{R51/53}}
| SPhrases = {{S2}}, {{S26}}, {{S39}}, {{S61}}
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS05|Eye Dam. 1}}{{GHS09|Aquatic Chronic 2}}
| GHSSignalWord = DANGER
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|318|411}}
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|273|280|305+351+338|310|501}}
| FlashPt = Non-flammable
}}
}}

'''Glyphosate''' (''N''-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is a broad-spectrum ] and ]. It is an ], specifically a ]. It is used to kill ]s, especially annual ] weeds and grasses that compete with ]s. It was discovered to be an herbicide by ] chemist ] in 1970.<ref>{{ cite patent | country = US | number = 3799758 | status =patent | title = N-phosphonomethyl-glycine phytotoxicant compositions | gdate = 1974-03-26 | fdate = 1971-08-09 | inventor = Franz JE | assign1 = Monsanto Company }}</ref> Monsanto brought it to market in 1974 under the trade name '''Roundup''', and Monsanto's last commercially relevant United States ] expired in 2000.

Farmers quickly adopted glyphosate, especially after Monsanto introduced glyphosate-resistant ], enabling farmers to kill weeds without killing their crops. In 2007, glyphosate was the most used herbicide in the United States' agricultural sector and the second-most used in home and garden, government and industry, and commerce.<ref name="EPAusage">United States EPA 2007 Pesticide Market Estimates , </ref> By 2016 there was a 100-fold increase from the late 1970s in the frequency of applications and volumes of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) applied, partly in response to the unprecedented global emergence and spread of glyphosate-resistant weeds.<ref name="biomedcentral_2016" />{{rp|1}}

Glyphosate is absorbed through foliage, and minimally through roots,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sprankle P, Meggitt WF, Penner D | title = Rapid inactivation of glyphosate in the soil | journal = Weed Science | date = 1975 | pages = 224–228 }}</ref><ref name="NPIC Data Sheet"/><ref name=moneuro/> and transported to growing points. It inhibits a plant ] involved in the synthesis of three aromatic ]s: ], ], and ]. Therefore, it is effective only on actively growing plants and is not effective as a ]. An increasing number of crops have been ] to be tolerant of glyphosate (e.g. ], the first Roundup Ready crop, also created by Monsanto) which allows farmers to use glyphosate as a postemergence herbicide against weeds. The development of glyphosate resistance in weed species is emerging as a costly problem. While glyphosate and formulations such as Roundup have been approved by regulatory bodies worldwide, concerns about their effects on humans and the environment persist.<ref name="biomedcentral_2016">{{cite journal | url=http://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-016-0117-0 | title=Concerns over use of glyphosate-based herbicides and risks associated with exposures: a consensus statement | journal=Environmental Health | date=February 17, 2016 | accessdate=March 24, 2016 |first1=John Peterson |last1=Myers |first2=Michael N. |last2=Antoniou |first3=Bruce |last3=Blumberg |first4=Lynn |last4=Carroll |first5=Theo |last5=Colborn |first6=Lorne G. |last6=Everett |first7=Michael |last7=Hansen |first8=Philip J. |last8=Landrigan |first9=Bruce P. |last9=Lanphear |first10=Robin |last10=Mesnage |first11=Laura N. |last11=Vandenberg |first12=Frederick S. |last12=vom Saal |first13=Wade V. |last13=Welshons |first14=Charles M. |last14=Benbroo | name-list-format = vanc | pages=13 |doi=10.1186/s12940-016-0117-0 |volume=15 |number=19}}</ref><ref name=NatureonWHO2015/>

Many regulatory and scholarly reviews have evaluated the relative toxicity of glyphosate as an herbicide. The German ] toxicology review in 2013 found that "the available data is contradictory and far from being convincing" with regard to correlations between exposure to glyphosate formulations and risk of various cancers, including ] (NHL).<ref name=BFR2014 /> A meta-analysis published in 2014 identified an increased risk of NHL in workers exposed to glyphosate formulations.<ref name=Schinasi/> In March 2015 the ]'s ] classified glyphosate as "probably&nbsp;carcinogenic&nbsp;in humans" (]) based on epidemiological studies, animal studies, and '']'' studies.<ref name=NatureonWHO2015/><ref name=Lancet20March2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Guyton KZ, Loomis D, Grosse Y, El Ghissassi F, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Scoccianti C, Mattock H, Straif K | title = Carcinogenicity of tetrachlorvinphos, parathion, malathion, diazinon, and glyphosate | journal = The Lancet. Oncology | volume = 16 | issue = 5 | pages = 490–1 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25801782 | doi = 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)70134-8 | url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045%2815%2970134-8/abstract }}</ref><ref name=IARC20March2015/> In November, 2015, the ] published an updated assessment report on glyphosate, concluding that "the substance is unlikely to be ] (i.e. damaging to ]) or to pose a ]ic threat to humans." Furthermore, the final report clarified that while other, probably carcinogenic, glyphosate-containing formulations may exist, studies "that look solely at the active substance glyphosate do not show this effect."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/corporate_publications/files/efsaexplainsglyphosate151112en.pdf|title=European Food Safety Authority - Glyphosate report|date=|website=EFSA|publisher=|access-date=May 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/151112|title=Glyphosate: EFSA updates toxicological profile {{!}} European Food Safety Authority|website=www.efsa.europa.eu|access-date=2016-05-23}}</ref> In May 2016, the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues concluded that "glyphosate is unlikely to pose a carcinogenic risk to humans from exposure through the diet", even at doses as high as 2,000&nbsp;mg/kg body weight orally.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agphome/documents/Pests_Pesticides/JMPR/2016_JMPR_Summary_Special.pdf|title=JOINT FAO/WHO MEETING ON PESTICIDE RESIDUES|date=May 2016|accessdate=October 3, 2016}}</ref>

==Discovery==
Glyphosate was first synthesized in 1950 by Swiss chemist Henry Martin, who worked for the Swiss company ]. The work was never published.<ref name=Dill>{{cite book | editor-last1 = Nandula | editor-first1 = Vijay K. | title = Glyphosate Resistance in Crops and Weeds: History, Development, and Management | first1 = Gerald M. | last1 = Dill | first2 = R. Douglas | last2 = Sammons | first3 = Paul C. | last3 = Feng | first4 = Frank | last4 = Kohn | first5 = Keith | last5 = Kretzmer | first6 = Akbar | last6 = Mehrsheikh | first7 = Marion | last7 = Bleeke | first8 = Joy L. | last8 = Honegger | first9 = Donna | last9 = Farmer | first10 = Dan | last10 = Wright | first11 = Eric A. | last11 = Haupfear | name-list-format = vanc | chapter = Glyphosate: Discovery, Development, Applications, and Properties | chapter-url = http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/10/04704103/0470410310.pdf | date = 2010 | publisher = Wiley | location = Hoboken, N.J. | isbn = 978-0-470-41031-8 }}</ref>{{rp|1}} ] patented the agent as a chemical ] in 1964 as it binds and removes minerals such as ], ], ], ], and ].<ref></ref>

Somewhat later, glyphosate was independently discovered at Monsanto in 1970. Monsanto chemists had synthesized about 100 ] of ] as potential ] agents. Two were found to have weak herbicidal activity, and ], a chemist at Monsanto, was asked to try to make analogs with stronger herbicidal activity. Glyphosate was the third analog he made.<ref name=Dill/>{{rp|1–2}}<ref name="pmid11248008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Alibhai MF, Stallings WC | title = Closing down on glyphosate inhibition — with a new structure for drug discovery | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 98 | issue = 6 | pages = 2944–6 | date = Mar 2001 | pmid = 11248008 | pmc = 33334 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.061025898 | bibcode = 2001PNAS...98.2944A | jstor = 3055165 }}</ref><ref> Chem. Eng. News, 1990, 68 (11), pp. 29–30 {{DOI|10.1021/cen-v068n011.p029}}</ref><ref>Pesticide Action Network UK. Pesticides News No.33, September 1996, pp. 28-29 PAN-UK says it is "a welcome move away from chemicals which are highly toxic to humans and other nontarget organisms, and from chemicals which cause direct and lasting damage to the environment" and of course cautions against overuse.</ref> Franz received the ] in 1987 and the ] for Applied Chemistry in 1990 for his discoveries.<ref name="urlThe National Medal of Technology and Innovation Recipients - 1987">{{cite web | url = http://www.uspto.gov/about/nmti/recipients/1987.jsp | title = The National Medal of Technology and Innovation Recipients - 1987 | work = | publisher = The United States Patent and Trademark Office | accessdate = 2012-11-29 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = People: Monsanto Scientist John E. Franz Wins 1990 Perkin Medal For Applied Chemistry | journal = The Scientist | vauthors = Stong C |date=May 1990 | volume = 4 | issue = 10 | pages = 28 | url = http://classic.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/11141/ }}</ref>

In 2008, ] scientist Stephen O. Duke and Stephen B. Powles, an Australian weed expert — described glyphosate as a "virtually ideal" herbicide.<ref name=Duke>{{citation |first1=Stephen O. |last1=Duke |first2=Stephen B. |last2=Powles | name-list-format = vanc |date=2008 |url=http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/17918/PDF |format=PDF |title=Glyphosate: a once-in-a-century herbicide: Mini-review |work=Pest Management Science |volume=64 |pages=319–325 |doi=10.1002/ps.1518}}</ref> In 2010 Powles stated: "glyphosate is a one in a 100-year discovery that is as important for reliable global food production as penicillin is for battling disease."<ref name="PNAS_2010_Powles">{{cite web | url=http://www.pnas.org/content/107/3/955.full | title=Gene amplification delivers glyphosate-resistant weed evolution | publisher=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | date=January 19, 2010 | accessdate=March 24, 2016 | author=Powles, Stephen B. | pages=955–956 | volume=107 | number=3 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0913433107}}</ref>

==Chemistry==
Glyphosate is an aminophosphonic analogue of the natural amino acid ], and like all amino acids, exists in different ionic states depending on ]. Both the ] and ] moieties can be ionised and the ] group can be protonated and the substance exists as a series of ]s. Glyphosate is soluble in water to 12&nbsp;g/l at room temperature. The original synthetic approach to glyphosate involved the reaction of ] with ] followed by ] to yield a ]. Glycine is then reacted with this phosphonate to yield glyphosate, and its name is taken as a contraction of the compounds used in this synthesis - viz. '''gly'''cine and a '''phos'''phon'''ate'''.<ref name = Chenier>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gbHeBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA384&lpg=PA384&dq=industrial+synthesis+glyphosate&source=bl&ots=0qaMem46QO&sig=j9HdG08CGoXs5tx_DOmxyPe0Au8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifp6fVsNzJAhXCjpQKHd2HA54Q6AEIJjAB#v=onepage&q=industrial%20synthesis%20glyphosate&f=false|title = Survey of Industrial Chemistry|author = Chenier, Philip J.|page = 384|year = 2012|publisher = ]|edition = 3rd|isbn = 9781461506034}}</ref>

:PCl<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>CO &rarr; Cl<sub>2</sub>P(=O)-CH<sub>2</sub>Cl
:Cl<sub>2</sub>P(=O)-CH<sub>2</sub>Cl + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O &rarr; (HO)<sub>2</sub>P(=O)-CH<sub>2</sub>Cl + 2 HCl
:(HO)<sub>2</sub>P(=O)-CH<sub>2</sub>Cl + H<sub>2</sub>N-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH &rarr; (HO)<sub>2</sub>P(=O)-CH<sub>2</sub>-NH-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH + HCl

