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	{{About\|the city of Karachi}}
	{{EngvarB\|date=February 2014}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2016}}
	{{Infobox settlement
	\|name = Karachi
	\|native_name ={{nobold\|{{lang\|ur\|{{Nastaliq\|کراچی}}}}}}
	\|settlement_type = ]
	\|image_skyline = {{Photomontage
	\|photo1a =Karachimontage.jpg
	\|size = 250
	\|position = center
	\|spacing = Number indicating width of spacing between the images (default: 1)
	\|color = Color of spacing between the images (default: black)
	\|border = Number indicating width of border surrounding the montage (default: 1)
	\|color_border = Color of border surrounding the montage (default: black)
	\|text =
	\|text_background = Color of background behind text (default: #F8F8FF)
	\|foot_montage = Clockwise from top: The ], ], a view of ], the ] era ], the ], ]
	}}
	\|image_caption =
	\|image_blank_emblem =Karachi Metropolitan Corporation.png
	\|blank_emblem_type = Emblem
	\|nickname = City of the Quaid,{{sfn\|Sarina Singh\|2008\|p=164}} Paris of Asia,<ref name="nadeemf.paracha"/><ref>{{cite news\|last1=Ghosh\|first1=Palash\|title=Karachi, Pakistan: Troubled, Violent Metropolis Was Once Called ‘Paris Of The East’\|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/karachi-pakistan-troubled-violent-metropolis-was-once-called-paris-east-1396265\|accessdate=8 January 2017\|publisher=]\|date=Aug 22, 2013\|ref=However, decades ago, Karachi was a very different place -- so different, in fact, that in 1942, the city charmed American soldiers enough to dub it the "Paris of the East."}}</ref> The City of Lights,<ref name="nadeemf.paracha"/> Bride of the Cities{{sfn\|Hunt Janin\|Scott A. Mandia\|2012\|p=98}} ({{lang\|ur\|{{Nastaliq\|عروس البلاد}}}}{{sfn\|Sind Muslim College\|1965}})
	\|pushpin_map = Sindh#Pakistan
	\|pushpin_label_position =
	\|pushpin_mapsize =250
	\|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Pakistan
	\|pushpin_relief =
	\|coordinates = {{coord\|24\|51\|36\|N\|67\|0\|36\|E\|display=inline,title}}
	\|subdivision_type = Country
	\|subdivision_name = {{flagicon\|Pakistan}} ]
	\|subdivision_type1 = ]
	\|subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon\|Sindh}} ]
	\|established_title = Metropolitan Corporation
	\|established_date = 2011
	\|seat_type = City Council
	\|seat = City Complex, ]
	\|parts_type = Districts<ref name="govt">{{cite web \|url=http://www.kmc.gos.pk/Contents.aspx?id=84 \|title=District in Karachi \|publisher=Karachi Metropolitan Corporation \|accessdate=6 May 2014}}</ref>
	\|parts_style = coll
	\|parts = 6
	\|p1 = ]
	\|government_footnotes =<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web \|url=http://www.kmc.gos.pk/ \|title=Government \|publisher=Karachi Metropolitan Corporation \|accessdate=6 May 2014}}</ref>
	\|government_type = Metropolitan City
	\|leader_title = ]
	\|leader_name = Shahab Munir Mosazai
	\|leader_title1 = ]
	\|leader_name1 = Ahmed Khan Raees
	\|area_footnotes =<ref name=geography>{{cite web \|url=http://221.132.118.186/cdgk/Home/AboutKarachi/GeographyDemography/tabid/270/Default.aspx \|title=Geography & Demography \|publisher=City District Government of Karachi \|accessdate=22 August 2010}}</ref>
	\|area_magnitude = 1 E+6
	\|area_total_km2 = 3780
	\|elevation_footnotes =
	\|elevation_m = 8
	\|population_total = 27,506,000<ref>(Note: no census conducted in Pakistan after 1998)</ref><ref name="city">{{cite web\|url=http://citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html \|website=citypopulation.de\|title=The Principal Agglomerations of the World\|last=Brinkhoff\|first=Thomas\|publisher=City Population\|accessdate=8 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="http://tribune.com.pk">{{cite news \|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/614409/population-explosion-put-an-embargo-on-industrialisation-in-karachi/ \|title=Population explosion: Put an embargo on industrialisation in Karachi \|publisher=tribune.com.pk \|date=6 October 2013 \|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref>
	\|population_as_of=2016
	\|population_density_km2 = auto
	\|population_rank = 1 (Pakistan)
	\|population_demonym = Karachiite
	\|population_note =
	\|postal_code_type = ]
	\|postal_code = 74XXX – 75XXX
	\|area_code = +9221-XXXX XXXX
	\|area_code_type = ]
	\| blank1_name_sec1 = ]
	\| blank1_info_sec1 = 0.69 {{increase}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.spdc.org.pk/Data/Publication/PDF/AR2014-15.pdf\|title=SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN ANNUAL REVIEW 2014-15\|date=2016\|publisher=SOCIAL POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE\|accessdate=26 March 2017}}</ref>
	\|website = {{URL\|www.kmc.gos.pk}}
	\| blank2_name_sec1 = HDI Category
	\| blank2_info_sec1 = Medium
	\| unemployment_rate =
	\|p2 = ]
	\|p3 = ]
	\|p4 = ]
	\|p5 = ]
	\|p6 = ]
	\|title=
	\|timezone = ]
	\|utc_offset = +05:00
	\|timezone_DST =
	\|utc_offset_DST =
	}}

	'''Karachi''' ({{lang-ur\|{{Nastaliq\|کراچی}}}}; {{lang-sd\|ڪراچي}}; ]: {{transl\|Urdu\|ALA-LC\|''Karācī''}}, {{IPA-hns\|kəˈrɑːˌtʃi\|IPA\|Karachi_pronunciation.ogg}}) is the ] in ],<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//tables/POPULATION%20SIZE%20AND%20GROWTH%20OF%20MAJOR%20CITIES.pdf \|title=Population size and growth of major cities \|publisher=] \|date=1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|last1=Amer\|first1=Khawaja\|title=Population explosion: Put an embargo on industrialisation in Karachi\|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/614409/population-explosion-put-an-embargo-on-industrialisation-in-karachi/\|accessdate=16 June 2017\|work=The Express Tribune\|date=10 June 2013}}</ref> ] in the world<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/614409/population-explosion-put-an-embargo-on-industrialisation-in-karachi/ \|title=Population explosion: Put an embargo on industrialisation in Karachi \|publisher=tribune.com.pk \|date=6 October 2013 \|accessdate=16 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html\|title=The Principal Agglomerations of the World\|last=Brinkhoff\|first=Thomas\|publisher=City Population\|accessdate=8 April 2015}}</ref> and the ] in the world.<ref name="populat">{{cite web\|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/citypops.htm\|title=Populations of 150 Largest Cities in the World\|publisher=worldatlas\|date=7 March 2016\|accessdate=2 June 2016}}</ref> Karachi serves as the ] of ] province. Ranked as a ],<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html \|title=GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2008\|publisher=Lboro.ac.uk\|date=3 June 2009\|accessdate=14 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
	\|url=http://www.diserio.com/gawc-world-cities.html\|title=GAWC World Cities Ranking List\|publisher=Diserio.com\|accessdate=14 September 2009}}</ref> the city is Pakistan's premier industrial and financial centre.<ref name="PIGJE">{{cite web\|url=http://www.pigje.com.pk/about_karachi.html\|title=PIGJE\|work=pigje.com.pk\|accessdate=25 February 2016}}</ref> Karachi is also Pakistan's most cosmopolitan city.<ref name="Penguin Publishing Group">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbjaCwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Instant+City:+Life+and+Death+in+Karachi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAtse4gIPQAhXKy4MKHWfRCFEQ6AEILDAA#v=onepage&q=Instant%20City%3A%20Life%20and%20Death%20in%20Karachi&f=false \|last1=Inskeep\|first1=Steve\|title=Instant City: Life and Death in Karachi\|date=2012\|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group\|isbn=9780143122166\|pages=284 \|deadurl=no \|archiveurl=http://archive.is/JeP1H \|archivedate=30 October 2016 \|accessdate=30 October 2016}}</ref> Situated on the ], Karachi serves as a transport hub, and is home to two of Pakistan's two largest seaports, the ] and ], as well as the ].

	Though the Karachi region has been inhabited for millennia,<ref>{{cite news\|last1=Mahim\|first1=Maher\|title=Karachi's Stone Age proves history didn’t start with the Muslims\|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/626458/the-flintstones-karachis-stone-age-proves-history-didnt-start-with-the-muslims/\|accessdate=16 October 2016\|agency=Express Tribune\|date=3 November 2013}}</ref> the city itself was founded as a village named ''Kolachi''<ref name="HarperCollins Publishers">{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xIDBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Karachi:+Ordered+Disorder+and+the+Struggle+for+City&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiKwMXugIPQAhVD34MKHWT6B0sQ6AEIHjAA#v=onepage&q=Karachi%3A%20Ordered%20Disorder%20and%20the%20Struggle%20for%20City&f=false \|last1=Gayer \|first1=Laurent \|title=Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for City \|date=2014 \|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers \|isbn=9789351160861 \|pages=368 \|deadurl=no \|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20161030170324/https://books.google.nl/books?id=9xIDBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Karachi:+Ordered+Disorder+and+the+Struggle+for+City&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y%23v=onepage&q=Karachi:%20Ordered%20Disorder%20and%20the%20Struggle%20for%20City&f=false \|archivedate=30 October 2016 \|accessdate=30 October 2016 \|df= }}</ref> which was established as a fortified settlement in 1729.<ref name="Studies on Karachi">{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mSbXCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR11&dq=Studies+on+Karachi:+Papers+Presented+at+the+Karachi+Conference+2013&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwisy9m1goPQAhUq6oMKHd00C1UQ6AEILDAA#v=onepage&q=Studies%20on%20Karachi%3A%20Papers%20Presented%20at%20the%20Karachi%20Conference%202013&f=false \|last1=Askari \|first1=Sabiah \|title=Studies on Karachi: Papers Presented at the Karachi Conference 2013 \|date=2015 \|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing \|isbn=978-1443877442 \|deadurl=no \|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20161030171012/https://books.google.nl/books?id=mSbXCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR11&dq=Studies+on+Karachi:+Papers+Presented+at+the+Karachi+Conference+2013&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y%23v=onepage&q=Studies%20on%20Karachi:%20Papers%20Presented%20at%20the%20Karachi%20Conference%202013&f=false \|archivedate=30 October 2016 \|accessdate=30 October 2016 \|df= }}</ref> The settlement drastically increased in importance with the arrival of British colonialists, who not only embarked on major works to transform the city into a major seaport, but also connected it with their extensive railway network.<ref name="HarperCollins Publishers"/> By the time of the ], the city was the largest in Sindh with an estimated population of 400,000.<ref name="Penguin Publishing Group"/> Following the ], the city's population increased dramatically with the arrival of hundreds of thousands of ] from ].<ref name="Port Qasim \| About Karachi">{{cite web\|url=http://www.pqa.gov.pk/about_karachi.php \|title=Port Qasim \| About Karachi \|publisher=Port Qasim Authority \|date= \|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> The city experienced rapid economic growth following independence, attracting migrants from throughout Pakistan and ].<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield">{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0mQ4tc5QpQcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Cities+of+the+World:+World+Regional+Urban+Development&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_6svygoPQAhUr8IMKHYcoAdAQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=Cities%20of%20the%20World%3A%20World%20Regional%20Urban%20Development&f=false \|last1=Brunn \|first1=Stanley \|title=Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development \|date=2008 \|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield \|isbn=9780742555976 \|pages=647 \|deadurl=no \|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20161030171231/https://books.google.nl/books?id=0mQ4tc5QpQcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Cities+of+the+World:+World+Regional+Urban+Development&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y%23v=onepage&q=Cities%20of%20the%20World:%20World%20Regional%20Urban%20Development&f=false \|archivedate=30 October 2016 \|accessdate=30 October 2016 \|df= }}</ref>