The main deactivation path for glyphosate is hydrolysis to ].<ref name="urlwww.cdpr.ca.gov">{{cite web | url = http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/pubs/fatememo/glyphos.pdf | title = Environmental Fate of Glyphosate | vauthors = Schuette J | format = | work = | publisher = Department of Pesticide Regulation, State of California }}</ref>

===Industrial synthesis===
Two main approaches are used to synthesize glyphosate industrially. The first is to react ] with ] and ] (sometimes formed ''in situ'' by addition of phosphorus trichloride) via a modified ]. ] then leads to the desired glyphosate product. Iminodiacetic acid is usually prepared on-site, such as by reaction of ] with ] and ] to produce the calcium iminodiacetate ] and then acidification of the product.<ref name = Dill />
] approach to glyphosate synthesis]]
The chloroacetic acid approach is less efficient than other iminodiacetic acid approaches, owing to the production of ] waste and decreased yield. When ] is readily available as a by-product (say), an alternative approach is to use iminodiacetonitrile, HN(CH<sub>2</sub>CN)<sub>2</sub>, and ] is also a suitable starting material.<ref name = Dill />

The second involves the use of ] in a ] synthesis. Glycine and ] are reacted in a suitable organic solvent (typically ] and ]) to produce bishydroxymethylglycine, (HOCH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>NCH<sub>2</sub>COOH. Dimethyl phosphite is then introduced and ] with ] cleaves the hydroxymethyl group from the nitrogen atom whilst heating speeds the hydrolysis of both phosphate ester linkages.<ref name = Dill />
]
This synthetic approach is responsible for a substantial portion of the production of glyphosate in China, with considerable work having gone into recycling the triethylamine and methanol.<ref name = Dill /> Progress has also been made in attempting to eliminate the need for triethylamine altogether.<ref>{{cite journal|title = Study on a New Synthesis Approach of Glyphosate | vauthors = Zhou J, Li J, An R, Yuan H, Yu F | journal = ]|year = 2012|volume = 60|issue = 25|pages = 6279–6285|doi = 10.1021/jf301025p}}</ref>

==Mode of action==
Glyphosate kills plants by interfering with the synthesis of the ] amino acids ], ], and ]. It does this by inhibiting the enzyme ] (''EPSPS''), which ] the reaction of ]-3-phosphate (S3P) and ] to form 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP).<ref name="pmid7396959">{{cite journal | vauthors = Steinrücken HC, Amrhein N | title = The herbicide glyphosate is a potent inhibitor of 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimic acid-3-phosphate synthase | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 94 | issue = 4 | pages = 1207–12 | date = Jun 1980 | pmid = 7396959 | doi = 10.1016/0006-291X(80)90547-1 }}</ref> Glyphosate is absorbed through foliage and minimally through roots, meaning that it is only effective on actively growing plants and cannot prevent seeds from germinating.<ref name="NPIC Data Sheet"/><ref name=moneuro/> After application, glyphosate is readily transported around the plant to growing roots and leaves and this ] activity is important for its effectiveness.<ref name=Duke/><ref name=Dill/> Inhibiting the enzyme causes shikimate to accumulate in plant tissues and diverts energy and resources away from other processes. While growth stops within hours of application, it takes several days for the leaves to begin ].<ref name=hock04>{{cite book | first1 = Bertold | last1 = Hock | first2 = Erich F. | last2 = Elstner | name-list-format = vanc | title = Plant Toxicology, Fourth Edition | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pWqBJpWnK4EC&pg=PA292 | date = 28 September 2004 | publisher=CRC Press | isbn = 978-0-203-02388-4 | pages = 292–296 }}</ref>

]{{clear left}}
EPSP is subsequently ] to ], an essential precursor for the amino acids mentioned above.<ref>Purdue University, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Metabolic Plant Physiology Lecture notes, .</ref> These amino acids are used in protein synthesis and to produce secondary metabolites such as ]s, ]s, and ].

] studies of glyphosate and EPSPS show that glyphosate functions by occupying the binding site of the phosphoenolpyruvate, mimicking an intermediate state of the ternary enzyme substrates complex.<ref name="pmid11171958">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schönbrunn E, Eschenburg S, Shuttleworth WA, Schloss JV, Amrhein N, Evans JN, Kabsch W | title = Interaction of the herbicide glyphosate with its target enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase in atomic detail | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 98 | issue = 4 | pages = 1376–80 | date = Feb 2001 | pmid = 11171958 | pmc = 29264 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.98.4.1376 | bibcode = 2001PNAS...98.1376S }}</ref><ref> in the Protein Data Bank</ref> Glyphosate inhibits the EPSPS enzymes of different species of plants and microbes at different rates.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schulz | first1 = A. | last2 = Krüper | first2 = A. | last3 = Amrhein | first3 = N. | name-list-format = vanc | year = 1985 | title = Differential sensitivity of bacterial 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthases to the herbicide glyphosate | url = | journal = FEMS Microbiology Letters | volume = 28 | issue = 3| pages = 297–301 | doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.1985.tb00809.x}}</ref><ref name="Pollegioni_2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pollegioni L, Schonbrunn E, Siehl D | title = Molecular basis of glyphosate resistance-different approaches through protein engineering | journal = The FEBS Journal | volume = 278 | issue = 16 | pages = 2753–66 | date = Aug 2011 | pmid = 21668647 | pmc = 3145815 | doi = 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08214.x }}</ref>

EPSPS is produced only by plants and microbes; the gene coding for it is not in the mammalian genome.<ref name="Funke_2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Funke T, Han H, Healy-Fried ML, Fischer M, Schönbrunn E | title = Molecular basis for the herbicide resistance of Roundup Ready crops | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 103 | issue = 35 | pages = 13010–5 | date = Aug 2006 | pmid = 16916934 | pmc = 1559744 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0603638103 | bibcode = 2006PNAS..10313010F| jstor = 30050705 }}</ref><ref name="pmid22554242">{{cite journal | vauthors = Maeda H, Dudareva N | title = The shikimate pathway and aromatic amino Acid biosynthesis in plants | journal = Annual Review of Plant Biology | volume = 63 | issue = | pages = 73–105 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22554242 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105439 | quote = The AAA pathways consist of the shikimate pathway (the prechorismate pathway) and individual postchorismate pathways leading to Trp, Phe, and Tyr.... These pathways are found in bacteria, fungi, plants, and some protists, but are absent in animals. Therefore, AAAs and some of their derivatives (vitamins) are essential nutrients in the human diet, although in animals Tyr can be synthesized from Phe by Phe hydroxylase....The absence of the AAA pathways in animals also makes these pathways attractive targets for antimicrobial agents and herbicides. }}</ref>

==Environmental fate==
Glyphosate ]s strongly to ], and residues are expected to generally be immobile in soil. ] and ] pollution is limited.<ref>Borggaard, OK and AL Gimsing. 2008. Fate of glyphosate in soil and the possibility of leaching to ground and surface waters: a review. Pest Management Sci. 64:441–456.</ref> Glyphosate is readily degraded by soil microbes to ] (AMPA, which like glyphosate strongly adsorbs to soil solids and is thus unlikely to leach to groundwater). Though both glyphosate and AMPA are commonly detected in water bodies, a portion of the AMPA detected may actually be the result of degradation of detergents rather than from glyphosate.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Botta F, Lavisonb G, Couturier G, Alliot F, Moreau-Guigon E, Fauchon N, Guery B, Chevreuil M, Blanchoud H | year = 2009 | title = Transfer of glyphosate and its degradate AMPA to surface waters through urban sewerage systems | url = | journal = Chemosphere | volume = 77 | issue = 1| pages = 133–139 | doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.05.008 | pmid=19482331}}</ref> Glyphosate does have the potential to contaminate surface waters due to its aquatic use patterns and through erosion, as it adsorbs to soil particles suspended in runoff. The mechanism of glyphosate sorption to soil is similar to that of ] fertilizers, the presence of which can reduce glyphosate sorption.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Muniraa S, Farenhorsta A, Flatena D, Grant C | year = 2016 | title = Phosphate fertilizer impacts on glyphosate sorption by soil | url = | journal = Chemosphere | volume = 153 | issue = | pages = 471–477 | doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.028}}</ref> Phosphate fertilizers are subject to release from sediments into water bodies under ] conditions, and similar release can also occur with glyphosate, though significant impact of glyphosate release from sediments has not been established.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kanissery RG, Welsh A, Sims GK | year = 2014 | title = Effect of soil aeration and phosphate addition on the microbial bioavailability of 14C-glyphosate | url = | journal = J. Environ. Quality | volume = 44 | issue = | pages = 137–144 | doi = 10.2134/jeq2014.08.0331 }}</ref> Limited leaching can occur after high rainfall after application. If glyphosate reaches surface water, it is not broken down readily by water or sunlight.<ref name="epa_reds"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Borggaard OK, Gimsing AL | title = Fate of glyphosate in soil and the possibility of leaching to ground and surface waters: a review | journal = Pest Management Science | volume = 64 | issue = 4 | pages = 441–56 | date = Apr 2008 | doi = 10.1002/ps.1512 | pmid = 18161065 }}</ref>

The ] of glyphosate in soil ranges between 2 and 197 days; a typical field half-life of 47 days has been suggested. Soil and climate conditions affect glyphosate's persistence in soil. The median half-life of glyphosate in water varies from a few to 91 days.<ref name="NPIC Data Sheet"/> At a site in Texas, half-life was as little as three days. A site in Iowa had a half-life of 141 days.<ref name=Andrea /> The glyphosate metabolite AMPA has been found in Swedish forest soils up to two years after a glyphosate application. In this case, the persistence of AMPA was attributed to the soil being frozen for most of the year.<ref name="pmid2806176">{{cite journal | vauthors = Torstensson NT, Lundgren LN, Stenström J | title = Influence of climatic and edaphic factors on persistence of glyphosate and 2,4-D in forest soils | journal = Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 230–9 | date = Oct 1989 | pmid = 2806176 | doi = 10.1016/0147-6513(89)90084-5 }}</ref> Glyphosate adsorption to soil, and later release from soil, varies depending on the kind of soil.<ref name="pmid19447533">{{cite journal | vauthors = Albers CN, Banta GT, Hansen PE, Jacobsen OS | title = The influence of organic matter on sorption and fate of glyphosate in soil--comparing different soils and humic substances | journal = Environmental Pollution | volume = 157 | issue = 10 | pages = 2865–70 | date = Oct 2009 | pmid = 19447533 | doi = 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.04.004 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.asciencejournal.net/asj/index.php/TSPN/article/viewArticle/193|title=Does phosphate affect soil sorption and degradation of glyphosate? - A review | vauthors = Ole K, Borggaard OK | journal = Trends in Soil Science and Plant Nutrition | volume = 2| issue = 1 | year = 2011 | pages = 17–27 }}</ref> Glyphosate is generally less persistent in water than in soil, with 12- to 60-day persistence observed in Canadian ponds, although persistence of over a year has been recorded in the sediments of American ponds.<ref name="epa_reds"/> The half-life of glyphosate in water is between 12 days and 10 weeks.<ref name="Sparling">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sparling DW, Matson C, Bickham J, Doelling-Brown P | year = 2006 | title = Toxicity of glyphosate as Glypro® and LI700 to red‐eared slider (''Trachemys scripta elegans'') embryos and early hatchlings | journal = Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry | volume = 25 | issue = 10 | pages = 2768–2774 | doi = 10.1897/05-152.1 }}</ref>

According to the ] fact sheet, glyphosate is not included in compounds tested for by the Food and Drug Administration's Pesticide Residue Monitoring Program, nor in the United States Department of Agriculture's Pesticide Data Program. However, a field test showed that ], ]s, and ] contained glyphosate residues up to one year after the soil was treated with 3.71&nbsp;lb of glyphosate per acre (4.15&nbsp;kg per hectare).<ref name="NPIC Data Sheet"/> The U.S. has determined the acceptable daily intake of glyphosate at 1.75 milligrams per kilogram of bodyweight per day (mg/kg/bw/day) while the European Union has set it at 0.3.<ref>Carey Gillam (Nov. 2016). . ''EcoWatch.com.'' Retrieved 14 November 2016.</ref>

==Use==
]
Glyphosate is effective in killing a wide variety of plants, including ]es and ] and ]s. By volume, it is one of the most widely used herbicides.<ref name="NPIC Data Sheet">{{cite web | url = http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/glyphotech.html | publisher = National Pesticide Information Center | title = Glyphosate technical fact sheet (revised June 2015)|year=2010|accessdate=September 1, 2015}}</ref> In 2007, glyphosate was the most used herbicide in the United States agricultural sector, with 180 to 185 million pounds ({{convert|180000000|to|185000000|lb|t|abbr=off|disp=output only}}) applied, the second-most used in home and garden with 5 to 8 million pounds ({{convert|5000000|to|8000000|lb|t|abbr=off|disp=output only}}) and government applied 13 to 15 million pounds ({{convert|13000000|to|15000000|lb|t|abbr=off|disp=output only}}) in industry and commerce.<ref name="EPAusage"/> It is commonly used for ], ], ], and ] purposes, as well as garden maintenance (including home use).<ref name="NPIC Data Sheet" /><ref name=zurich>{{cite web | url = http://www.zenobi.ethz.ch/Analytik_2012/T.Amrein%20Analytical%20Strategy%202012.pdf | first1 = Thomas M | last1 = Amrein | name-list-format = vanc | title = Analysis of pesticides in food| publisher=]| page=15| date=2012-12-21 |accessdate=2013-06-02}}</ref> It has a relatively small effect on some clover species and ].<ref>{{cite web | first1 = Stevan Z. | last1 = Knezevic | name-list-format = vanc | publisher = University of Nebraska Extension Integrated Weed Management Specialist | date = February 2010 | url = http://elkhorn.unl.edu/epublic/live/g1484/build/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100615033810/http://elkhorn.unl.edu/epublic/live/g1484/build/ | archivedate=June 15, 2010| dead-url = yes | title = Use of Herbicide-Tolerant Crops as Part of an Integrated Weed Management Program}}</ref>

]
Glyphosate and related herbicides are often used in ] eradication and ], especially to enhance ] establishment in ] ecosystems. The controlled application is usually combined with a selective herbicide and traditional methods of weed eradication such as ]ing to achieve an optimal effect.<ref>{{ cite journal | first1 = Priscilla A. | last1 = Nyamai | first2 = Timothy S. | last2 = Prather | first3 =John M. | last3 = Wallace | name-list-format = vanc | year = 2011 | url = http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1614/IPSM-D-09-00048.1 | title = Evaluating Restoration Methods across a Range of Plant Communities Dominated by Invasive Annual Grasses to Native Perennial Grasses | journal = Invasive Plant Science and Management | volume = 4 | pages = 306–316 | doi = 10.1614/IPSM-D-09-00048.1 }}</ref>

In many cities, glyphosate is sprayed along the sidewalks and streets, as well as crevices in between pavement where weeds often grow. However, up to 24% of glyphosate applied to hard surfaces can be run off by water.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Luijendijk CD, Beltman WH, Smidt RA, van der Pas LJ, Kempenaar C | url = http://www.wageningenur.nl/upload_mm/f/d/9/042e8dca-ba43-4687-99f0-fa082db417f1_Nota_353_totaal.pdf | title = Measures to reduce glyphosate runoff from hard surfaces | journal = Plant Research International B.V. | location = Wageningen | date = May 2005}}</ref> Glyphosate contamination of surface water is attributed to urban and agricultural use.<ref name="pmid19482331">{{cite journal | vauthors = Botta F, Lavison G, Couturier G, Alliot F, Moreau-Guigon E, Fauchon N, Guery B, Chevreuil M, Blanchoud H | title = Transfer of glyphosate and its degradate AMPA to surface waters through urban sewerage systems | journal = Chemosphere | volume = 77 | issue = 1 | pages = 133–9 | date = Sep 2009 | pmid = 19482331 | doi = 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.05.008 }}</ref> Glyphosate is used to clear ]s and get rid of unwanted aquatic vegetation.<ref name=moneuro/> Since 1994, glyphosate has been used in aerial spraying in Colombia in ] programs; Colombia announced in May 2015 that by October, it would cease using glyphosate in these programs due to concerns about human toxicity of the chemical.<ref>BBC. May 10, 2015. </ref>

In addition to its use as an herbicide, glyphosate is also used for ] (siccation) to increase harvest yield,<ref name=moneuro>{{cite web | url=http://www.monsanto.com/products/Documents/glyphosate-background-materials/Agronomic%20benefits%20of%20glyphosate%20in%20Europe.pdf | title = The agronomic benefits of glyphosate in Europe| publisher = ] Europe SA | date = February 2010 | accessdate = 2013-06-02 }}</ref> and as a result of desiccation, to increase sucrose concentration in sugarcane before harvest.<ref name=LSUAgExt>{{cite web | publisher = Louisiana State University Agricultural Extension Office | date = 3 September 2014 | url = http://www.lsuagcenter.com/en/crops_livestock/crops/sugarcane/harvesting_processing/Sugarcane-Ripener-Recommendations--Glyphosate.htm | title = Sugarcane Ripener Recommendations - Glyphosate | access-date = 3 September 2014 }}</ref>

===Genetically modified crops===
{{Main article|Genetically modified crops|Genetically modified organism|Genetically modified food|Genetically modified food controversies}}
Some micro-organisms have a version of 5-enolpyruvoyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthetase (EPSPS) resistant to glyphosate inhibition. A version of the enzyme that was both resistant to glyphosate and that was still efficient enough to drive adequate plant growth was identified by Monsanto scientists after much trial and error in an '']'' strain called CP4, which was found surviving in a waste-fed column at a glyphosate production facility.<ref name="Pollegioni_2011"/><ref name="Green_2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Green JM, Owen MD | title = Herbicide-resistant crops: utilities and limitations for herbicide-resistant weed management | journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry | volume = 59 | issue = 11 | pages = 5819–29 | date = Jun 2011 | pmid = 20586458 | pmc = 3105486 | doi = 10.1021/jf101286h }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Rashid A | title = Introduction to Genetic Engineering of Crop Plants: Aims and Achievements | year = 2009 | publisher = I K International | isbn = 978-93-80026-16-9 | pages = 259 }}</ref>{{rp|56}} This ''CP4 ''EPSPS gene was ] and ] into soybeans. In 1996, genetically modified soybeans were made commercially available.<ref name="urlMonsanto | Company History">{{cite web | url = http://www.monsanto.com/whoweare/Pages/monsanto-history.aspx | title = Company History | format = | work = Web Site | publisher = Monsanto Company }}</ref> Current glyphosate-resistant crops include soy, ] (corn), ], ], ], and ], with ] still under development.

In 2015, 89% of corn, 94% of soybeans, and 89% of cotton produced in the US were genetically modified to be herbicide-tolerant.<ref name=USDA1>{{cite web|title=Adoption of Genetically Engineered Crops in the U.S.|url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/adoption-of-genetically-engineered-crops-in-the-us/recent-trends-in-ge-adoption.aspx|website=Economic Research Service|publisher=USDA | access-date =26 August 2015 }}</ref>{{clarify|reason=are all these glyphosphate though?|date=September 2016}}

==Formulations and tradenames==
<!-- proprietary? {{Expand section|1=examples of formulations of glyphosate – what are other surfactants and adjuvants? what are their qualities? Which are best for various purposes of farmers? What are the risks of those chemicals? |date=September 2012}} -->Glyphosate is marketed in the United States and worldwide by many ] companies, in different solution strengths and with various ], under dozens of tradenames.<ref>Farm Chemicals International </ref><ref name=AlbertaQuick2015/><ref name="urlISU Weed Science Online - Glyphosate - A Review">{{cite web | url = http://www.weeds.iastate.edu/mgmt/2001/glyphosate%20review.htm#Glyphosate%20Products | series = ISU Weed Science Online |title=Glyphosate: a Review | last1 = Hartzler |first1=Bob | publisher = Iowa State University Extension }}</ref><ref name="Weed Handbook Glyphosate">{{cite web | url = http://www.invasive.org/gist/products/handbook/14.Glyphosate.pdf | title = Glyphosate | vauthors = Tu M, Hurd C, Robison R, Randall JM | date = November 1, 2001| format = | work = Weed Control Methods Handbook | publisher = The Nature Conservancy }}</ref> As of 2010, more than 750 glyphosate products were on the market.<ref>National Pesticide Information Center. Last updated September 2010 </ref> In 2012, in terms of volume about half of the total global consumption of glyphosate was for conventional crops; Asia Pacific was the largest and fastest growing market.<ref name=ReuterMarkets2014>Reuters. Apr 30, 2014. </ref> Chinese manufacturers collectively are the world's largest producers of glyphosate and its precursors<ref>China Research & Intelligence, June 5, 2013. </ref> and account for about 30% of global exports.<ref name=ReuterMarkets2014/> Key manufacturers include Anhui Huaxing Chemical Industry Company, ], ], ], ], Jiangsu Good Harvest-Weien Agrochemical Company, ], Nantong Jiangshan Agrochemical & Chemicals Co., ], SinoHarvest, ], and Zhejiang Xinan Chemical Industrial Group Company.<ref name=ReuterMarkets2014/>

Glyphosate is an acid molecule, so it is formulated as a ] for packaging and handling. Various salt formulations include isopropylamine, diammonium, monoammonium, or potassium as the ]. Some brands include more than one salt. Some companies report their product as acid equivalent (ae) of glyphosate acid, or some report it as active ingredient (ai) of glyphosate plus the salt, and others report both. To compare performance of different formulations, knowledge of how the products were formulated is needed. Given that different salts have different weights, the acid equivalent is a more accurate method of expressing and comparing concentrations.