	Karachi is one of Pakistan's most secular and socially liberal cities.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web\|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1134284\|title=Visual Karachi: From Paris of Asia, to City of Lights, to Hell on Earth\|author=Nadeem F. Paracha\|work=dawn.com\|accessdate=8 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="India Today">{{cite news\|last1=Abbas\|first1=Qaswar\|title=Karachi: World's most dangerous city\|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/worlds-most-dangerous-country/1/149333.html\|accessdate=24 October 2016\|publisher=India Today\|quote=Karachi, Pakistan's largest city, with a population of 1.9 crore (Mumbai has 2 crore people), is the country's most liberal and secular metropolis.}}</ref><ref name="dw.com">{{cite news \|url=http://www.dw.com/en/pakistani-journalists-face-threats-from-islamists/a-16221061 \|title=Pakistani journalists face threats from Islamists \|accessdate=24 October 2016 \|agency=Deutsche Welle \|quote=This all happened in the heart of Karachi – a relatively liberal city with a population of more than 15 million}}</ref> It is also the most linguistically, ethnically, and religiously diverse city in Pakistan.<ref name="Penguin Publishing Group" /> With an estimated population of between 15 and 23.5 million people in its greater metropolitan region,<ref name="http://tribune.com.pk" /><ref name="euronews.com">{{cite news\|last1=Ponsford\|first1=Matthew\|title=Stop the sprawl, teach slum dwellers to build skywards – leading Pakistani architect\|url=http://www.euronews.com/2016/11/17/stop-the-sprawl-teach-slum-dwellers-to-build-skywards-leading-pakistani-architect\|accessdate=6 December 2016\|agency=Euronews\|date=17 November 2016}}</ref> Karachi is considered to be the ] in the ],<ref name="citymayors2">{{cite web\|url=http://esa.un.org/wup2009/unup/index.asp?panel=2 \|title=World Urbanization Prospects, 2009 revision (online data) \|accessdate=11 May 2011 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031010136/http://esa.un.org/wup2009/unup/index.asp?panel=2 \|archivedate=31 October 2013 \|df= }}</ref> and is the world's ].<ref name="populat">{{cite web\|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/citypops.htm\|title=Populations of 150 Largest Cities in the World\|publisher=worldatlas\|date=7 March 2016\|accessdate=2 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="b">{{cite web\|url=http://demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf \|title=Demographia: World Urban Areas: 12th Annual Edition: 2016:04 \|work=demographia.com \|deadurl=no \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013155105/http://demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf \|archivedate=13 October 2016 \|accessdate=30 October 2016 \|df= }}</ref> Karachi is one of the world's fastest growing cities,<ref name="Kotkin">{{cite web\|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/joelkotkin/2013/04/08/the-worlds-fastest-growing-megacities/#3c48f7dd24cd\|title=The World's Fastest-Growing Megacities\|first=Joel\|last=Kotkin\|date=\|work=forbes.com}}</ref> and has communities representing almost every ethnic group in Pakistan. Karachi is home to over 2 million ], 1 million ], and up to 400,000 ] from ].<ref name="Falling back">{{cite web\|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006\12\17\story_17-12-2006_pg12_3 \|title=Falling back \|work=Daily Times \|accessdate=24 August 2010 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805231755/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C12%5C17%5Cstory_17-12-2006_pg12_3 \|archivedate=5 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="cidcm.umd.edu">{{cite web\|url=http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=77103 \|title=Chronology for Biharis in Bangladesh \|publisher=Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland \|date=10 January 2007 \|accessdate=6 May 2010 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602055513/http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=77103 \|archivedate= 2 June 2010 \|df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|last1=Craig\|first1=Time\|title=Pakistan cracks down on Afghan immigrants, fearing an influx as U.S. leaves Afghanistan\|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pakistan-cracks-down-on-afghan-immigrants-fearing-an-influx-as-us-leaves-afghanistan/2014/05/12/74057f62-cfa9-11e3-b812-0c92213941f4_story.html\|accessdate=24 October 2016\|agency=Washington Post\|quote=Qaim Ali Shah, the chief minister of Sindh province in southern Pakistan, said at a news conference in February that there were already more than 1 million illegal Afghan immigrants living in Karachi, a rapidly growing city of 22 million people.}}</ref>

	Karachi is now Pakistan's premier industrial and financial centre. The city has a formal economy estimated to be worth $113 billion {{As of\|2014\|lc=y}}.<ref name="Lloyd's">{{cite web\|url=http://www.lloyds.com/cityriskindex/locations/fact_sheet/Karachi\|title=Karachi factsheet: Lloyd's City Risk Index\|website=Lloyd's City Risk Index 2015–2025\|publisher=Lloyd's\|author1=Centre for Risk Studies at the University of Cambridge Judge Business School\|accessdate=23 November 2016}}</ref> Karachi collects over a third of Pakistan's tax revenue,<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/971188/the-importance-of-karachi/\|title=The importance of Karachi – The Express Tribune\|date=12 October 2015\|website=The Express Tribune\|language=en-US\|access-date=2016-06-13}}</ref> and generates approximately 20% of Pakistan's GDP.<ref name="adb">{{cite web\|url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/Produced-Under-TA/38405/38405-PAK-DPTA.pdf\|title=Karachi Mega-Cities Preparation Project\|author=Asian Development Bank\|accessdate=1 January 2009}}</ref><ref name="coastline">{{cite web\|url=http://www1.american.edu/TED/karachi.htm\|title=The Karachi Coastline Case\|author=The Trade & Environment Database\|accessdate=1 January 2009}}</ref> Approximately 30% of Pakistani industrial output is from Karachi,<ref name="stepmother">{{cite web\|url=http://www.pakistaneconomist.com/database2/cover/c99-15.asp\|title=Karachi: Step-motherly treatment\|author=Pakistan and Gulf Economist\|accessdate=15 October 2007}}</ref> while Karachi's ports handle approximately 95% of Pakistan's foreign trade.<ref name="a">{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sSZRBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=karachi+multinational+companies&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi01uyFjNTQAhUBllQKHcLYDPYQ6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=karachi%20multinational%20companies&f=false\|title=Drivers of Long-Term Insecurity and Instability in Pakistan: Urbanization\|date=2014\|publisher=Rand Corporation\|isbn=9780833087508\|page=18<!--\|pages=88-->}}</ref> Approximately 90% of the multinational corporations operating in Pakistan are headquartered in Karachi.<ref name="a" /> Up to 70% of Karachi's workforce is employed in the ],<ref name="SAGE">{{cite journal\|date=April 2015\|title=Land contestation in Karachi and the impact on housing and urban development\|journal=Environment and Urbanization\|publisher=SAGE\|volume=27\|issue=1\|pages=217–230\|doi=10.1177/0956247814567263\|pmc=4540218\|pmid=26321797\|last1=Hasan\|first1=Arif}}</ref> which is typically not included in GDP calculations.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.rrojasdatabank.info/sida.pdf\|title=The Informal Economy: Fact Finding Study\|publisher=Department for Infrastructure and Economic Cooperation\|accessdate=1 December 2016}}</ref>

	Known as the "City of Lights" in the 1960s and 1970s for its vibrant nightlife,<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Gayer\|first1=Laurent\|title=Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City\|date=2014\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=9780190238063\|page=18<!--\|pages=256-->}}</ref> Karachi was beset by sharp ethnic, sectarian, and political conflict in the 1980s with the arrival of weaponry during the ].<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite news\|title=2011 brings a violent and bloody year of ethnic conflict to Karachi, Pakistan\|url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2012-01-19/2011-brings-violent-and-bloody-year-ethnic-conflict-karachi-pakistan\|accessdate=16 October 2016\|agency=Public Radio International\|date=19 January 2012}}</ref> The city had become well known for its high rates of violent crime, but recorded crimes sharply decreased following a controversial crackdown operation against criminals, the ] political party, and Islamist militants initiated in 2013 by the ].<ref name="New York TImes">{{cite news\|last1=ur-Rehman\|first1=Zia\|title=Crime Down in Karachi, Paramilitary in Pakistan Shifts Focus\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/08/world/asia/crime-down-in-karachi-paramilitary-in-pakistan-shifts-focus.html?_r=0\|accessdate=22 October 2016\|publisher=New York TImes\|date=7 November 2015}}</ref> The city's murder rate in 2015 had decreased by 75% compared to 2013, and kidnappings decreased by 90%,<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news\|title=Karachi property prices soar after Pakistan crime crackdown\|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/pakistan-realestate-idUSL8N15Q2GU\|accessdate=22 October 2016\|publisher=Reuters\|date=29 February 2016\|quote=Recorded murders in Karachi fell to 650 last year, a 75 percent drop from 2013, while registered extortion was down 80 percent and kidnapping by nearly 90 percent, according to the CPLC, which collates official police data.}}</ref> with the improved security environment triggering sharp increases in real-estate prices.<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news\|title=Karachi property prices soar after Pakistan crime crackdown\|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/pakistan-realestate-idUSL8N15Q2GU\|accessdate=22 October 2016\|agency=Reuters\|date=29 February 2016\|quote=Karachi property prices jumped 23 percent last year to a record high, outpacing other large cities and the national average of 10 percent, data from property website Zameen.com showed.}}</ref>

	==Etymology==
	Karachi was reputedly founded in 1729 as the settlement of ''Kolachi.''<ref name="Studies on Karachi"/> The new settlement is said to have been named in honour of ], whose son is said to have slayed a man-eating crocodile in the village after his elder brothers had already been killed by it.<ref name="Studies on Karachi"/>

	The city's inhabitants are referred to by the ] ''Karachiite'' in English, and ''Karāchīwālā'' in Urdu.

	==History==
	{{Main article\|History of Karachi\|Timeline of Karachi history}}

	===Early history===
	] are located {{convert\|29\|km\|0\|abbr=on}} east of Karachi.]]
	Late ] and ] sites discovered by a team from ] on the ] constitute one of the most important ] discoveries made in ] during the last 50 years. The earliest inhabitants of the Karachi region are believed to have been ], with ancient ] discovered at several sites.