Adjuvant loading refers to the amount of adjuvant<ref name="Tu_Randall_2003">{{cite web | url = http://www.invasive.org/gist/products/handbook/14.Glyphosate.pdf | title = Glyphosate | vauthors = Tu M, Randall JM | date = 2003-06-01 | format = | work = Weed Control Methods Handbook | publisher = The Nature Conservancy }}</ref><ref name="urlCrops and Soils — Penn State Extension">{{cite web | url = http://extension.psu.edu/cmeg/facts/agronomy-facts-37 | title = Adjuvants for Enhancing Herbicide Performance | vauthors = Curran WS, McGlamery MD, Liebl RA, Lingenfelter DD | year = 1999 | format = | work = | publisher =Penn State Extension }}</ref> already added to the glyphosate product. Fully loaded products contain all the necessary adjuvants, including ]; some contain no adjuvant system, while other products contain only a limited amount of adjuvant (minimal or partial loading) and additional surfactants must be added to the spray tank before application.<ref name=UDelFormulations>{{cite web | url = http://agdev.anr.udel.edu/weeklycropupdate/?p=96 | title = Glyphosate Formulations | vauthors = VanGessel M | format = | work = Control Methods Handbook, Chapter 8, Adjuvants: Weekly Crop Update | publisher = University of Delaware Cooperative Extension }}</ref> As of 2000 (just before Monsanto's patent on glyphosate expired), over 400 commercial adjuvants from over 34 different companies were available for use in commercial agriculture.<ref name="urlPrinciples of Postemergence Herbicides">{{cite web | url = http://bulletin.ipm.illinois.edu/pastpest/articles/200007i.html | title = Principles of Postemergence Herbicides | vauthors = Sprague C, Hager A | date = 2000-05-12 | work = | publisher = University of Illinois Extension Service | accessdate = 2012-11-29 }}</ref><ref name="urlAdjuvant Products by Manufacturer, Compendium of Herbicide Adjuvants, Bryan Young, PSAS, Southern Illinois University.">{{cite web | url = http://www.herbicide-adjuvants.com/adjcomp-name.htm | title = Adjuvant Products by Manufacturer, Compendium of Herbicide Adjuvants | vauthors = Young B | work = | publisher = Southern Illinois University }}</ref>

Products are supplied most commonly in formulations of 120, 240, 360, 480, and 680&nbsp;g/l of active ingredient. The most common formulation in agriculture is 360&nbsp;g/l, either alone or with added ]s.<ref name=AlbertaQuick2015>Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development. April 26, 2006. </ref>

For 360&nbsp;g/l formulations, European regulations allow applications of up to 12 l/ha for control of perennial weeds such as ]. More commonly, rates of 3 l/ha are practiced for control of annual weeds between crops.<ref></ref>

===Monsanto===
]'s Roundup is the earliest formulation of glyphosate.]]
Monsanto developed and patented the use of glyphosate to kill weeds in the early 1970s, and first brought it to market in 1974, under the Roundup brandname.<ref name="Duke" /><ref name="monsantofaq">{{cite web | url=http://www.monsanto.com/products/documents/glyphosate-background-materials/back_history.pdf | title=History of Monsanto’s Glyphosate Herbicides | publisher=Monsanto | accessdate=20 December 2015}}</ref> While its initial patent<ref>{{cite patent| country = US| number = 3799758 | status = application| title = N-phosphonomethyl-glycine phytotoxicant compositions | pubdate = 1974-03-26| gdate = | fdate = 1971-08-09| pridate = 1971-08-09| invent1 = John E. Franz| assign1 = Monsanto Company}}</ref> expired in 1991, Monsanto retained exclusive rights in the United States until its patent<ref>{{cite patent| country = US| number = 4405531 | status = application| title = Salts of N-phosphonomethylglycine| pubdate = 1983-09-20| gdate = | fdate = 1982-03-08| pridate = 1975-11-10| invent1 = John E. Franz| assign1 = Monsanto Company}}</ref> on the isopropylamine salt expired in September 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/market-insight-print.pag?docid=JEVS-5N2CZG |title=The Glyphosate Market: A 'Roundup' |last1=Fernandez |first1=Ivan |date=2002-05-15 |website=Frost & Sullivan|access-date=2015-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085158/http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/market-insight-print.pag?docid=JEVS-5N2CZG |archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref>

As of 2009, sales of these herbicide products represented about 10% of Monsanto's revenue due to competition from other producers of other glyphosate-based herbicides;<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=14904184|title=The debate over whether Monsanto is a corporate sinner or saint|date=19 November 2009|work=The Economist|accessdate=20 November 2009}}</ref> their Roundup products (which include ] seeds) represented about half of Monsanto's ].<ref>{{Cite news | url = http://www.forbes.com/2009/06/29/monsanto-potash-fertilizer-personal-finance-investing-ideas-agrium-mosaic.html | title = The Seeds Of A Monsanto Short Play | vauthors = Cavallaro M | date = 2009-06-26 | publisher = Forbes | accessdate = 2009-07-11 }}</ref>

The ] of the Monsanto herbicides is the ] ] of glyphosate. Another important ingredient in some formulations is the ] ].

Monsanto also produces seeds which grow into plants genetically engineered to be tolerant to glyphosate. The genes contained in these seeds are patented. Such crops allow farmers to use glyphosate as a postemergence herbicide against most broadleaf and cereal weeds. Soy was the first ].

In 2003 Monsanto patented the use of glyphosate as an ].<ref></ref>

==Toxicity==
Glyphosate is the active ingredient in herbicide formulations containing it. However, in addition to glyphosate salts, commercial formulations of glyphosate contain additives such as ]s which vary in nature and concentration. The surfactants are added to enable the glyphosate to penetrate the cuticle of the plants. Toxicologists have studied glyphosate alone and formulations.

===Glyphosate alone===

====Humans====
There is limited evidence human cancer risk might increase as a result of exposure to large amounts of glyphosate, but no good evidence of such a risk from typical usage, such as in domestic gardening.<ref name=cruk>{{cite web |publisher=Cancer Research UK| title=Food Controversies&mdash;Pesticides and organic foods
|url=http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/diet-and-cancer/food-controversies#food_controversies4 |date=2016 |accessdate=23 January 2017}}</ref>

A 2014 review article reported a significant association between ] and glyphosate occupational exposure.<ref name=Schinasi /> In March 2015, the ]'s ] classified glyphosate as
"probably&nbsp;carcinogenic&nbsp;in humans" (]) based on epidemiological studies, animal studies, and ''in vitro'' studies.<ref name=NatureonWHO2015/><ref name=Lancet20March2015/><ref name=IARC20March2015/> However, in 2016 a joint meeting of the United Nations (FAO) Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the Environment and the World Health Organization Core Assessment Group on Pesticide Residues concluded that based on the available evidence "glyphosate is unlikely to pose a carcinogenic risk to humans from exposure through the diet".<ref name="WHOandUN2016">{{cite web |url= http://www.who.int/foodsafety/jmprsummary2016.pdf?ua=1|title= JOINT FAO/WHO MEETING ON PESTICIDE RESIDUES
|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= May 2016 |website= |publisher= |access-date= June 2016|quote=}}</ref>

====Other mammals====
Amongst mammals, glyphosate is considered to have "low to very low toxicity". The ] of glyphosate is 5,000&nbsp;mg/kg for rats, 10,000&nbsp;mg/kg in mice and 3,530&nbsp;mg/kg in goats. The acute dermal LD<sub>50</sub> in rabbits is greater than 2,000&nbsp;mg/kg. Indications of glyphosate toxicity in animals typically appear within 30 to 120 minutes following ingestion of a large enough dose, and include initial excitability and ], ], depression, and ], although severe toxicity can develop into collapse and convulsions.<ref name="NPIC Data Sheet"/>

A review of unpublished short-term rabbit-feeding studies reported severe toxicity effects at 150&nbsp;mg/kg/day and "]" doses ranging from 50 to 200&nbsp;mg/kg/day.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kimmel|first1=Gary|title=Evaluation of developmental toxicity studies of glyphosate with attention to cardiovascular development|journal=Critical Reviews in Toxicology|date=2013|volume=43|issue=2|pages=79–95|doi=10.3109/10408444.2012.749834|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/10408444.2012.749834#.VeW7M_lViko|pmid=23286529|pmc=3581053}}</ref>

Glyphosate can have carcinogenic effects in nonhuman mammals. These include the induction of positive trends in the incidence of ] and ] in male mice, and increased ] in male rats.<ref name=Lancet20March2015 />

Glyphosate-based herbicides may cause life-threatening arrhythmias in mammals. Evidence also shows that such herbicides cause direct electrophysiological changes in the cardiovascular systems of rats and rabbits.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gress S, Lemoine S, Séralini GE, Puddu PE | title = Glyphosate-based herbicides potently affect cardiovascular system in mammals: review of the literature | journal = Cardiovascular Toxicology | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 117–26 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25245870 | doi = 10.1007/s12012-014-9282-y }}</ref>

====Other aquatic fauna====
In freshwater invertebrates (species unspecified), glyphosate has a 48-hour LC<sub>50</sub> ranging from 55 to 780 ppm. The 96-hour LC<sub>50</sub> is 281 ppm for ] (''Palaemonetas vulgaris'') and 934 ppm for ] (''Uca pagilator''). These values make glyphosate "slightly toxic to practically non-toxic".<ref name="NPIC Data Sheet"/>

====Antimicrobial activity====
The ] activity of glyphosate has been described in the microbiology literature since its discovery in 1970 and the description of glyphosate's mechanism of action in 1972. Efficacy was described for numerous bacteria and fungi.<ref>Abraham William (Wildwood. , US Patent 7, 771, 736 B2; 2010</ref>
Glyphosate can control the growth of ]n parasites, such as '']'', '']'' (malaria), and '']'', and has been considered an antimicrobial agent in mammals.<ref name="pmid11865437">{{cite journal | vauthors = Roberts CW, Roberts F, Lyons RE, Kirisits MJ, Mui EJ, Finnerty J, Johnson JJ, Ferguson DJ, Coggins JR, Krell T, Coombs GH, Milhous WK, Kyle DE, Tzipori S, Barnwell J, Dame JB, Carlton J, McLeod R | title = The shikimate pathway and its branches in apicomplexan parasites | journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 185 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = S25–36 | date = Feb 2002 | pmid = 11865437 | doi = 10.1086/338004 }}</ref>
Inhibition can occur with some ] species important for soybean nitrogen fixation, especially under moisture stress.<ref name="pmid15224916">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zablotowicz RM, Reddy KN | title = Impact of glyphosate on the Bradyrhizobium japonicum symbiosis with glyphosate-resistant transgenic soybean: a minireview | journal = Journal of Environmental Quality | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 825–31 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15224916 | doi = 10.2134/jeq2004.0825 }}</ref>

====Soil biota====
]
When glyphosate comes into contact with the soil, it can be bound to ], thereby slowing its degradation.<ref name="epa_reds"/><ref name=Andrea>{{cite journal | title = Influence of repeated applications of glyphosate on its persistence and soil bioactivity | year = 2003 | vauthors = Andréa MM, Peres TB, Luchini LC, Bazarin S, Papini S, Matallo MB, Savoy VL | journal = Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira | volume = 38 | issue = 11 | pages = 1329–1335 | doi = 10.1590/S0100-204X2003001100012 }}</ref> Glyphosate and its degradation product, ], residues are considered to be much more benign toxicologically and environmentally than most of the herbicides replaced by glyphosate.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cerdeira AL, Duke SO | title = Effects of glyphosate-resistant crop cultivation on soil and water quality | journal = GM Crops | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 16–24 | date = January 2010 | pmid = 21912208 | doi = 10.4161/gmcr.1.1.9404 }}</ref>{{relevance inline|date=October 2015}}

Other studies found that while "recommended dosages of glyphosate did not affect growth rates", much higher dosages reduced respiration in ].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1472-765X.1995.tb01318.x |title=Effects of glyphosate on nitrogen fixation of free-living heterotrophic bacteria |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1472-765X.1995.tb01318.x/abstract |year=1995 | vauthors = Santos A, Flores M | journal = Letters in Applied Microbiology | volume = 20 | issue = 6 | pages = 349–52 }}</ref><ref name=EJA2009>{{Cite journal | last1 = Yamada | first1 = T | last2 = Kremer | first2 = RJ | last3 = de Camargo e Castro | first3 = PR | last4 = Wood | first4 = BW | year = 2009 | title = Glyphosate interactions with physiology, nutrition, and diseases of plants: Threat to agricultural sustainability? | journal = European Journal of Agronomy | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 111–113 | publisher = Elsevier | jstor = | doi = 10.1016/j.eja.2009.07.004 | name-list-format = vanc }}</ref>

Glyphosate can be harmful to some earthworms such as '']''<ref name=nature12886>{{cite web |url=http://www.nature.com/articles/srep12886|
author=Gaupp-Berghausen, M. et al.| title=Glyphosate-based herbicides reduce the activity and reproduction of earthworms and lead to increased soil nutrient concentrations.| journal=Sci. Rep. 5, 12886| year=2015 |doi=10.1038/srep12886}}</ref> and
'']'' (even at very low doses),<ref name="Paoletti">{{cite book | veditors =Paoletti MG | vauthors = Paoletti MG| chapter = The role of earthworms for assessment of sustainability and as bioindicators | publisher = Elsevier | year = 1999 | title = Invertebrate Biodiversity as Bioindicators of Sustainable Landscapes: Practical Use of Invertebrates to Assess Sustainable Land Use | pages = 137–156 }}</ref> and causes a significant reduction in growth of the earthworm ''Eisenia fetida''.<ref name="Yasmin">{{cite journal| vauthors = Yasmin S, D'Souza D | year = 2010 | title = Effects of pesticides on the growth and reproduction of earthworm: a review | journal = Applied and Environmental Soil Science | volume = 2010 | pages = 1–9 | doi = 10.1155/2010/678360}}</ref> Reproduction of a soil dwelling earthworm (''Aporrectodea caliginosa'') was reduced within three months of glyphosate application.<ref name=nature12886/> As a result of glyphosate application soil concentrations of nitrate and phosphate increased potentially impacting the balance of the agroecosystem.<ref name=nature12886/>

===Glyphosate-based formulations===
Glyphosate-based formulations may contain a number of ], the identities of which are considered trade secrets.<ref name="www2.epa.gov">{{cite web |url=http://www2.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/pesticide-registration-manual |title=Pesticide Registration Manual &#124; Pesticide Registration &#124; US EPA |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> Surfactants are used in herbicide formulations as ] agents, to maximize coverage and aid penetration of the herbicide(s) through plant leaves. As agricultural spray adjuvants, surfactants may be mixed into commercial formulations, such as Roundup, or they may be purchased separately and mixed on-site (tank mix).

] (POEA) is a surfactant used in the original Roundup formulation and was still being commonly used in 2015.<ref name=usgs.glyphosate.poea>{{cite web|title=Measuring POEA, a Surfactant Mixture in Herbicide Formulations|url=http://toxics.usgs.gov/highlights/glyphosate_poea.html|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey}}</ref> Different versions of Roundup have included different percentages of POEA. Although Monsanto do not disclose surfactants and their percentages, a 1997 US government report said that Roundup is 15% POEA while Roundup Pro is 14.5%.<ref name="fs.fed.us"/> A review of the literature provided to the EPA in 1997 found that POEA was more toxic to fish than glyphosate was.<ref name="fs.fed.us"/> POEA is more toxic to fish and amphibians than glyphosate alone.<ref name="fs.fed.us">Gary L. Diamond and Patrick R. Durkin February 6, 1997, under contract from the United States Department of Agriculture. </ref><ref name=Mann/>

====Human====
A 2000 review concluded that "under present and expected conditions of new use, there is no potential for Roundup herbicide to pose a health risk to humans".<ref name="wkc00">{{cite journal | vauthors = Williams GM, Kroes R, Munro IC | title = Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient, glyphosate, for humans | journal = Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology | volume = 31 | issue = 2 Pt 1 | pages = 117–65 | date = Apr 2000 | pmid = 10854122 | doi = 10.1006/rtph.1999.1371 }}</ref> A 2002 review by the European Union reached the same conclusion.<ref name="urlec.europa.eu">{{cite web | url = http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/ph_ps/pro/eva/existing/list1_glyphosate_en.pdf | title = Review report for the active substance glyphosate | date = 2002-01-21 | format = | work = Commission working document | publisher = European Commission, Health and Protection Directorate-General: Directorate E – Food Safety: plant health, animal health and welfare, international questions: E1 - Plant Health }}</ref>

A 2012 meta-analysis of all epidemiological studies of exposure to glyphosate formulations found no correlation with any kind of cancer.<ref name="Mink_2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mink PJ, Mandel JS, Sceurman BK, Lundin JI | title = Epidemiologic studies of glyphosate and cancer: a review | journal = Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology | volume = 63 | issue = 3 | pages = 440–52 | date = Aug 2012 | pmid = 22683395 | doi = 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.05.012 }}</ref> The 2013 systematic review by the German Institute for Risk Assessment of epidemiological studies of workers who use pesticides, exposed to glyphosate formulations found no significant risk, stating that "the available data are contradictory and far from being convincing".<ref name=BFR2014/>{{rp|Volume 1, p64-66}} However, a 2014 meta-analysis of the same studies found a correlation between occupational exposure to glyphosate formulations and increased risk of ], the most common kind of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Workers exposed to glyphosate were about twice as likely to get B cell lymphoma.<ref name="Schinasi">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schinasi L, Leon ME |title=Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and occupational exposure to agricultural pesticide chemical groups and active ingredients: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=4449–527 |date=Apr 2014 |pmid=24762670 |pmc=4025008 |doi=10.3390/ijerph110404449}}</ref>

] is dose-related; Skin exposure to ready-to-use glyphosate formulations can cause irritation, and ] has been occasionally reported. These effects are probably due to the preservative ]. Severe skin burns are very rare.<ref name="Bradberry_2004" /> Inhalation is a minor route of exposure, but spray mist may cause oral or nasal discomfort, an unpleasant taste in the mouth, or tingling and irritation in the throat. Eye exposure may lead to mild conjunctivitis. Superficial corneal injury is possible if irrigation is delayed or inadequate.<ref name="Bradberry_2004" />
Death has been reported after deliberate overdose.<ref name="Bradberry_2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bradberry SM, Proudfoot AT, Vale JA | title = Glyphosate poisoning | journal = Toxicological Reviews | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 159–67 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15862083 | doi = 10.2165/00139709-200423030-00003 | url = http://content.wkhealth.com/linkback/openurl?issn=1176-2551&volume=23&issue=3&spage=159 }}</ref><ref name="pmid22835958">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sribanditmongkol P, Jutavijittum P, Pongraveevongsa P, Wunnapuk K, Durongkadech P | title = Pathological and toxicological findings in glyphosate-surfactant herbicide fatality: a case report | journal = The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 234–7 | date = Sep 2012 | pmid = 22835958 | doi = 10.1097/PAF.0b013e31824b936c }}</ref>
Ingestion of Roundup ranging from 85 to 200 ml (of 41% solution) has resulted in death within hours of ingestion, although it has also been ingested in quantities as large as 500 ml with only mild or moderate symptoms.<ref name="pmid1673618">{{cite journal |vauthors=Talbot AR, Shiaw MH, Huang JS, Yang SF, Goo TS, Wang SH, Chen CL, Sanford TR |title=Acute poisoning with a glyphosate-surfactant herbicide ('Roundup'): a review of 93 cases |journal=Human & Experimental Toxicology |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |date=Jan 1991 |pmid=1673618 |doi=10.1177/096032719101000101}}</ref> Consumption of over 85 ml of concentrated product are likely to cause serious symptoms in adults including burns due to corrosive effects as well as kidney and liver damage. More severe cases cause "respiratory distress, impaired consciousness, ], infiltration on chest X-ray, shock, arrhythmias, renal failure requiring haemodialysis, metabolic acidosis, and hyperkalaemia" and death is often preceded by ] and ]s.<ref name="Bradberry_2004" />

====Other animals====
A 2000 review of the ecotoxicological data on Roundup shows at least 58 studies exist on the effects of Roundup on a range of organisms.<ref name=Giesy2000>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/978-1-4612-1156-3_2 |title=Ecotoxicological risk assessment for Roundup® herbicide |journal=Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology |year=2000 | vauthors = Giesy JP, Dobson S, Solomon KR | isbn = 978-0-387-95102-7 | volume = 167 | pages = 35–120 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7iTdm5ii4NYC&pg=PA35}}</ref> This review concluded, "...for terrestrial uses of Roundup minimal acute and chronic risk was predicted for potentially exposed non-target organisms".

In reproductive toxicity studies performed in rats and rabbits, no adverse maternal or offspring effects were seen at doses below 175–293&nbsp;mg/kg of body weight per day.<ref name="NPIC Data Sheet"/>

====Fish====
Monsanto and other companies produce glyphosate products with alternative surfactants specifically formulated for aquatic use, for example the Monsanto products "Biactive" and "AquaMaster".<ref name="url_backrounder_aquatic">{{cite web | url = http://www.monsanto.com/products/Documents/glyphosate-background-materials/bkg_amphib_05a.pdf | title =Response to "The impact of insecticides and herbicides on the biodiversity and productivity of aquatic communities" | date = 2005-04-01 | format = PDF | work = Backgrounder | publisher = Monsanto Company }}</ref><ref name="url_backgrounder_Aquatic_Australia">{{cite web | url = http://www.monsanto.com/products/Documents/glyphosate-background-materials/gly_austfrog_bkg.pdf | title = Aquatic Use of Glyphosate Herbicides in Australia | date = 2003-05-01 | format = PDF | work = Backgrounder | publisher = Monsanto Company }}</ref> Glyphosate formulations are much more toxic for amphibians and fish than glyphosate alone.<ref name="fs.fed.us"/><ref name=Mann>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mann RM, Hyne RV, Choung CB, Wilson SP | title = Amphibians and agricultural chemicals: Review of the risks in a complex environment|journal=Environmental Pollution|year=2009|volume=157|issue=11|pages=2903–2927|doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2009.05.015}}</ref> The half-life of POEA (21–42 days) is longer than that for glyphosate (7–14 days) in aquatic environments.<ref name="Mesnage">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mesnage R, Defarge N, Spiroux de Vendômois J, Séralini GE | title = Potential toxic effects of glyphosate and its commercial formulations below regulatory limits | journal = Food Chem. Toxicol. | volume = 84 | issue = | pages = 133–53 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26282372 | doi = 10.1016/j.fct.2015.08.012 | author-link4 = Gilles-Éric Séralini }}</ref>

====Amphibians====
Some researchers have suggested the toxicity effects of pesticides on amphibians may be different from those of other aquatic fauna because of their lifestyle; amphibians may be more susceptible to the toxic effects of pesticides because they often prefer to breed in shallow, ], or ephemeral pools. These habitats do not necessarily constitute formal water-bodies and can contain higher concentrations of pesticide compared to larger water-bodies.<ref name="Mann" /><ref name="Govindarajulu">{{cite web | vauthors= Govindarajulu PP | year = 2008 | title = Literature Review of Impacts of Glyphosate Herbicide on Amphibians: What Risks can the Silvicultural Use of this Herbicide Pose for Amphibians in BC?|publisher=British Columbia, Ecosystems Branch, Ministry of Environment|accessdate=December 12, 2015|url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.314.3577&rep=rep1&type=pdf}}</ref> Studies in a variety of amphibians have shown the toxicity of GBFs containing POEA to amphibian larvae. These effects include interference with gill morphology and mortality from either the loss of osmotic stability or asphyxiation. At sub-lethal concentrations, exposure to POEA or glyphosate/POEA formulations have been reported to be associated with delayed development, accelerated development, reduced size at ], developmental malformations of the tail, mouth, eye and head, histological indications of intersex and symptoms of oxidative stress.<ref name="Mann" />