	The Karachi region is believed to have been known to the ancient ]. The region may be the site of ], where ] once camped to prepare a fleet for ], as well as ] which may possibly be Karachi's ] neighbourhood.

	In 711 ], ] conquered the Sindh and ]. The Karachi region is believed to have been known to the ] as ], from where Muhammad Bin Qasim launched his forces into South Asia in 712 C.E.<ref> {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924033016/http://www.houstonkarachi.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=44%3Akarachi-history&catid=3%3Aabout-hksca&Itemid=11 \|date=24 September 2013 }}</ref>

	Under ], the ] administrator of ], the development of coastal Sindh and the Indus delta was encouraged. Under his rule, fortifications in the region acted as a bulwark against Portuguese incursions into ]. The ] ], ], mentioned Debal and Manora Island in his book ] in 1554.

	===Kolachi settlement===
	Karachi was founded in 1729 as the settlement of ''Kolachi'' under the rule of the ethnically Baloch ].<ref name="Studies on Karachi"/> The founders of the settlement are said to arrived from the nearby town of Karak Bandar after the harbour there silted in 1728 after heavy rains. The settlement was fortified, and defended with cannons imported by Sindhi sailors from Muscat, ]. The name ''Karachee'' was used for the first time in a ] document from 1742, in which a merchant ship ''de Ridderkerk'' is shipwrecked near the original settlement.<ref>''The Dutch East India Company (VOC) and Diewel-Sind (Pakistan) in the 17th and 18th centuries'', Floor, W. Institute of Central & West Asian Studies, University of Karachi, 1993–1994, p. 49.</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/das/detailVoyage/95544\|title=The Dutch East India Company's shipping between the Netherlands and Asia 1595–1795\|publisher=\|accessdate=14 June 2015}}</ref> The city continued to be ruled by the Talpur Mirs until it was occupied by forces under the command of ] in February 1839.{{sfn\|Laurent Gayer\|2014\|pp=42}}

	===British Raj===
	].]]
	].]]
	] in the 19th century]]
	The ] captured Karachi on February 3, 1839 after the ] opened fire and quickly destroyed the local mud fort at ].<ref>{{cite book\|title=Recollections of four years' service in the East with H.M. fortieth regiment\|last=Neill\|first=, John Martin Bladen\|authorlink=\|year=1846\|publisher=\|location=\|isbn=\|page=\|pages=\|url=https://archive.org/details/recollectionsoff00neilrich\|accessdate=27 November 2009}}</ref> The town was annexed to ] in 1843 after Sindh was captured by Major General ] in the ], with the city declared capital of the new British province.

	The city was recognized for its strategic importance, prompting the British to establish the ] in 1854. Karachi rapidly became a transportation hub for British India owing to newly built port and rail infrastructure, as well as the increase in agricultural exports from the opening of productive tracts of newly irrigated land in ] and interior Sindh.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Blood\|first1=Peter R.\|title=Pakistan: A Country Study\|date=1996\|publisher=DIANE Publishing\|isbn=9780788136313\|page=96}}</ref> The British also developed the ] as a military garrison in order to aid the British war effort in the ].<ref name="Oxford University Press"/>

	During the ] of 1857, the 21st Native Infantry, then stationed in Karachi, mutinied and declared allegiance to rebel forces in September 1857, though the British were able to quickly defeat the rebels and reassert control over the city. Following the Rebellion, British colonial administrators continued to develop the city. In 1864, the first telegraphic message was sent from South Asia to England from Karachi.<ref>{{cite journal\|title=The Persian Gulf Submarine Telegraph of 1864\|last=Harris\|first=Christina Phelps\|journal=]\|issn=1475-4959\|volume=135\|issue=2\|year=1969\|pages=169–90\|doi=10.2307/1796823\|jstor=1796823\|via=]\|registration=y}}</ref> Public building works were undertaken, including the construction of ] in 1865 and the later ]. In 1878, the British Raj connected Karachi with the network of ].

	By 1899, Karachi had become the largest wheat exporting port in the East.<ref>: Karachi through a hundred years: the centenary history of the Karachi Chamber of Commerce and Industry 1860–1960. 2. ed. Karachi: Oxford University Press (1960).]</ref> British development projects in Karachi resulted in an influx of economic migrants from several ethnicities and religions, including Anglo-British, ]s, ], and ]s, among others. Karachi's newly arrived Jewish population established the ] in 1893.<ref>{{cite book\|editor1-last=Askari\|editor1-first=Sabiah\|title=Studies on Karachi: Papers Presented at the Karachi Conference 2013\|date=2015\|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing\|isbn=9781443884501\|pages=325}}</ref> ], the founder of Pakistan, was born in Karachi's ] in 1876 to migrants from ]. By the end of the 19th century, Karachi's population was estimated to be 105,000.<ref name="c">{{cite web\|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/karachi-population/\|title=Karachi Population 2016\|work=worldpopulationreview.com\|accessdate=25 February 2016}}</ref>

	Under British rule, the ] was established. Known as the ''Father of Modern Karachi'', mayor ] lead the municipal government to improve sanitary conditions in the Old City, as well as major infrastructure works in the New Town after his election in 1911.<ref name="nadeemf.paracha">{{cite web\|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1134284\|title=Visual Karachi: From Paris of Asia, to City of Lights, to Hell on Earth\|author=Nadeem F. Paracha\|work=dawn.com\|accessdate=10 March 2016}}</ref>

	===Post-independence===
	At the dawn of Pakistan's ] in 1947, Karachi was Sindh's largest city with a population of over 400,000.<ref name="Penguin Publishing Group"/> Despite communal violence across India and Pakistan, Karachi remained relatively peaceful compared to cities further north in Punjab.<ref name="nadeemf.paracha"/> The city became the focus for the resettlement of ] ] migrating from India, leading to a dramatic expansion of the city's population. This migration lasted until the 1960s.<ref name=":0" /> This immigration ultimately transformed the city's ] and ].

	Karachi was selected as the first capital of Pakistan and served as such until the capital was shifted to ] in 1958.<ref>{{citation \|author=Barbara A. Weightman\|title=Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qeBfed17zxEC&pg=PA187\|date=15 June 2011\|publisher=John Wiley & Sons\|isbn=978-11-1813-998-1\|ref={{sfnref\|Barbara A. Weightman\|2011}}}}</ref> While foreign embassies shifted away from Karachi, ] numerous ] and ].<ref>{{cite book\|author=\|title=Party, Government and Freedom in the Muslim World: Three Articles Reprinted from the Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2d Ed., V. 3, Parts 49–50\|date=1968\|publisher=Brill Archive\|page=37}}</ref> Between 1958 and 1970, Karachi's role as capital of Sindh was ceased due to the ] programme enacted by President ].<ref name="nadeemf.paracha"/>

	Karachi of the 1960s was regarded as an economic role model around the world, with ], ] borrowing from the city's second "Five-Year Plan."<ref>Planning Commission, The Second Five Year Plan: 1960–65, Karachi: Govt. Printing Press, 1960, p. 393</ref><ref>Planning Commission, Pakistan Economic Survey, 1964–65, Rawalpindi: Govt. Printing Press, 1965, p. 212.</ref> The 1970s saw major ] industrial estates. The 1980s and 1990s saw an influx of thousands of ] refugees from the ] into Karachi; who were in turn followed in smaller numbers by refugees escaping from post-revolution ].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=C8D0B7394F7D074D6832875766C3D91E.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=1636848\|title=Afghan refugees population in Pakistan\|work= Cambridge Journal\|publisher=Journals.cambridge.org\|accessdate=6 May 2010}}</ref>

	In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Karachi was rocked by political and conflict, while crime rates drastically increased with the arrival of weaponry from the ].<ref name=autogenerated2/> Conflict between the ], and ethnic ], ], and ] was sharp. The party and its vast network of supporters were targeted by Pakistani security forces as part of the controversial ] in 1992, as part of an effort to restore peace in the city that lasted until 1994.<ref name=Minahan>{{cite book \|last=Minahan \|first=James \|title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World \|volume=3 \|year=2002 \|publisher=Greenwood \|isbn=978-0-313-32111-5 \|pages=1277–78}}</ref> Karachi had become widely known for its high rates of violent crime, but recorded crimes sharply decreased following a controversial crackdown operation against criminals, the MQM party, and Islamist militants initiated in 2013 by the ].<ref name="New York TImes"/>

	==Geography==
	{{Main article\|Geography of Karachi\|Environment of Karachi}}
	]
	Karachi is located on the coastline of Sindh province in southern Pakistan, along a natural harbour on the ]. Karachi is built on a coastal plains with scattered rocky outcroppings, hills and coastal marshlands. Coastal ] forests grow in the brackish waters around the Karachi Harbour, and farther southeast towards the expansive ]. West of Karachi city is the ], locally known as ], which is an area characterised by sea cliffs, rocky sandstone promontories and undeveloped beaches.

	Within the city of Karachi are two small ranges: the ] and ], which lie in the northwest and act as a barrier between ] and ].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=204319&Cat=4&dt=10/18/2009\|title=A story behind every name\|date=21 October 2009\|work=The News International, Pakistan\|accessdate=14 June 2015}}</ref> Karachi's hills are barren and are part of the larger ], and have a maximum elevation of {{convert\|528\|m\|abbr=off}}.

	Between the hills are wide coastal plains interspersed with dry river beds and water channels. Karachi has developed around the ] and ]s, with the Lyari shore being the site of the settlement for ''Kolachi''. To the west of Karachi lies the ] flood plain.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/pdfs/Karachi.pdf\|title=The case of Karachi, Pakistan\|work=ucl.ac.uk\|accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref>

	===Climate===
	{{Main article\|Climate of Karachi}}
	] province.]]
	Karachi has an ] (]: ''BWh'') dominated by a long "Summer Season" while moderated by oceanic influence from the ]. The city has low annual average precipitation levels (approx. {{convert\|250\|mm\|abbr=on}} per annum), the bulk of which occurs during the July–August ] season. While the summers are hot and humid, cool sea breezes typically provide relief during hot summer months, though Karachi is prone to deadly heat waves.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jul/22/where-world-hottest-city-kuwait-karachi-ahvaz\|title=Where is the world's hottest city?\|work=the Guardian\|accessdate=3 March 2016}}</ref>
	The winter climate is dry and lasts between December and February. It is dry and pleasant relative to the warm hot season, which starts in March and lasts until monsoons arrive in June. Proximity to the sea maintains humidity levels at near-constant levels year-round.