A 2003 study of various formulations of glyphosate found, " risk assessments based on estimated and measured concentrations of glyphosate that would result from its use for the control of undesirable plants in wetlands and over-water situations showed that the risk to aquatic organisms is negligible or small at application rates less than 4 kg/ha and only slightly greater at application rates of 8 kg/ha."<ref name=Solomon>{{cite journal | vauthors = Solomon KR, Thompson DG | title = Ecological risk assessment for aquatic organisms from over-water uses of glyphosate | journal = Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part B, Critical Reviews | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 289–324 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12746143 | doi = 10.1080/10937400306468 }}</ref>

A 2013 ] reviewed the available data related to potential impacts of glyphosate-based herbicides on amphibians. According to the authors, the use of glyphosate-based pesticides cannot be considered the major cause of amphibian decline, the bulk of which occurred prior to the widespread use of glyphosate or in pristine tropical areas with minimal glyphosate exposure. The authors recommended further study of species- and development-stage chronic toxicity, of environmental glyphosate levels, and ongoing analysis of data relevant to determining what if any role glyphosate might be playing in worldwide amphibian decline, and suggest including amphibians in standardized test batteries.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wagner N, Reichenbecher W, Teichmann H, Tappeser B, Lötters S | title = Questions concerning the potential impact of glyphosate-based herbicides on amphibians | journal = Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry / SETAC | volume = 32 | issue = 8 | pages = 1688–700 | date = Aug 2013 | pmid = 23637092 | doi = 10.1002/etc.2268 }}</ref>

====Other aquatic fauna====
Glyphosate-based formulations can cause ] in bullfrog tadpoles and Pacific oysters.<ref name=iarcmono>{{cite web|url=http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol112/mono112-02.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905094833/http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol112/mono112-02.pdf|archivedate=2015-09-05|title=IARC monograph on glyphosate|publisher=IARC|accessdate=September 27, 2015}}</ref>

====Effect on plant health====
A correlation was found between an increase in the infection rate of wheat by '']'' head blight and the application of glyphosate, but "because of the nature of this study, we could not determine if the association between previous GF (glyphosate formulation) use and FHB development was a cause-effect relationship".<ref name="Fernandeza">{{cite journal |doi=10.2135/cropsci2004.0197 |title=Crop Production Factors Associated with Fusarium Head Blight in Spring Wheat in Eastern Saskatchewan |year=2005 | vauthors = Fernandez MR, Selles F, Gehl D, Depauw RM, Zentner RP | journal = Crop Science | volume = 45 | issue = 5 | pages = 1908–16 }}</ref> Other studies have found causal relationships between glyphosate and decreased disease resistance.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-5799-1_15 |chapter=Interactions of Synthetic Herbicides with Plant Disease and Microbial Herbicides |title=Novel Biotechnologies for Biocontrol Agent Enhancement and Management |series=NATO Security through Science Series |year=2007 | vauthors = Duke SO, Wedge DE, Cerdeira AL, Matallo MB | isbn = 978-1-4020-5797-7 | pages = 277–96 | editor1-first = Maurizio | editor1-last = Vurro | editor2-first = Jonathan | editor2-last = Gressel | name-list-format = vanc }}</ref> Exposure to glyphosate has been shown to change the species composition of ] in plant hosts, which is highly variable.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosenblueth M, Martínez-Romero E | title = Bacterial endophytes and their interactions with hosts | journal = Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions | volume = 19 | issue = 8 | pages = 827–37 | date = Aug 2006 | pmid = 16903349 | doi = 10.1094/MPMI-19-0827 }}</ref>

====Endocrine disruption====
In 2007, the EPA selected glyphosate for further screening through its Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP). Selection for this program is based on a compound's prevalence of use and does not imply particular suspicion of endocrine activity.<ref>{{cite journal | author = United States Environmental Protection Agency | journal = Federal Register | volume = 72 | issue = 116 | pages = 33486–503 | date = 18 June 2007 | title = Draft List of Initial Pesticide Active Ingredients and Pesticide Inerts to be Considered for Screening under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act | url = http://www.epa.gov/endo/pubs/draft_list_frn_061807.pdf }}</ref> On June 29, 2015 the EPA released Weight of Evidence Conclusion of the EDSP Tier 1 screening for glyphosate, recommending that glyphosate not be considered for Tier 2 testing. The Weight of Evidence conclusion stated "...there was no convincing evidence of potential interaction with the estrogen, androgen or thyroid pathways."<ref>{{cite web | author = United States Environmental Protection Agency | title = Memorandum: EDSP Weight of Evidence Conclusions on the Tier 1 Screening Assays for the List 1 Chemicals | url = http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-06/documents/glyphosate-417300_2015-06-29_txr0057175.pdf | date = 29 June 2015 }}</ref>

====Genetic damage====
Several studies have not found ],<ref>ToxNet. . National Library of Medicine.</ref> so glyphosate has not been listed in the ] or the ] databases.<ref name=Forty>András Székács and Béla Darvas. . In: ", Ed. Mohammed Naguib Abd El-Ghany Hasaneen, ISBN 978-953-307-803-8, Published: January 13, 2012.</ref> Various other studies suggest glyphosate may be mutagenic.<ref name=Forty /> The IARC monograph noted that glyphosate-based formulations can cause DNA strand breaks in various ] of animals ''in vitro''<ref name=iarcmono/>

===Government and organization positions===
{{update|section|date=January 2017}}

====European Food Safety Authority====

A 2013 systematic review by the ] (BfR) examined more than 1000<ref>http://www.bfr.bund.de/en/press_information/2014/03/glyphosate__no_more_poisonous_than_previously_assumed__although_a_critical_view_should_be_taken_of_certain_co_formulants-188898.html</ref> ] studies, animal studies, and '']'' studies. It found that "no classification and labelling for carcinogenicity is warranted" and did not recommend a carcinogen classification of either 1A or 1B.<ref name=BFR2014/>{{rp|139, 34–37}} It provided the review to ] in January 2014 which published it in December 2014.<ref name=BFR2014>Renewal Assessment Report: Glyphosate. Volume 1. Report and Proposed Decision. December 18, 2013. German Institute for Risk Assessment, page 65. Downloaded from http://dar.efsa.europa.eu/dar-web/provision (registration required)</ref><ref name="Renewal Assessment Report">{{cite web | url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/238082730/Glyphosate-RAR-01-Volume-1-2013-12-18-San#scribd | title=Glyphosate RAR 01 Volume 1 2013-12-18 San | publisher=Hungry4Pesticides | work=Renewal Assessment Report | date=18 December 2013 | accessdate=27 March 2015}}</ref><ref>Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung. Updated 15 January 2014 </ref>
On November, 12th, 2015, EFSA published its conclusion on the risk assessment of glyphosate, stating it was "unlikely to pose a carcinogenic hazard to humans".<ref>{{cite journal | year = 2015 | title = Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance glyphosate | url = http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/scientific_output/files/main_documents/4302.pdf | format = PDF | journal = EFSA Journal | volume = 13 | issue = 11| page = 4302 | doi = 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4302 }}</ref>

EFSA's decision and the BfR report were criticized in an ] published by 96 scientists in November 2015 saying that the BfR report failed to adhere to accepted scientific principles of open and transparent procedures.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dw.com/en/independent-scientists-warn-over-monsanto-herbicide/a-18886833 | title=Independent scientists warn over Monsanto herbicide| publisher=]| date=December 1, 2015| accessdate=December 9, 2015}}</ref><ref name=portier>{{cite web| url = http://db.zs-intern.de/uploads/1448884347-151127_Portier_et_al_EFSA-Glyphosate-Letter.pdf | last = Portier | first = C. J. | display-authors=etal | name-list-format = vanc | title=Open letter: Review of the Carcinogenicity of Glyphosate by EFSA and BfR | date = 27 November 2015 | accessdate = 9 December 2015 }}</ref> The BfR report included unpublished data, lacked authorship, omitted references, and did not disclose conflict-of-interest information.<ref name=portier/>

On April 4, 2016, Dr. ], European Commissioner for Health and Food Safety, wrote an ] to the Chair of the Board of the Glyphosate Task at ] Europe asking to publish the full studies provided to the ].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/cwt/files/letter_1.pdf | title = Open letter. Subject: Plant protection products - transparency in the context of the decision-making process on glyphosate | date = 4 April 2016 | website = | publisher = European Commission | access-date = 16 May 2016 | quote = }}</ref>

====US Environmental Protection Agency====
The ], which last reviewed glyphosate in 1993, considers glyphosate to be ] and relatively low in ] and oral acute toxicity.<ref name="epa_reds">{{cite web | url = http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/factsheets/0178fact.pdf | title = Registration Decision Fact Sheet for Glyphosate (EPA-738-F-93-011) | year = 1993 | format = PDF | work = R.E.D. FACTS | publisher = United States Environmental Protection Agency }}</ref> The EPA considered a "worst case" dietary risk model of an individual eating a lifetime of food derived entirely from glyphosate-sprayed fields with residues at their maximum levels. This model indicated that no adverse health effects would be expected under such conditions.<ref name="epa_reds" /> In 2015, the EPA initiated a review glyphosate's toxicity and in 2016 reported their conclusion that glyphosate is likely not carcinogenic.<ref name=NatureonWHO2015>{{cite journal | first1 = Daniel | last1 = Cressey | name-list-format = vanc | url = http://www.nature.com/news/widely-used-herbicide-linked-to-cancer-1.17181 | title = Widely used herbicide linked to cancer | journal = Nature | date = March 25, 2015 | doi = 10.1038/nature.2015.17181 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Charles|first=Dan|date=17 September 2016|title=EPA Weighs In On Glyphosate, Says It Doesn't Cause Cancer|url=http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/09/17/494301343/epa-weighs-in-on-glyphosate-says-it-doesnt-cause-cancer|newspaper=]|location= |access-date=19 September 2016}}</ref>

====International Agency for Research on Cancer====
In March 2015, the ]''' '''published a summary of their forthcoming monograph on glyphosate, and classified glyphosate as "probably&nbsp;carcinogenic&nbsp;in humans" (category 2A) based on epidemiological studies, animal studies, and ''in vitro'' studies. It noted that there was "limited evidence" of carcinogenicity in humans for non-Hodgkin lymphoma.<ref name=NatureonWHO2015/><ref name=Lancet20March2015/><ref name=IARC20March2015>{{cite web | title = Press release: IARC Monographs Volume 112: evaluation of five organophosphate insecticides and herbicides | date = March 20, 2015 | url = http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/MonographVolume112.pdf | publisher = International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | first1 = Michael | last1 = Specter | name-list-format = vanc | work = New Yorker | date = 10 April 2015 | url = http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/roundup-and-risk-assessment | title = Roundup and Risk Assessment | quote = 'Probable’ means that there was enough evidence to say it is more than possible, but not enough evidence to say it is a carcinogen," Aaron Blair, a lead researcher on the IARC’s study, said. Blair, a scientist emeritus at the National Cancer Institute, has studied the effects of pesticides for years. "It means you ought to be a little concerned about" glyphosate, he said. }}</ref>
The IARC classifies substances for their carcinogenic potential, and "a few positive findings can be enough to declare a hazard, even if there are negative studies, as well." Unlike the BfR, it does not conduct a so-called ] weighing benefits against risk.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/28/business/energy-environment/decades-after-monsantos-roundup-gets-an-all-clear-a-cancer-agency-raises-concerns.html | title = Weed Killer, Long Cleared, Is Doubted | first = Andrew | last = Pollack | name-list-format = vanc | date = 27 March 2015 | publisher = ]}}</ref>