	The city's highest monthly rainfall, {{convert\|429.3\|mm\|abbr=on}}, occurred in July 1967.<ref name="pakmet">{{cite web\|url=http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/extrems/KARACHI.htm \|title=Climate data – Karachi \|publisher=Pakistan Meteorological Department, Government of Pakistan \|accessdate=24 August 2010 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422011000/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/extrems/KARACHI.htm \|archivedate=22 April 2010}}</ref> The city's highest rainfall in 24 hours occurred on 7 August 1953, when about {{convert\|278.1\|mm\|in}} of rain lashed the city, resulting in major flooding.<ref> {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026221139/http://www.dawn.com/2006/08/18/top2.htm \|date=26 October 2010 }}</ref>
	Karachi's highest recorded temperature is {{convert\|48\|C\|abbr=on}} which was recorded on 9 May 1938,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1189590\|title=Heatwave devastates Karachi, other parts of Sindh; at least 136 dead\|author=Hasan Mansoor\|work=dawn.com\|accessdate=3 March 2016}}</ref> and the lowest is {{convert\|0\|C\|F}} recorded on 21 January 1934.<ref name=pakmet/>
	{{Karachi weatherbox}}

	===Cityscape===
	] was built in 1970 on the northern outskirts of the city's British-era core.]]
	].]]
	The city first developed around the Karachi Harbour, and owes much of its growth to it role as a seaport at the end of the 18th century,<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Gayer\|first1=Laurent\|title=Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City\|date=2014\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|page=33}}</ref> contrasted with Pakistan's millennia-old cities such as ], ], and ]. Karachi's ] neighbourhood represents the extent of ''Kolachi'' prior to British rule.

	British Karachi was divided between the "New Town" and the "Old Town," with British investments focused primarily in the New Town.<ref name="Oxford University Press">{{cite book\|last1=Gayer\|first1=Laurent\|title=Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City\|date=2014\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=9780199354443}}</ref> The Old Town was a largely unplanned neighbourhood which housed most of the city's indigenous residents, and had no access to sewerage systems, electricity, and water.<ref name="Oxford University Press"/> The New Town was subdivided into residential, commercial, and military areas.<ref name="Oxford University Press"/> Given the strategic value of the city, the British developed the ] as a military garrison in the New Town in order to aid the British war effort in the ].<ref name="Oxford University Press"/>

	The city's development was largely confined to the area north of the Chinna Creek prior to independence, although the seaside area of ] was also developed as a posh locale under the British, and its large bungalows and estates remain some of the city's most desirable properties. The aforementioned historic areas form the oldest portions of Karachi, and contain its most important monuments and government buildings, with the ] being home to most of Pakistan's banks, including the Habib Bank Plaza which was Pakistan's tallest building from 1963 until the early 2000s.<ref name="nadeemf.paracha"/>

	Situated on a coastal plain northwest of Karachi's historic core lies the sprawling district of ]. North of the historic core is the largely middle-class district of ], and upper-middle class ], which were developed in the 1950s. To the east of the historic core is the area known as ] – an expansive upscale suburb developed and administered by the ]. Karachi's coastal plains along the ] south of Clifton were also developed much later as part of the greater Defence Housing Authority project.

	Karachi's city limits also include several islands, including ], Oyster Rocks, and ], a former island which is now connected to the mainland by a thin 12 kilometre long ] known as ]. The city has been described as one divided into sections for those able to afford to live in planned localities with access to urban amenities, and those who live in unplanned communities with inadequate access to such services.<ref name="e">{{cite book\|editor1-last=Askari\|editor1-first=Sabiah\|title=Studies on Karachi: Papers Presented at the Karachi Conference 2013\|date=2015\|publisher=Cambridge University Scholars\|isbn=9781443884501}}</ref> Up to 60% of Karachi's residents live in such unplanned communities.<ref name="e" />

	==Economy==
	{{Main article\|Economy of Karachi}}
	{{Multiple image
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	\|caption2 =The Empress Markets were where British colonial administrators in Karachi did their shopping
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	\|caption3 = Dolmen City Mall
	}}
	]
	] is located in ].]]
	Karachi is Pakistan's financial and commercial capital.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://14.192.147.139/CDGK/Portals/0/Department/Master%20Plan/App%20KSDP-2020%20VERSION%20ANNEXURE1.pdf \|title=Annexures \|publisher=City District Government Karachi \|date= \|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> Since Pakistan's independence, Karachi has been the centre of the nation's economy, and remain's Pakistan's largest urban economy despite the economic stagnation caused by sociopolitical unrest during the late 1980s and 1990s.

	With an estimated GDP of $113 billion {{As of\|2014\|lc=y}},<ref name="Lloyd's"/> Karachi contributes the bulk of Sindh's gross domestic product,<ref name="gdp4">{{cite web\|url=http://www.spdc-pak.com/pubs/pubdisp.asp?id=nps5 \|title=Provincial Accounts of Pakistan: Methodology and Estimates \|author=Social Policy and Development Center \|accessdate=1 January 2009 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410155311/http://spdc-pak.com/pubs/pubdisp.asp?id=nps5 \|archivedate=10 April 2008}}</ref><ref name="dawngdp2">{{cite web\|url=http://www.dawn.com/2006/02/21/ebr3.htm \|title=Sindh, Balochistan's share in GDP drops \|author=Dawn Group of Newspapers \|accessdate=1 January 2009 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604174526/http://www.dawn.com/2006/02/21/ebr3.htm \|archivedate= 4 June 2011 \|df= }}</ref><ref name="dawngdp1">{{cite web\|url=http://www.dawn.com/2007/06/16/ebr3.htm \|title=Sindh's GDP estimated at Rs 240 billion \|author=Dawn Group of Newspapers \|accessdate=1 January 2009 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614200105/http://www.dawn.com/2007/06/16/ebr3.htm \|archivedate=14 June 2008 \|df= }}</ref><ref name="dawngdp3">{{cite web\|url=http://www.dawn.com/2004/12/02/ebr1.htm\|title=Sindh share in GDP falls by 1pc\|author=Dawn Group of Newspapers\|accessdate=1 January 2009}}</ref> and accounts for approximately 20% of the total GDP of Pakistan.<ref name="adb" /><ref name="coastline" /> The city has a large ] which is not typically reflected in GDP estimates.<ref name="cipe.org">{{cite journal\|title=When Karachi Bleeds, Pakistan's Economy Bleeds\|journal=Center for International Private Enterprise\|date=22 August 2013\|url=http://www.cipe.org/blog/2013/08/22/when-karachi-bleeds-pakistans-economy-bleeds/#.WBlddJMrLBo\|accessdate=2 November 2016}}</ref> The informal economy may constitute up to 36% of Pakistan's total economy, versus 22% of India's economy, and 13% of the Chinese economy.<ref>{{cite news\|title=The Secret Strength of Pakistan's Economy\|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-04-05/the-secret-strength-of-pakistans-economy\|accessdate=2 November 2016\|agency=Bloomberg\|date=12 April 2012}}</ref> The informal sector employs up to 70% of the city's workforce.<ref name="SAGE"/>

	Following a controversial crackdown operation against criminals initiated in 2013 by the ],<ref name="New York TImes"/> crime rates have dramatically fallen in the city,<ref name="Reuters"/> triggering sharp increases in real-estate prices.<ref name="reuters.com"/> In addition to increased land values, upmarket restaurants and cafés are described by '']'' as "overflowing."<ref>{{cite news\|title=Despite rising economy, Pakistan still hampered by image problem leftright 4/4leftright\|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-economy-idUSKCN0Z50XQ\|accessdate=2 November 2016\|agency=Reuters\|date=19 June 2016\|quote=A crime crackdown in Karachi, Pakistan's financial hub of 20 million people, has helped spur a real estate boom and new, upmarket seaside restaurants and cafés are overflowing.}}</ref>

	===Finance and Banking===
	Most of Pakistan's public and private banks are headquartered on Karachi's ], which is known as "Pakistan's Wall Street",<ref name="nadeemf.paracha"/> with a large percentage of the cashflow in the Pakistani economy taking place on I. I. Chundrigar Road. Most major foreign ]s operating in Pakistan have their headquarters in Karachi. Karachi is also home to the ], which was rated as Asia's best performing stock market in 2015 on the heels of Pakistan's upgrade to emerging-market status by ].<ref>{{cite news\|title=What's Next For Asia's Best-Performing Stock Market?\|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-20/what-s-next-for-asia-s-best-performing-stock-market\|accessdate=1 November 2016\|publisher=Bloomberg\|date=20 October 2016}}</ref>
	]

	===Media and Technology===
	{{Main article\|Media in Karachi\|Cinema in Karachi\|List of television stations in Karachi\|List of magazines in Karachi\|List of newspapers in Karachi}}
	Karachi has been the pioneer in cable networking in Pakistan with the most sophisticated of the cable networks of any city of Pakistan,{{sfn\|Amos Owen Thomas\|2005\|pp=121}}
	and has seen an expansion of ] and ]. The city has become a software outsourcing hub for Pakistan.{{citation needed\|date=December 2016}} Several independent ] and radio stations are based in Karachi, including ], ], ], ],<ref name="ktn">{{cite web\|url=http://www.ktn.com.pk\|title=Welcome to KTN TV\|publisher=KTN\|accessdate=20 February 2008}}</ref> ],<ref name="sindhtv">{{cite web\|url=http://www.thesindh.tv/contact.htm\|title=Sindh TV\|publisher=Sindh TV\|accessdate=20 February 2008 \|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080102071108/http://www.thesindh.tv/contact.htm \|archivedate = 2 January 2008}}</ref> ], ], ],<ref>http://www.express.com.pk/</ref> ], ], ], ], ], and ], as well as several local stations.

	===Industry===
	]]]
	Industry contributes a large portion of Karachi's economy, with the city home to several of Pakistan's largest companies dealing in textiles, cement, steel, heavy machinery, chemicals, and food products.<ref name="dawn4">{{cite web\|url=http://www.dawn.com/2007/02/14/ebr1.htm \|title=World Bank report: Karachi termed most business-friendly \|author=Dawn Group of Newspapers \|accessdate=15 October 2007 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011155147/http://dawn.com/2007/02/14/ebr1.htm \|archivedate=11 October 2007 \|df= }}</ref> The city is home to approximately 30 percent of Pakistan's manufacturing sector,<ref name="stepmother" /> and produces approximately 42 percent of Pakistan's ] in large scale manufacturing.<ref>{{cite news\|title=How important is Karachi to Pakistan?\|url=http://www.brecorder.com/weekend-magazine/0:/1186182:how-important-is-karachi-to-pakistan/?date=2012-05-05\|accessdate=2 November 2016\|agency=Business Recorder\|date=5 May 2012}}</ref> At least 4500 industrial units form Karachi's formal industrial economy.<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Hasan\|first1=Arif\|title=The case of Karachi, Pakistan\|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/pdfs/Karachi.pdf\|accessdate=2 November 2016}}</ref> Karachi's informal manufacturing sector employs far more people than the formal sector, though proxy data suggest that the capital employed and value added from such informal enterprises is far smaller than that offormal sector enterprises.<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Sayeed\|first1=Asad\|last2=Husain\|first2=Khurram\|last3=Raza\|first3=Syed Salim\|title=INFORMALITY IN KARACHI’S LAND, MANUFACTURING, AND TRANSPORT SECTORS\|url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/PW114-Informality-in-Karachis-Land-Manufacturing-and-Transport-Sectors.pdf\|publisher=United States Institute for Peace\|accessdate=2 November 2016\|quote=Informal manufacturing is more prevalent than formal manufacturing in terms of the number of people employed, land area covered by informal enterprises, and number of enterprises. Output data are unavailable, but proxy data suggest that informal manufacturing is far smaller in terms of capital employed and value added.}}</ref>