The BfR responded that IARC reviewed only a selection of what they had reviewed earlier, and argued that other studies, including a cohort study called 'Agricultural Health Study', do not support the classification.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/loest-glyphosat-krebs-aus.pdf | title = Löst glyphosat Krebs aus? (announcement 007/2015)|date=23 March 2015|publisher=] | language = German}}</ref> The IARC report did not include the German regulatory study published in December 2014, nor did it include industry-funded studies.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
Monsanto called the IARC report biased and said it wanted it to be retracted.<ref>{{cite web | first1 = Carey | last1 = Gillam | name-list-format = vanc | url = http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/24/us-monsanto-herbicide-idUSKBN0MK2GF20150324#TWrEqcrkJiYtdXgJ.97 | title = Monsanto seeks retraction for report linking herbicide to cancer | work = Reuters | date = 24 March 2015}}</ref> It started a case against California's carcinogen classification in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Monsanto Sues California Over Herbicide Classification|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/22/business/monsanto-sues-california-over-herbicide-classification.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 2016-01-21|access-date = 2016-01-25|issn = 0362-4331|last = Reuters}}</ref>

==Effects of use==

===Emergence of resistant weeds===
In the 1990s, when the first genetically modified crops-such as glyphosate-resistant corn, canola, soybean and cotton—were introduced,<ref name="James 1996">{{cite web|last=James|first=Clive|title=Global Review of the Field Testing and Commercialization of Transgenic Plants: 1986 to 1995|url=http://www.isaaa.org/kc/Publications/pdfs/isaaabriefs/Briefs%201.pdf|publisher=The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications|accessdate=July 17, 2010|year=1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Roundup Ready System |url=http://www.monsanto.com/weedmanagement/Pages/roundup-ready-system.aspx |publisher=Monsanto |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402204619/http://www.monsanto.com/weedmanagement/Pages/roundup-ready-system.aspx |archivedate=April 2, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref> no glyphosate-resistant weeds existed.<ref name="NYT_2010" /> By 2014, glyphosate-resistant weeds dominated herbicide-resistant research. At that time, 23 glyphosate-resistant species were found in 18 countries.<ref name="springer_2016_heap_2014" />

"Resistance evolves after a weed population has been subjected to intense selection pressure in the form of repeated use of a single herbicide."<ref name="NYT_2010">{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/17/opinion/17mon3.html?ref=opinion | work=The New York Times | title=Resisting Roundup | date=May 16, 2010 |accessdate=March 24, 2016}}</ref><ref name="canada"/> Weeds resistant to the herbicide have been called ''''superweeds''''.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Tarter S | url = http://www.pjstar.com/business/x90676933/Attack-of-the-Superweeds |title=Attack of the Superweeds |work=] |date=2009-04-06 |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref>

According to Ian Heap, a weed specialist, who completed his PhD on resistance to multiple herbicides in annual ryegrass ('']'') in 1988<ref name="Heap_PhD_1988">{{cite web | title=Resistance to herbicides in annual ryegrass (Lolium Rigidum) | publisher=Department of Agronomy, ] | date=1988 | accessdate=24 March 2016 | author=Heap, Ian Michael | location=Adelaide}}</ref>
–the first case of an herbicide-resistant weed in Australia<ref name="agannex_2015">{{cite web | url=http://www.agannex.com/weeds/history-of-herbicide-resistance | title=History of herbicide resistance Herbicide resistance: Then, now, and the years to come | date=June 2015 | accessdate=24 March 2016 | author=King, Carolyn}}</ref>–by 2014 the ''Lolium rigidum'' was the "world’s worst herbicide-resistant weed with instances in "12 countries, 11 sites of action, 9 cropping regimens" and affecting over 2 million hectares.<ref name="springer_2016_heap_2014">{{cite book | url=http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-7796-5_12 | title=Herbicide Resistant Weeds | author=Heap, Ian |date=2014-04-11 |accessdate=2016-03-24 |series=Integrated Pest Management |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-7796-5_12}}</ref> Annual ryegrass was known to be resistant to herbicides since 1982. By 1996, the first documented case of glyphosate-resistant ''L. rigidum'' was reported in Australia in 1996 near ].<ref name="weeds_iastate_1998">{{citation |url=http://www.weeds.iastate.edu/mgmt/2003/glyresistance.shtml |series=Weed Science Online |title=Are RR Weeds in Your Future I |first=Bob |last=Hartzler |date=January 29, 2003 |accessdate=March 24, 2016 |work=Iowa State University (ISU)}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Powles SB, Lorraine-Colwill DF, Dellow JJ, Preston C | year = 1998 | title = Evolved Resistance to Glyphosate in Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia | journal = Weed Science | volume = 46 | issue = 5 | pages = 604–7 | jstor = 4045968 }}</ref><ref name=ResistanceBook2010>Glyphosate Resistance in Crops and Weeds: History, Development, and Management. Editor, Vijay K. Nandula. John Wiley & Sons, 2010 ISBN 9781118043547</ref> In 2006, farmers associations were reporting 107 biotypes of weeds within 63 weed species with herbicide resistance.<ref name="SEFarmPressResistance">{{Cite web|url=http://southeastfarmpress.com/glyphosate-resistant-weeds-reality-cotton-growers/ |title=Glyphosate resistance is a reality that should scare some cotton growers into changing the way they do business |publisher=Southeastfarmpress.com |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref> In 2009, Canada identified its first resistant weed, giant ragweed, and at that time 15 weed species had been confirmed as resistant to glyphosate.<ref name="canada">{{Cite web|author=Lori |url=http://www.uoguelph.ca/news/2009/05/u_of_g_research_19.html |title=U of G Researchers Find Suspected Glyphosate-Resistant Weed |publisher=Uoguelph.ca |date=2009-05-07 |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weedscience.org/Maps/GlyphosateMap.htm | title=Map of Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds Globally | publisher=The International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds | year=2010 | accessdate=12 Jan 2013}}</ref> As of 2010, in the United States {{convert|7|to|10|e6acre|e6ha|abbr=off}} of soil were afflicted by superweeds, or about 5% of the 170 million acres planted with corn, soybeans, and cotton, the crops most affected, in 22 states.<ref name="nytimes">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/04/business/energy-environment/04weed.html|title=U.S. Farmers Cope With Roundup-Resistant Weeds | vauthors = Neuman W, Pollack A | date = 4 May 2010 | work = New York Times | pages = B1 | accessdate = 4 May 2010 | location = New York }}</ref> In 2012, Charles Benbrook reported that the Weed Science Society of America listed 22 superweeds in the U.S., with over {{convert|5.7|e6ha|e6acre|abbr=on}} infested by GR weeds and that ] had carried out a survey and reported a figure of around {{convert|40|e6ha|e6acre|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite journal | first1 = Charles M | last1 = Benbrook | name-list-format = vanc | url = http://www.enveurope.com/content/24/1/24 | title = Impacts of genetically engineered crops on pesticide use in the U.S. - the first sixteen years | journal = Environmental Sciences Europe | date = 2012 | volume = 24| pages = 24| doi = 10.1186/2190-4715-24-24 }}</ref> The International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds database lists species that are resistant to glyphosate.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Heap I | work = The International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds | access-date = 13 April 2014 | url = http://www.weedscience.org/summary/ResistByActive.aspx | title = Resistance by Active Ingredient (select "glyphosate" from the pulldown menu) }}</ref>

In response to resistant weeds, farmers are hand-weeding, using tractors to turn over soil between crops, and using other herbicides in addition to glyphosate.

Monsanto scientists have found that some resistant weeds have as many as 160 extra copies of a gene called ''],'' the enzyme glyphosate disrupts.<ref>{{cite web | title = With BioDirect, Monsanto Hopes RNA Sprays Can Someday Deliver Drought Tolerance and Other Traits to Plants on Demand | work = ] | url = http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/540136/the-next-great-gmo-debate | accessdate = 2015-08-31}}</ref>

====Palmer amaranth====
]
In 2004, a glyphosate-resistant variation of '']'', commonly known as Palmer amaranth, was found in Georgia and confirmed by a 2005 study.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1614/WS-06-001R.1 |title= Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) confirmed in Georgia |year=2006 |vauthors=Culpepper AS, Grey TL, Vencill WK, Kichler JM, Webster TM, Brown SM, York AC, Davis JW, Hanna WW | journal = Weed Science | volume = 54 | issue = 4 | pages = 620–6 | jstor = 4539441 }}</ref> In 2005, resistance was also found in North Carolina.<ref name="Hampton">{{cite web | url = http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/agcomm/magazine/winter09/cotton.html | title = Cotton versus the monster weed| vauthors = Hampton N | accessdate=2009-07-19}}</ref> Widespread use of Roundup Ready crops led to an unprecedented ], and glyphosate resistance followed.<ref name="Hampton"/> The weed variation is now widespread in the southeastern United States.<ref name="FS03Mar09">{{cite news | url = http://magissues.farmprogress.com/TFS/FS03Mar09/tfs024.pdf | title = Resistance a growing problem | vauthors = Smith JT | date = March 2009 | work = The Farmer Stockman | accessdate = 2009-07-19 }}</ref> Cases have also been reported in Texas<ref name="FS03Mar09"/> and Virginia.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://agfax.com/news/2009/peanutfax/0716pf.htm | title = Peanuts: variable insects, variable weather, Roundup resistant Palmer in new state | vauthors = Taylor O | date = 2009-07-16 | work = PeanutFax | publisher = AgFax Media | accessdate = 2009-07-19 }}</ref>