	Karachi Export Processing Zone, SITE, ], Northern Bypass Industrial Zone, Bin Qasim and North Karachi serve as large industrial estates in Karachi.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/industrialzone.asp \|title=The Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry \|publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry \|date= \|accessdate=10 February 2014 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907204417/http://www.fpcci.com.pk/industrialzone.asp \|archivedate=7 September 2011 \|df= }}</ref> The ] also complements Karachi's industrial economy by hosting regional and international exhibitions.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.epb.gov.pk/v1/expocenter/ \|title=Full Service Interactive Agency – MAGSNET LIMITED \|publisher=Epb.gov.pk \|date= \|accessdate=10 February 2014 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112132910/http://www.epb.gov.pk/v1/expocenter/ \|archivedate=12 January 2014}}</ref>

	{\|class="wikitable"
	\|-
	! Name of estate !! Location !!Established !! Area in acres
	\|-
	\|] \|\|] \|\|1947 \|\|4700<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.site-association.org/Background_and_Profile.html \|title=Welcome To S.I.T.E Association of Industry of Karachi \|publisher=Site-association.org \|date= \|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>
	\|-
	\|] \|\|] \|\|1960 \|\|8500<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.kati.pk/ \|title=Welcome \|publisher=Korangi Association of Trade & Industry \|date= \|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>
	\|-
	\|] \|\|] \|\|1949 \|\|11000<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://landhi.org/aboutus/landhifacts.php \|title=Landhi.Org \|publisher=Landhi Association of Trade and Industry \|date= \|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>
	\|-
	\|] \|\|] \|\|1974 \|\|725<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://nkati.org/ \|title=North Karachi Association of Trade & Industry \|publisher=North Karachi Association of Trade & Industry \|date= \|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>
	\|-
	\|] \|\|] \|\|1987 \|\|<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.fbati.com/ \|title=Federal B Area Association of Trade & Industry \|publisher=Federal B Area Association of Trade & Industry \|date=17 December 2013 \|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>
	\|-
	\|] \|\|] \|\|2012\|\|250<ref>{{cite web\|author=APP \|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/634069/construction-approved-korangi-creek-industrial-park-land-up-for-grabs/ \|title=Construction approved: Korangi Creek Industrial Park land up for grabs – The Express Tribune \|publisher=Tribune.com.pk \|date=20 November 2013 \|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>
	\|-
	\|] \|\|] \|\|1970 \|\|25000<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.bqati.com.pk/ \|title=BQATI {Bin Qasim Association of Trade & Industry} \|publisher=Bin Qasim Association of Trade & Industry \|date= \|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>
	\|-
	\|] \|\|] \|\|1980<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.pakistaneconomist.com/issue2000/issue13/etc6.htm \|title=Export Processing Zone Authority \|publisher=Pakistaneconomist.com \|date= \|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> \|\|315<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.epza.gov.pk/karachi.html \|title=Welcome To EPZA \|publisher=Epza.gov.pk \|date= \|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>
	\|-
	\|] \|\|] \|\|2004 \|\|1250<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.textilecity.com.pk/ \|title=Textile City \|publisher=Textile City \|date= \|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>
	\|-
	\|] \|\|] \|\|\|\|430
	\|-
	\|] \|\|] \|\|1983 \|\|300<ref name=site/>
	\|-
	\|] \|\|] \|\|1992 \|\|1000<ref name=site>{{cite web\|url=http://www.site.com.pk/ \|title=site.com.pk \|publisher=Sindh Industrial Trading Estates \|date= \|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>
	\|}

	===Revenue collection===
	As home to Pakistan's largest ports and a large portion of its manufacturing base, Karachi contributes a large share of Pakistan's collected tax revenue. As most of Pakistan's large multinational corporations are based in Karachi, income taxes are paid in the city even though income may be generated from other parts of the country.<ref>{{cite news\|last1=Janjua\|title=Karachi contributing 70% of federal tax revenue – a myth\|url=http://www.brecorder.com/articles-a-letters/187:articles/1185461:karachi-contributing-70-of-federal-tax-revenue-a-myth/\|accessdate=2 November 2016\|agency=Business Recorder\|date=13 October 2015}}</ref> As home to the country's two largest ports, Pakistani customs officials collect the bulk of federal duty and tariffs at Karachi's ports, even if those imports are destined for one of Pakistan's other provinces.<ref>{{cite news\|title=The importance of Karachi\|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/971188/the-importance-of-karachi/\|accessdate=2 November 2016\|agency=Express Tribune\|date=12 October 2015}}</ref> Approximately 25% of Pakistan's national revenue is ''generated'' in Karachi.<ref name="adb"/>

	According to the ]'s 2006–2007 year book, tax and customs units in Karachi were responsible for 46.75% of direct taxes, 33.65% of federal excise tax, and 23.38% of domestic sales tax.<ref name="fbr0607">{{cite web\|url=http://www.cbr.gov.pk/YearBook/2006-2007/FBRyearbook2006-2007.pdf\|title=Federal Board of Revenue Year Book 2006–2007\|accessdate=12 April 2009}}</ref> Karachi accounts for 75.14% of customs duty and 79% of sales tax on imports,<ref name="fbr0607"/> and collects 53.38% of the total collections of the Federal Board of Revenue, of which 53.33% are customs duty and sales tax on imports.<ref name="fbr0607"/><ref>note: Revenue collected from Karachi includes revenue from some other areas since the Large Tax Unit (LTU) Karachi and Regional Tax Offices (RTOs) Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur & Quetta cover the entire province of Sindh and Balochistan</ref>

	==Civic administration==
	{{Main article\|Politics of Karachi\|List of mayors of Karachi\|List of Union Councils of Karachi\|Commissioner of Karachi}}
	].]]

	===Historical background===
	In response to a cholera epidemic in 1846, the ] was organized by British administrators.<ref name=cdgkhistory>{{cite web\|url=http://221.132.118.186/cdgk/Home/Government/CDGKHistory/tabid/276/Default.aspx\|title=CDGK History\|publisher=City-District Government of Karachi\|accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref><ref></ref> The board became a Karachi Municipal Commission in 1852, and a ] the following year.<ref name=cdgkhistory/> The City of Karachi Municipal Act of 1933 transformed the city administration into the ] with a mayor, a deputy mayor and 57 councillors.<ref name=cdgkhistory/> In 1976, the body became the ].<ref name=cdgkhistory/>

	During the 1900s, Karachi saw its major beautification project under the mayoralty of ]. New roads, parks, residential, and recreational areas were developed as part of this project. In 1948, the ] of Pakistan was created, comprising approximately {{convert\|2103\|km2\|abbr=on}} of Karachi and surrounding areas, but this was merged into the province of ] in 1961.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.statoids.com/upk.html\|title=Pakistan Provinces\|publisher=Statoids.com\|accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref> In 1996, the metropolitan area was divided into five districts, each with its own municipal corporation.<ref name=cdgkhistory/>

	===Union Councils (2001–2011)===
	In 2001, five districts of Karachi were merged to form the city district of Karachi, with a three-tier structure. The two most local tiers are composed of 18 ], and 178 ].<ref name=tiers>{{cite web\|url=http://221.132.118.186/cdgk/Home/Towns/tabid/72/Default.aspx\|title=CDGK Towns\|publisher=City District Government of Karachi\|accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref> Each tier focused on elected councils with some common members to provide "vertical linkage" within the federation.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/default.asp \|title=Local Government \|publisher=National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan \|accessdate=24 August 2010 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125014524/http://nrb.gov.pk/local_government/default.asp \|archivedate=25 January 2009 \|df= }}</ref>

	] was the first Nazim of Karachi during the Union Council period, while ] was the first district co-ordination officer of Karachi. ] was elected City Nazim of Karachi to succeed Naimatullah Khan in 2005 elections, and ] was elected as the City Naib Nazim.

	Each Union Council had thirteen members elected from specified electorates: four men and two women elected directly by the general population; two men and two women elected by peasants and workers; one member for minority communities; two members are elected jointly as the Union Mayor (''Nazim'') and Deputy Union Mayor (''Naib Nazim'').<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/union_admin_07.htm \|title=Composition of the Union Council\|publisher=National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan \|accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref> Each council included up to three council secretaries and a number of other civil servants. The Union Council system was dismantled in 2011.

	===District Municipal Corporations===
	In 2011, City District Government of Karachi was reverted its original constituent units known as District Municipal Corporations (DMC). The five original DMCs are: ], ], ], ] and ]. In November 2013, a sixth DMC, "Korangi" was carved out from District East.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1054395 \|title= Korangi notified as sixth district of Karachi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-125271-Korangi-made-sixth-district-of-Karachi- \|title= Korangi made sixth district of Karachi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/07/sindh-back-to-5-divisions-after-11-years/ \|title= Sindh back to 5 divisions after 11 years
	}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|last=Aligi \|first=Irfan \|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/208342/changing-hands-karachi-split-into-5-districts/ \|title=Changing hands: Karachi split into 5 districts – The Express Tribune \|publisher=Tribune.com.pk \|date= \|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com/ \|title=Welcome to official website of Karachi Metropolitan Corporation \|publisher=Kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com \|date= \|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>

	The current City administrator is Muhammad Hussain Syed<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com/Contents.aspx?id=21 \|title=Administrator Karachi \|publisher=Kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com \|date= \|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> and Municipal Commissioner of Karachi is Matanat Ali Khan.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com/Contents.aspx?id=54 \|title=Metropolitan Commissioner \|publisher=Kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com \|date= \|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> The position of ] was created and Shoaib Ahmad Siddiqui was appointed as the Commissioner of Karachi.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://commissionerkarachi.gos.pk/\|title=Home Page – Commissioner Karachi\|publisher=\|accessdate=14 June 2015}}</ref> There are six ], which are administered by the ], and are some of Karachi's most upscale neighbourhoods.
	{{Town and cantonment wise map of Karachi}}

	==Demographics==
	{{Main article\|Demographics of Karachi\|Ethnic groups in Karachi\|Religion in Karachi}}
	]
	Karachi is the most linguistically, ethnically, and religiously diverse city in Pakistan.<ref name="Penguin Publishing Group"/> The city is a ] of ethno-linguistic groups from throughout Pakistan, as well as migrants from other parts of Asia. The city's inhabitants are referred to by the ] ''Karachiite''.