====''Conyza''====
]'']]
'']'' (also known as hairy fleabane and buva) and '']'' (known as horseweed or marestail), are other weed species that had lately developed glyphosate resistance.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1590/S0100-83582007000300017 |title=Buva (''Conyza bonariensis'') resistente ao glyphosate na região sul do Brasil |trans_title=''Conyza bonariensis'' biotypes resistant to the glyphosate in southern Brazil |language=Portuguese |year=2007 |vauthors=Vargas L, Bianchi MA, Rizzardi MA, Agostinetto D, Dal Magro T |journal=Planta Daninha |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=573–8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1614/WS-05-010R |title=Assessment of two nondestructive assays for detecting glyphosate resistance in horseweed (Conyza canadensis) |year=2005 |vauthors=Koger CH, Shaner DL, Henry WB, Nadler-Hassar T, Thomas WE, Wilcut JW | journal = Weed Science | volume = 53 | issue = 4 | pages = 438–45 | jstor = 4047050}}</ref><ref name="pmid20063320">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ge X, d'Avignon DA, Ackerman JJ, Sammons RD | title = Rapid vacuolar sequestration: the horseweed glyphosate resistance mechanism | journal = ] | volume = 66 | issue = 4 | pages = 345–8 | date = Apr 2010 | pmid = 20063320 | pmc = 3080097 | doi = 10.1002/ps.1911 }}</ref> A 2008 study on the current situation of glyphosate resistance in South America concluded "resistance evolution followed intense glyphosate use" and the use of glyphosate-resistant soybean crops is a factor encouraging increases in glyphosate use.<ref name="pmid18161884">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vila-Aiub MM, Vidal RA, Balbi MC, Gundel PE, Trucco F, Ghersa CM | title = Glyphosate-resistant weeds of South American cropping systems: an overview | journal = Pest Management Science | volume = 64 | issue = 4 | pages = 366–71 | date = Apr 2008 | pmid = 18161884 | doi = 10.1002/ps.1488 }}</ref> In the 2015 growing season, glyphosate-resistant marestail proved to be especially problematic to control in Nebraska production fields.<ref name=cw-marestail>{{cite news|last1=Jhala|first1=Amit|title=Post-Emergence Herbicide Options for Glyphosate-Resistant Marestail in Corn and Soybean|url=http://cropwatch.unl.edu/controlling-glyphosate-resistant-marestail|accessdate=17 August 2015|agency=Nebraska Extension|publisher=CropWatch|date=4 June 2015 | name-list-format = vanc }}</ref>

====Ryegrass====
] ''Lolium perenne'']]
Glyphosate-resistant ] (''Lolium'') has occurred in most of the Australian agricultural areas and other areas of the world. All cases of evolution of resistance to glyphosate in Australia were characterized by intensive use of the herbicide while no other effective weed control practices were used. Studies indicate the resistant ryegrass does not compete well against nonresistant plants and their numbers decrease when not grown under conditions of glyphosate application.<ref>{{cite journal | title = A Decade of Glyphosate-Resistant Lolium around the World: Mechanisms, Genes, Fitness, and Agronomic Management |year=2009 |vauthors=Preston C, Wakelin AM, Dolman FC, Bostamam Y, Boutsalis P | journal = Weed Science | volume = 57 | issue = 4 | pages = 435–41 | doi = 10.1614/WS-08-181.1 }}</ref>

====Johnson grass====
Glyphosate-resistant ] (''Sorghum halepense'') is found in glyphosate-resistant soybean cultivation in northern Argentina.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Evolution of Glyphosate-Resistant Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) in Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean | year = 2007 |vauthors=Vila-Aiub MM, Balbi MC, Gundel PE, Ghersa CM, Powles SB | journal = Weed Science | volume = 55 | issue = 6 |pages = 566–71 | doi = 10.1614/WS-07-053.1 | jstor = 4539618 }}</ref>

===Monarch butterfly===
Use of glyphosate to clear ] along roads and fields may have contributed to a decline in ] populations in the Midwest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://weedcontrolfreaks.com/2014/02/are-herbicides-responsible-for-the-decline-in-monarch-butterflies/ |title=Are herbicides responsible for the decline in Monarch butterflies? |last1=Kniss |first1=Andrew |last2= |first2= |date=2014-02-10 |website=Control Freaks |publisher= |access-date=2016-06-16 |quote="The evidence seems clear that the number of milkweed plants through this region has indeed declined. The cause for the milkweed decline, though, is a little less certain."}}</ref> Along with deforestation and adverse weather conditions,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/01/29/the-monarch-butterfly-population-just-hit-a-record-low-heres-why/ |title=Monarch butterflies keep disappearing. Here’s why. |last=Plumer |first=Brad |date=January 29, 2014 |website=The Washington Post |access-date=2016-06-16}}</ref> the decrease in milkweed contributed to an 81% decline in monarchs.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pleasants |first1=John M. |last2=Oberhauser |first2=Karen S. |authorlink2=Karen Oberhauser |name-list-format=vanc |title=Milkweed loss in agricultural fields because of herbicide use: effect on the monarch butterfly population |journal=Insect Conservation and Diversity |year=2012 |url=http://www.mlmp.org/results/findings/pleasants_and_oberhauser_2012_milkweed_loss_in_ag_fields.pdf |doi=10.1111/j.1752-4598.2012.00196.x |volume=6 |pages=135–144 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904235825/http://www.mlmp.org:80/Results/Findings/Pleasants_and_Oberhauser_2012_milkweed_loss_in_ag_fields.pdf |archivedate=September 4, 2014 |df=mdy }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | first1 = Robert G. | last1 = Hartzler | first2 = Douglas D. | last2 = Buhler | name-list-format = vanc | title = Occurrence of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) in cropland and adjacent areas|journal=Crop Protection|year=2000 | url = http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=agron_pubs | doi = 10.1016/s0261-2194(00)00024-7 | volume = 19 | pages = 363–366}}</ref> The ] (NRDC) filed a suit in 2015 against the ], in which it is argued that the agency ignored warnings about the dangers of glyphosate usage for monarchs.<ref>{{cite web | title = NRDC Sues EPA Over Demise of Monarch Butterfly Population | url = http://www.nbcnews.com/science/environment/nrdc-sues-epa-over-demise-monarch-butterfly-population-n314371 | year = 2015 | publisher = NBC }}</ref>

==Legal status==
Glyphosate was first approved for use in the 1970s, and as of 2010 was labelled for use in 130 countries.<ref name=Dill/>{{rp|2}}

In September 2013, the legislative assembly of ] approved legislation to ban 53 agrochemicals, including glyphosate; the ban on glyphosate was set to begin in 2015.<ref>Staff, Centralamericadata.com. September 6, 2013 </ref><ref>Staff, Centralamericadata.com. November 27, 2013 </ref><ref>Legislative Assembly of El Salvador. November 26, 2013
</ref>

In April 2014, the legislature of the ] passed legislation prohibiting sale of glyphosate to individuals for use at home; commercial sales were not affected.<ref>Staff, Sustainable Pulse. Apr 4 2014 </ref>

In May 2015, the president of ] banned the use and import of glyphosate, effective immediately.<ref>Staff, Colombo Page. May 22, 2015 </ref><ref>Sarina Locke for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Updated May 27, 2015 </ref>

In May 2015, ] blocked importation on all new orders of glyphosate-based herbicides for a temporary suspension awaiting outcomes of research.<ref name=Bermuda1>{{cite news | title = Health Minister: importation of roundup weed spray suspended | url = http://www.todayinbermuda.com/news/health/item/1471-health-minister-importation-of-roundup-weed-spray-suspended | publisher = Bermuda Today | date = 11 May 2015 }}</ref>

In May 2015, Colombia announced that it would stop using glyphosate by October 2015 in the destruction of illegal plantations of ], the raw ingredient for ]. Farmers have complained that the aerial fumigation has destroyed entire fields of ] and other legal produce.<ref name="url_BBC_News_ Colombia">{{cite web | url = http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-32677411 | title = Colombia to ban coca spraying herbicide glyphosate | work = BBC News | date = 10 May 2015}}</ref>

In June 2015, the ] asked nurseries and garden centers to halt over-the-counter sales of glyphosate in the form of Monsanto's Roundup. This was a nonbinding request and all sales of glyphosate remain legal in France until 2022, when the substance will be banned for home gardening.<ref name="url_Reuters_France">{{cite web | url = http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/14/france-monsanto-idUSL5N0Z00H120150614?type=companyNews | title = UPDATE 2-French minister asks shops to stop selling Monsanto Roundup weedkiller | work = ] }}</ref>

A vote on the relicencing of glyphosate in the EU stalled in March 2016. Member states France, Sweden, and the Netherlands objected to the renewal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/mar/08/eu-vote-on-controversial-weedkiller-licence-postponed-glyphosate|title=Vote on controversial weedkiller's European licence postponed|author=Arthur Nelson|publisher=The Guardian|date=2016-03-08}}</ref> A vote to reauthorize on a temporary basis failed in June 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jun/06/recall-of-monsantos-roundup-likely-as-eu-refuses-limited-use-of-glyphosate|title=Recall of Monsanto's Roundup likely as EU refuses limited use of glyphosate|publisher=Reuters|date=2016-06-06}}</ref> but at the last-minute the license was extended for 18 months and will be re-evaluated at the end of 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jun/29/controversial-chemical-roundup-weedkiller-escapes-immediate-ban|title=Controversial chemical in Roundup weedkiller escapes immediate ban|author=Arthur Nelson|publisher=The Guardian|date=2016-06-29}}</ref>

==Legal cases==

===Advertising controversy===
''The New York Times'' reported that in 1996, "Dennis C. Vacco, the Attorney General of New York, ordered the company Monsanto to pull ads that said Roundup was "safer than table salt" and "practically nontoxic" to mammals, birds and fish. The company withdrew the spots, but also said that the phrase in question was permissible under E.P.A. guidelines."<ref name="urlMonsanto recruits the horticulturist of the San Diego Zoo to pitch its popular herbicide. - New York Times">{{cite web | url = http://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/29/business/monsanto-recruits-horticulturist-san-diego-zoo-pitch-its-popular-herbicide.html?ref=monsantocompany | title = Monsanto recruits the horticulturist of the San Diego Zoo to pitch its popular herbicide | author = Charry T | date = 1997-05-29 | format = | work = Business Day | publisher = New York Times }}</ref>

In 2001, French environmental and consumer rights campaigners brought a case against Monsanto for misleading the public about the ] of its herbicide Roundup, on the basis that glyphosate, Roundup's main component, is classed as "dangerous for the environment" and "toxic for aquatic organisms" by the ]. Monsanto's advertising for Roundup had presented it as biodegradable and as leaving the soil clean after use. In 2007, Monsanto was convicted of false advertising and was fined 15,000 euros. Monsanto's French distributor Scotts France was also fined 15,000 euros. Both defendants were ordered to pay damages of 5,000 euros to the Brittany Water and Rivers Association and 3,000 euros to the Consommation Logement Cadre de vie, one of the two main general consumer associations in France.<ref>. Terradaily.com (January 26, 2007).</ref> Monsanto appealed and the court upheld the verdict; Monsanto appealed again to the French Supreme Court, and in 2009 it also upheld the verdict.<ref>. BBC News (October 15, 2009).</ref>

===Trade dumping allegations===
United States companies have cited trade issues with glyphosate being dumped into the western world market areas by Chinese companies and a formal dispute was filed in 2010.<ref name="urlAlbaugh accuses Chinese of dumping herbicide | Des Moines Register Staff Blogs">{{cite web | url = http://blogs.desmoinesregister.com/dmr/index.php/2010/04/01/albaugh-accuses-chinese-of-dumping-herbicide/ | title = Albaugh accuses Chinese of dumping herbicide | author = Piller D | date = 2010-04-01 | format = | work = Staff Blogs | publisher = Des Moines Register }}</ref><ref name="urlwww.usitc.gov">{{cite web | url = http://www.usitc.gov/trade_remedy/731_ad_701_cvd/investigations/2010/glyphosate/preliminary/PDF/Conference%2004-22-2010.pdf | title = In the Matter of: GLYPHOSATE FROM CHINA | date = 2010-04-22 | work = | publisher = United States International Trade Commission }}</ref>

==See also==
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{PPDB|373|Name=Glyphosate}}
* {{PPDB|1062|Name=Glyphosate trimesium}}
* {{PPDB|2395|Name=Glyphosate, isopropylamine salt}}
* {{PPDB|2396|Name=Glyphosate, potassium salt}}

{{Herbicides}}
{{Authority control}}

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Revision as of 14:54, 4 February 2017

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