	===Population===
	At the end of the 19th century, Karachi had an estimated population of 105,000.<ref name="c" /> By the dawn of ] in 1947, the city had an estimated population of 400,000.<ref name="Penguin Publishing Group"/> The city's population grew dramatically with the arrival of hundreds of thousands of ] from the newly independent ].<ref name="Port Qasim \| About Karachi"/> Rapid economic growth following independence attracted further migrants from throughout Pakistan and ].<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield"/>

	Pakistan has not conducted a census since 1998, so figures regarding Karachi's populations are estimates. Estimates are disputed,<ref>{{cite news\|last1=Kotkin\|first1=Joel\|title=The World's Fastest-Growing Megacities\|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/joelkotkin/2013/04/08/the-worlds-fastest-growing-megacities/#21a799a324cd\|accessdate=6 December 2016\|agency=Forbes\|date=8 April 2014\|quote=The population of Karachi is also disputed, with some claiming a somewhat lower population than reported.}}</ref> but vary between 15 and 23.5 million,<ref name="http://tribune.com.pk"/><ref name="euronews.com" /> with Pakistan's ] assuming a 3.7% rate of annual growth since 1998.<ref>{{cite news\|last1=Abbas\|first1=Mazhar\|title=Karachi — a hub for aliens\|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/121765-Karachi-a-hub-for-aliens\|accessdate=6 December 2016\|agency=Geo TV\|date=27 November 2016}}</ref> The city's expansive metro region has a population density estimated at more than 6,000 people per square kilometre (15,500 per square mile).<ref name="Thenews.com.pk">{{cite news\|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-13637-Sindh-population-surges-by-81.5-pc,-households-by-83.9-pc \|title=Sindh population surges by 81.5 pc, households by 83.9 pc \|publisher=Thenews.com.pk \|date=2 April 2012 \|accessdate=21 April 2013}}</ref> Karachi is now the ] in the ],<ref name="citymayors2" /> and is thought to be the world's ].<ref name="populat"/><ref name="b" /> The city is also one of the fastest growing cities,<ref name="Kotkin"/> with an estimated 45,000 new migrants settling in the city every month.<ref name="migrants">{{cite web\|url=http://www.dawn.com/2006/01/16/letted.htm#1 \|title=Karachi turning into a ghetto \|date=16 January 2006 \|work=Dawn \|accessdate=24 August 2010 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107043312/http://www.dawn.com/2006/01/16/letted.htm \|archivedate=7 January 2010}}</ref>

	{{Karachi Historical Population
	\|title=Population growth
	\|1729=250
	\|1838=14000
	\|1842=15000
	\|1850=16773
	\|1856=22227
	\|1861=56859
	\|1881=73560
	\|1891=105199
	\|1901=136297
	\|1911=186771
	\|1921=244162
	\|1931=300779
	\|1941=435887
	\|1951=1137667
	\|1961=2044044
	\|1972=3606744
	\|1981=5437984
	\|1986=7443663
	\|1998=9802134
	\|2011=21200000
	\|align-fn=center
	\|footnote=Source:{{sfn\|Laurent Gayer\|2014\|pp=26}}<ref name="statpak">{{cite web\|url=http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_major_cities/pop_major_cities.html \|title=Population size and growth of major cities \|publisher=Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan \|accessdate=24 August 2010 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222175007/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_major_cities/pop_major_cities.html \|archivedate=22 December 2010 \|df= }}<br/>Note: The 1998 census showed a population of about 9 million but this did not include workers living in Karachi but registered as living elsewhere in Pakistan by the ] as well as large numbers of ], Bangladeshis, Indians, Nepalis and others (incl. Filipinos, Iranians, Iraqis, Burmese).</ref><ref name=npr>{{cite news\|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91009748\|title=The Urban Frontier—Karachi\|publisher=NPR\|date=2 June 2008\|accessdate=17 January 2010}}</ref><br/>† Large population rise between 1941 and 1951 due to<br/>large scale migration after independence in 1947.<br/>Population in 2011 estimated.
	}}

	===Ethnicity===

	The first inhabitants of the ''Kolachi'' settlement were mostly Hindus & Parsi. The oldest portions of modern Karachi reflect the ethnic composition of the first settlement, with Balochis and Sindhis continuing to make up a large portion of the Lyari neighbourhood,<ref name="autogenerated3" /> though many of the residents are relatively recent migrants. Following Partition, large numbers of Hindus migrant Pakistan for the newly-independent Republic of India, while a larger percentage of Muslim migrant from India settled in Karachi. The city grew 150% during the ten period between 1941 and 1951 with the arrival of migrants whose actually created Pakistan from India,<ref name="Pakistan: A Country Study">{{cite book\|last1=Blood\|first1=Peter R.\|title=Pakistan: A Country Study\|date=1986\|publisher=DIANE Publishing\|isbn=9780788136313\|page=96}}</ref> who made up 57% of Karachi's population in 1951.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Hinnells\|first1=John\|title=The Zoroastrian Diaspora: Religion and Migration\|date=2005\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=9780191513503\|page=193}}</ref> The city is now considered a ] of Pakistan, and is the country's most diverse city.<ref name="autogenerated3" /> In 2011, an estimated 2.5 million foreign migrants lived in the city, mostly from ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Gayer\|first1=Laurent\|title=Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for City\|date=2014\|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India,\|isbn=9789351160861}}</ref>

	Much of Karachi's citizenry descend from Urdu-speaking migrants from North India who became known by the Arabic term for "Mohajir" – ]. The first Muhajirs of Karachi arrived in 1946 in the aftermath of the ] and subsequent ].<ref>{{cite book\|last1=BHAVNANI\|first1=NANDITA\|title=THE MAKING OF EXILE: SINDHI HINDUS AND THE PARTITION OF INDIA\|date=2014\|publisher=Westland\|isbn=9789384030339\|pages=434\|chapter=3}}</ref> The city's wealthy Hindus migrated to India & Urdu Specking migrated & settled in Karachi. In June 1947,it was initially proposed to settle the Muhajirs on a large plot of land in Bunder Road Extension, a well heeled suburb of Karachi. This was, however, a residential area dominated by affluent Sindhi Hindus, who became nervous about such a large number of migrants. Given their influence, the Hindus were able to sway the government into transferring the proposed resettlement site to Lyari, a more congested and lower middle class area. The city witnessed a large influx of Muhajirs following Partition, who were drawn to the port city and newly designated federal capital for its white-collar job opportunities.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Kudaisya\|first1=Gyanesh\|last2=Yong\|first2=Tan Tai\|title=The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia\|date=2004\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=9781134440474\|page=336<!--\|accessdate=23 November 2016-->}}</ref> Muhajirs continued to migrate to Pakistan throughout the 1950s and early 1960s,<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Khalidi \|first=Omar \|date=Autumn 1998 \|title=From Torrent to Trickle: creators of Pakistan Muslim Migration to Pakistan, 1947—97 \|journal=Islamic Studies \|publisher=Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad \|volume=37 \|number=3 \|pp=339–52 \|jstor=20837002}}</ref> with Karachi remaining the primary destination of Indian Muslim migrants throughout those decades.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal\|last=KHALIDI\|first=OMAR\|date=1998-01-01\|title=FROM TORRENT TO TRICKLE: INDIAN MUSLIM MIGRATION TO PAKISTAN, 1947—97\|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20837002\|journal=Islamic Studies\|volume=37\|issue=3\|pages=339–352}}</ref> The Muhajir community today forms an estimated 48% of Karachi's population.<ref name="autogenerated3" /> Muhajirs form the bulk of Karachi's middle class.<ref name="autogenerated3" /> Muhajirs are regarded as the city's most secular community, while other minorities such as Christians and Hindus increasingly regard themselves as part of the Muhajir community.<ref name="autogenerated3" />

	Karachi is home to a wide array of Muslim peoples from what is now the ]. The city has a sizable community of ], ], ]-speaking refugees.<ref name="autogenerated3" /> Karachi is also home to a several-thousand member strong community of ] from ] in ].<ref>{{cite web\|author=M R Narayan Swamy \|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_where-malayalees-once-held-sway_4610 \|title=Where Malayalees once held sway \| Latest News & Updates at \|publisher=Dnaindia.com \|date=5 October 2005 \|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> These ethno-linguistic groups are being ] in the Urdu-speaking community.<ref name="http">{{cite web\|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/political-and-ethnic-battles-turn-karachi-into-beirut-of-south-asia/15875445.shtml\|title=Political and ethnic battles turn Karachi into Beirut of South Asia " Crescent \|publisher=Merinews.com \|date= \|accessdate=24 November 2012}}</ref>

	During the period of rapid economic growth in the 1960s, large numbers ] from the ] migrated to Karachi with Afghan Pashtun refugees settling in Karachi during the 80's.<ref name=pbs>{{cite web\|url=http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2009/07/karachis_invisi.html\|title=Karachi's Invisible Enemy\|author=Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy\|publisher=PBS\|date=17 July 2009\|accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="The National">{{cite web\|url=http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090825/FOREIGN/708249931 \|title=In a city of ethnic friction, more tinder \|publisher=The National \|date=24 August 2009 \|accessdate=24 August 2010 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116211443/http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20090825%2FFOREIGN%2F708249931 \|archivedate=16 January 2010 \|df= }}</ref><ref name="tribune.com.pk">{{cite web\|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/43827/the-pakhtun-in-karachi/ \|title=Columnists \| The Pakhtun in Karachi \|work=Time \|date=28 August 2010 \|accessdate=2011-09-08}}</ref><ref name="thefridaytimes.com">, thefridaytimes</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://archives.dawn.com/2009/02/10/local9.htm\|title=UN body, police baffled by minister's threat against Afghan refugees\|publisher=Dawn Media Group\|date=10 February 2009\|accessdate=2012-01-24}}</ref> By some estimates, Karachi is home to the world's largest urban Pashtun population,<ref name="Crossroads">{{cite book\|last1=Jaffrelot\|first1=Christophe\|title=Pakistan at the Crossroads: Domestic Dynamics and External Pressures\|date=2016\|publisher=Columbia University\|isbn=9780231540254\|page=128<!--\|pages=384-->\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A791CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA128&dq=karachi+pashtuns&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9xNLH87_QAhVK_mMKHVvvBD4Q6AEIOjAF#v=onepage&q=karachi%20pashtuns&f=false}}</ref> with more Pashtun citizens than the ].<ref name="nadeemf.paracha"/><ref name="Crossroads"/><ref name="Crossroads"/> While generally considered to be one of Karachi's most conservative communities, Pashtuns in Karachi generally vote for the secular ] rather than religious parties.<ref name="nadeemf.paracha"/> Pashtuns from Afghanistan are regarded as the most conservative community.<ref name="nadeemf.paracha"/> Pashtuns from Pakistan's ], in contrast, are generally seen as more liberal in social outlook.<ref name="nadeemf.paracha"/> The Pashtun community forms the bulk of manual labourers and transporters.{{sfn\|Laurent Gayer\|2014\|pp=44}}

	Migrants from Punjab began settling in Karachi in large numbers in 1960s, and now make up an estimated 14% of Karachi's population.<ref name="nadeemf.paracha"/> The community forms the bulk of the city's police force,<ref name="nadeemf.paracha"/> and also form a large portion of Karachi's entrepreneurial classes and direct a larger portion of Karachi's service-sector economy.<ref name="nadeemf.paracha"/> The bulk of Karachi's Christian community, which makes up 2.5% of the city's population, is Punjabi.<ref name="pakistanchristianpost.com"></ref>

	Despite being the capital of Sindh province, only 6–8% of the city is Sindhi.<ref name="nadeemf.paracha"/> Sindhis form much of the municipal and provincial bureaucracy.<ref name="nadeemf.paracha"/> 4% of Karachi's population speaks Balochi as its mother tongue, though most Baloch speakers are of ] heritage – a community that traces its roots to Africa.<ref name="nadeemf.paracha"/>

	Following the ] and independence of ], thousands of Urdu-speaking ] arrived in the city, preferring to remain Pakistani rather than live in the newly-independent country. Large numbers of ] also migrated from Bangladesh to Karachi during periods of economic growth in the 1980s and 1990s. Karachi is now home to an estimated 2.5 to 3 million ethnic ].<ref name="Falling back"/><ref name="cidcm.umd.edu"/> ] refugees from ], who speak a dialect of Bengali and are sometimes regarded as Bengalis, also live in the city. Karachi is home to an estimated ].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/derek-flood/from-south-to-south-refug_b_100387.html\|title=From South to South: Refugees as Migrants: The Rohingya in Pakistan\|work=Huffington Post\|date=12 May 2008\|accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-333213-Bengali-and-Rohingya-leaders-gearing-up-for-LG-polls\|title=Bengali and Rohingya leaders gearing up for LG polls\|work=thenews.com.pk\|accessdate=18 December 2015}}</ref> Large scale ] migration to Karachi made Karachi one of the largest population centres of ] in the world outside of Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1165299\|title=Identity issue haunts Karachi's Rohingya population\|last=Rehman\|first=Zia Ur\|date=23 Feb 2015\|work=Dawn\|quote=Their large-scale migration had made Karachi one of the largest Rohingya population centres outside Myanmar but afterwards the situation started turning against them.\|access-date=26 December 2016\|via=}}</ref>

	]n migrants from ] and ] have also settled in the city.<ref name="conflictedkarachi">{{cite web\|url=http://blog.dawn.com/2010/08/26/conflicting-karachi/ \|title= Conflicted Karachi \| The Dawn Blog \| Pakistan, Cricket, Politics, Terrorism, Satire, Food, Culture and Entertainment \|publisher=Blog.dawn.com \|date=26 August 2010 \|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> Domestic workers from the ] are employed in Karachi's posh locales, while many of the city's teachers hail from ].<ref name="conflictedkarachi" /> Expatriates from China began migrating to Karachi in the 1940s, to work as dentists, chefs and shoemakers, while many of their decedents continue to live in Pakistan.<ref name="conflictedkarachi"/><ref name="DawnKarachi">{{citation\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040715054506/http://dawn.com/report/lifestyles/mino1.htm\|archivedate=15 July 2004\|url=http://dawn.com/report/lifestyles/mino1.htm\|date=9 July 2001\|accessdate=26 July 2009\|periodical=Dawn\|title=The melting pot by the sea\|last=Ramzi\|first=Shanaz}}</ref> The city is also home to a small number of British and American expatriates.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1997/nov/14/news/mn-53634 \|title=After Slayings, Americans in Karachi Weigh Choices – Los Angeles Times \|publisher=Articles.latimes.com \|date=12 June 2009 \|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>

	During ], about 3,000 ] refugees from the ], with some Polish families who chose to remain in the city after Partition.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.wbj.pl/article-54930-polish-pakistan-relations-a-need-for-understanding.html \|title=Warsaw Business Journal – Online Portal \|publisher=wbj.pl \|date=13 June 2011 \|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNENuKhDGfwC&pg=PA27&dq=polish+refugees+karachi&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1XwcU9_yCIaHygHt8IHwDw&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=polish%20refugees%20karachi&f=false\|title=The Exile Mission\|publisher=\|accessdate=14 June 2015}}</ref> Post-Partition Karachi also once had a sizable refugee community from post-revolutionary ].<ref name="conflictedkarachi" />

	===Religion===
	{{bar box
	\|title=Religions in Karachi<ref name="cia-rel">{{cite web\|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html#pk\|title=Religions in Pakistan\|publisher=]\|date=\|accessdate=2013-07-09}}</ref><ref name="Curtis, Lisa 2009">Curtis, Lisa; Mullick, Haider (4 May 2009). "Reviving Pakistan's Pluralist Traditions to Fight Extremism". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 31 July 2011</ref><ref name="Religions 2010">a b c "Religions: Islam 95%, other (includes Christian and Hindu, 2% Ahmadiyyah ) 5%". CIA. The World Factbook on Pakistan. 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-28.</ref><ref># ^ International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore: "Have Pakistanis Forgotten Their Sufi Traditions?" by Rohan Bedi April 2006</ref>
	\|titlebar=#ddd
	\|left1='''Religions'''
	\|right1='''Percent'''
	\|float=right
	\|bars=
	{{bar percent\|]\|Green\|96.5}}
	{{bar percent\|]\|red\|2.49}}
	{{bar percent\|]\|orange\|0.86}}
	{{bar percent\|Others\|purple\|0.4}}
	}}
	], an 8th-century ] mystic, is considered to be the patron saint of Karachi.<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Hasan\|first1=Arif\|title=Karachi's Densification\|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1102536\|publisher=Dawn\|accessdate=6 December 2016\|date=27 April 2014\|quote=The other site is the over 1,200-year-old tomb of Ghazi Abdullah Shah, a descendant of Imam Hasan. He has become the patron saint of Karachi and his urs is an important event for the city and its inhabitants.}}</ref> ]]
	] serves as the seat of the ].]]
	] is the largest ] in Karachi.]]
	Karachi is one of Pakistan's most religiously diverse cities.<ref name="Penguin Publishing Group"/> ''Karachiites'' adhere to numerous sects and sub-sects of ], as well as ], and community of ]. The city also is home to large numbers of ]s, and a small community of ]s.

	Prior to Pakistan's independence in 1947, the population of the city was estimated to be 50% Muslim, 40% Hindu, with the remaining 10% primarily Christians (both British and native), with a small numbers of Jews. Following the independence of Pakistan, much of Karachi's ] population left for India while Muslim refugees from India in turn settled in the city. The city continued to attract migrants from throughout Pakistan, who were overwhelmingly Muslim, and city's population nearly doubled again in the 1950s.<ref name="Pakistan: A Country Study"/> As a result of continued migration, over 96.5% of the city currently is estimated to be Muslim.<ref name="nadeemf.paracha"/>

	Karachi is overwhelmingly Muslim,<ref name="nadeemf.paracha"/> though the city is one of Pakistan's most secular cities.<ref name="autogenerated3" /><ref name="India Today"/><ref name="dw.com"/> Approximately 65% of Karachi's Muslims are ], while 35% are ].<!--empty references<ref name="LoC"/><ref name="Oxford"/><ref name="CIA"/>--><ref name="PRC">{{cite web \|url= http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx \|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population \|accessdate=2010-08-28 \|work=] \|publisher= \|date=October 7, 2009}}</ref><ref name="PRCPDF">{{Cite book\|url=http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf \|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population \|editor-last=Miller \|editor-first=Tracy \|date=October 2009 \|publisher=] \|format=PDF \|accessdate=2010-08-28 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108194815/http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf \|archivedate= 8 November 2009 \|df= }}</ref><ref name="State">{{cite web \|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm \|title=Pakistan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008 \|quote= \|work=] \|publisher= \|accessdate=2010-08-28}}</ref> ] primarily follow the ] school of ], with ] influencing religious practices by encouraging reverence for Sufi saints such as ] and ]. ] are predominantly ], with a significant ] minority which is further subdivided into ]s, ]s, ]s, and ]s.

	Approximately 2.5% of Karachi's population is Christian.<ref name="cia-rel" /><ref name="Curtis, Lisa 2009" /><ref name="Religions 2010" /> The city's Christian community is primarily composed of Punjabi Christians,<ref name="pakistanchristianpost.com"/> who converted from Sikhism to Christianity during the ].<ref>Alter, J.P and J. Alter (1986) In the Doab and Rohilkhand: north Indian Christianity, 1815–1915. I.S.P.C.K publishing p196</ref> Karachi has a community of ] who are typically better-educated and more affluent than their Punjabi co-religionists.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Who are Pakistan's Christians?\|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35910331\|accessdate=17 November 2016\|publisher=BBC\|date=28 March 2016}}</ref> The Goan community dates from 1820 and has a population estimated to be 12,000–15,000 strong.<ref>{{cite news\|last1=Barbosa\|first1=Alexandre Moniz\|title=A Dash of Goa in Pakistan\|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/A-dash-of-Goa-in-Pakistan/articleshow/9866412.cms\|accessdate=17 November 2016\|publisher=Times of India\|date=5 September 2001\|quote=The city, however, has roughly between 12,000 and 15,000 'Goans', a number that has remained fairly constant for the past 190 years, since the first wave of migrating Goans in dhows washed up on its shores in 1820 and made it their home.}}</ref>

	While most of the city's Hindu population left ''en masse'' for India following Pakistan's independence, Karachi still has a large Hindu community with an estimated population of 250,000 based on 2013 data.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://pakistanhinducouncil.org/hindupopulation.asp \|title=Population of Hindus in the World \|publisher=pakistanhinducouncil.org \|accessdate=21 April 2013 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518031747/http://www.pakistanhinducouncil.org/hindupopulation.asp \|archivedate=18 May 2013 \|df= }}</ref> Karachi's affluent and influential ]s have lived in the region in the 12th century, though the modern community dates from the mid 19th century when they served as military contractors and commissariat agents to the British.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Hinnells\|first1=John\|title=The Zoroastrian Diaspora: Religion and Migration\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=9780191513503\|page=199}}</ref> Further waves of Parsi immigrants from ] settled in the city in the late 19th century.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Hinnells\|first1=John\|title=The Zoroastrian Diaspora: Religion and Migration\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=9780191513503\|page=202}}</ref> The population of Parsis in Karachi and throughout South Asia is in continuous decline due to low birth-rates and migration to Western countries.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Why is India's wealthy Parsi community vanishing?\|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35219331\|accessdate=17 November 2016\|agency=BBC\|date=9 January 2016}}</ref>

	===Language===
	Karachi has the largest number of Urdu speakers in Pakistan.{{sfn\|Amos Owen Thomas\|2005\|pp=121}} As per the 1998 census, the linguistic breakdown of ] is:

	{\|class="wikitable"
	\|-
	!\|Rank
	!\|Language
	!\|1998 census{{sfn\|Jonah Blank\|Christopher Clary\|Brian Nichiporuk\|2014}}
	!\|Speakers
	!\|1981 census{{sfn\|Stephen P. Cohen\|2004}}
	!\|Speakers
	\|-
	\|1
	! ]
	\|48.52%
	\|4,497,747
	\|54.34%
	\|2,830,098
	\|-
	\|2
	! ]
	\|13.94%
	\|1,292,335
	\|13.64%
	\|710,389
	\|-
	\|3
	! ]
	\|11.42%
	\|1,058,650
	\|08.71%
	\|453,628
	\|-
	\|4
	! ]
	\|07.22%
	\|669,340
	\|06.29%
	\|327,591
	\|-
	\|5
	! ]
	\|04.34%
	\|402,386
	\|04.39%
	\|228,636
	\|-
	\|6
	! ]
	\|02.11%
	\|195,681
	\|00.35%
	\|18,228
	\|-
	\|7
	! Others
	\|12.44%
	\|1,153,126
	\|12.27%
	\|639,560
	\|-
	\|
	! All
	\|100%
	\|9,269,265
	\|100%
	\|5,208,132
	\|}
	The category of "others" includes ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name="demographics">{{cite web\|url=http://www.findpk.com/cities/html/karachi.html \|title=Karachi \|publisher=Findpk.com \|date= \|accessdate=10 February 2014 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014142856/http://www.findpk.com/cities/html/karachi.html \|archivedate=14 October 2013}}</ref>

	==Transportation==
	{{Main article\|Transport in Karachi}}
	{{Multiple image
	\|align = right
	\|direction = vertical
	\|header =
	\|header_align = left/right/center
	\|header_background =
	\|footer =
	\|footer_align = left/right/center
	\|footer_background =
	\|width = 200
	\|image1 =Karachi Transport Network.png
	\|width1 = 200
	\|alt1 =
	\|caption1 = Karachi's transportation infrastructure
	}}

	===Road===
	{{Main article\|List of streets in Karachi}}
	] is Pakistan's longest with a length of {{convert\|5\|km\|abbr=off}}.]]

	Karachi is served by a road network estimated to be approximately {{convert\|9,500\|km\|abbr=off}} in length,<ref>{{cite news\|title=In Karachi, 16,562 more vehicles hit the roads each month\|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/12/24/city/karachi/in-karachi-16562-more-vehicles-hit-the-roads-each-month/\|accessdate=25 November 2016\|agency=Pakistan Today\|date=24 December 2011}}</ref> serving approximately 3.1 million vehicles per day.<ref name="lifescienceglobal.com">{{cite journal\|last1=Zubair\|first1=Salman\|title=Impacts of Signal Free Corridors on the Incidence of Road Traffic Accidents in Karachi\|journal=Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences\|date=2015\|volume=11\|page=245\|url=http://www.lifescienceglobal.com/pms/index.php/jbas/article/view/2823 \|accessdate=2 December 2016}}</ref>

	Karachi is served by three "Signal-Free Corridors" which are designed as urban express roads to permit traffic to transverse large distances without the need to stop at intersections and stop lights.<ref name="lifescienceglobal.com"/> The first opened in 2007 and connects ] in eastern Karachi to the industrial-estates in ] {{convert\|10.5\|km\|abbr=off}} away. The second corridor connects ] with Shahrah-e-Faisal over a 19 kilometre span, while the third stretch {{convert\|28\|km\|abbr=off}} and connects Karachi's urban centre to the ] suburb. A fourth corridor is currently under construction that will link Karachi's centre to Karachi's ].

	Karachi will be the terminus of the under construction ], which will connect Karachi to ]. The road is being constructed as part of a much larger motorway network under construction as part of the expansive ]. From Hyderabad, motorways have been built, or are being constructed, to provide high-speed road access to the northern Pakistani cities of ] and ] {{convert\|1,100\|km\|abbr=off}} to the north of Karachi. Karachi is also the terminus of the ] which connects the city to the Afghan border near ], and the N-25 National Highway which connects the port city to the Afghan border near ].

	Within the city of Karachi, the ] is a ] under construction along the ] in Karachi, ], Pakistan. ]'s north-bound section is under construction, while the south-bound corridor is open for traffic.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://pakistaniat.com/2008/02/11/lyari-expressway-south-bound-inaugurated/ \|title=Lyari Expressway (South Bound) Inaugurated : ALL THINGS PAKISTAN \|publisher=Pakistaniat.com \|date= \|accessdate=21 April 2013}}</ref> This toll highway is designed to relieve congestion in the city of Karachi. To the north of Karachi lies the ] (M10), which starts near the junction of the ]. It then continues north for a few kilometres before turning west, where it intersects the ].

	===Rail===
	] is one of the city's primary railway stations.]]
	{{Main article\|Karachi Circular Railway\|List of railway stations in Pakistan}}
	Karachi is linked by rail to the rest of the country by ]. The ] and ] are the city's two major railway stations.<ref name="nadeemf.paracha"/> The city has an international rail link, the ] which links Karachi Cantonment Station with ] in ], India.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.geo.tv/12-4-2010/75294.htm \|title=Thar Express escapes blast near Karachi \|publisher=GEO.tv \|date=4 December 2010 \|accessdate=21 April 2013 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105192658/http://www.geo.tv/12-4-2010/75294.htm \|archivedate= 5 November 2013 \|df= }}</ref>

	The railway system also handles freight linking Karachi port to destinations up-country in northern Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/31-Dec-2015/railways-to-upgrade-waiting-halls-at-16-major-stations\|title=Railways to upgrade waiting halls at 16 major stations\|work=DailyTimes\|accessdate=25 February 2016}}</ref> The city is the terminus for the ] which connects Karachi to Peshawar. Pakistan's rail network, including the Main Line-1 Railway is being upgraded as part of the ], allowing trains to depart Karachi and travel on Pakistani railways at an average speed of {{convert\|160\|km/h\|abbr=off}} versus the average {{convert\|60\|to\|105\|km/h\|abbr=off}} speed currently possible on existing track.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Karachi-Peshawar railway line being upgraded under CPEC\|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/22-Jan-2016/karachi-peshawar-railway-line-being-upgraded-under-cpec\|accessdate=10 February 2016\|work=Daily Times\|date=22 January 2016}}</ref>

	===Public Transport===
	] route.]]
	Karachi's public transport infrastructure is inadequate and constrained by low levels of investment.<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Hashim\|first1=Asad\|title=Karachi's public transport on the verge of collapse: report\|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1158772\|publisher=Dawn\|accessdate=1 December 2016\|date=23 January 2015}}</ref> Karachi is not currently served by any municipal public transit, and is instead serviced primarily by the private and informal sector.<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Hasan\|first1=Arif\|title=Responding to the transport crisis in Karachi\|url=http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/10733IIED.pdf\|publisher=International Institute for Environment and Development\|accessdate=1 December 2016\|date=July 2015}}</ref>

	====Metrobus====
	The Pakistani Government is developing the ] project, which is a multi-line {{convert\|112.9\|km\|abbr=off}} ] system currently under-construction that is expected to be partially operational in 2017.{{sfn\|United Nations\|2007\|pp=165}}The Metrobus project was inaugurated by the Prime Minister of Pakistan Mian Nawaz Sharif on February 25, 2016. The Prime Minister stated that the "project will be more beautiful than Lahore Metro Bus." <ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1241849\|title=Karachi’s Green Line bus will be more beautiful than Lahore metro: PM Nawaz\|date=2016-02-26\|newspaper=DAWN.COM\|access-date=2017-02-25\|language=en}}</ref> The projects initial launch date was Feb 2017, but due to the slow pace of work, it is not yet operational. ] is the largest and busiest airport in Pakistan.]]

	====Karachi Circular Railway====

	Karachi was once served by numerous trams and the ], although both systems are no longer in operation. While the Japanese Government has expressed willingness to help fund the refurbishment of the Karachi Circular Railway,<ref>{{cite news\|last1=Ali\|first1=Sarfraz\|title=Japan to provide funding for Karachi Mass Transit Project\|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/business/japan-to-provide-funding-for-karachi-mass-transit-project/\|accessdate=1 December 2016\|agency=Daily Times (Pakistan)\|date=25 November 2016}}</ref> the project has not been finalized.

	====Rapid Transit====
	Karachi currently the World's largest city as city proper without any ] ] system.

	===Air===
	Karachi's ] is the largest and busiest airport of Pakistan with a total of 6.2 million passengers in 2015.<ref>http://www.caapakistan.com.pk/AT/AT-EO-Stats.aspx</ref> The current terminal structure was built in 1992, and is divided into international and domestic sections. Karachi's airport serves as a ] for the ], ] (PIA), as well as for ], ], and ]. The airport offers non-stop flights to destinations throughout ], ], ], the Persian ], ] and ].<ref>http://www.piac.com.pk/schedule/display_abc.asp?date=3:16:07%20AM</ref><ref name="PKint"> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726225316/http://www.piac.com.pk/PIA_About/intnetwork.asp \|date=26 July 2014 }}</ref>] is one of South Asia's largest and busiest deep-water ].]]

	===Sea===
	The largest shipping ports in Pakistan are the ] and the nearby ], the former being the oldest port of Pakistan. Port Qasim is located {{convert\|35\|km\|abbr=off}} east of the Port of Karachi on the ] estuary. These ports handle 95% of Pakistan's trade cargo to and from foreign ports. These seaports have modern facilities which include bulk handling, containers and oil terminals.{{sfn\|Robert Stimson\|Kingsley E. Haynes\|2012\|p=43}}

	Plans have been announced{{when\|date=November 2016}} for new passenger facilities at the Port of Karachi.<ref name="projects">{{cite web\|url=http://www.kpt.gov.pk/Projects/Proj.html \|title=Projects \|publisher=Karachi Port Trust \|accessdate=19 November 2007 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021030810/http://www.kpt.gov.pk/Projects/Proj.html \|archivedate=21 October 2007}}</ref>{{failed verification\|date=January 2016}}

	==Education==
	{{Main article\|Education in Karachi}}
	]]]{{See also\|List of schools in Karachi\|List of colleges in Karachi\|List of universities in Karachi}}Major universities Include:
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]] is a ] in Karachi.]]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ] (ICMAP)

	==Health and medicine==
	{{Main article\|List of hospitals in Karachi\|Environment of Karachi}}
	]'s hospital.]]
	Karachi is a centre of research in biomedicine with at least 30 public hospitals, 80 registered private hospitals and 12 recognized medical colleges,<ref>{{cite journal\|title=Establishment of a Comprehensive Epilepsy Center in Pakistan: Initial Experiences, Results, and Reflections\|first1=M. Zubair\|last1=Tahir\|first2=Zain A.\|last2=Sobani\|first3=S. A.\|last3=Quadri\|first4=S. Nizam\|last4=Ahmed\|first5=Mughis\|last5=Sheerani\|first6=Fowzia\|last6=Siddiqui\|first7=Warren W.\|last7=Boling\|first8=Syed Ather\|last8=Enam\|date=1 January 2012\|publisher=\|journal=Epilepsy Res Treat\|volume=2012\|via=PubMed Central\|doi=10.1155/2012/547382\|pmid=22957232\|pmc=3420664\|pages=547382}}</ref> including the Indus Hospital, ],<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.kihd.org/\|title=Karachi Institute of Heart Diseases (KIHD)\|work=kihd.org\|accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://nicvd.org/\|title=National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases\|work=nicvd.org\|accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://chk.gov.pk/\|title=Civil Hospital Karachi\|work=chk.gov.pk\|accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref> ],{{sfn\|Issues in National, Regional, and Environmental Health and Medicine\|2013}} ],{{sfn\|Endocrine System Diseases: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional\|2013}} ],{{sfn\|Zohra Zaidi\|S.W Lanigan\|2010}} ], ], ],{{sfn\|Mohammad Aslam Uqaili\|Khanji Harijan\|2011}} ]{{sfn\|HELEN RENAUX\|2011}} and ]. In 1995, Ziauddin Hospital was the site of Pakistan's first bone marrow transplant.{{sfn\|Kenneth D. Miller M.D.\|Miklos Simon MD\|2015}}

	==Art and culture==
	{{Main article\|Culture of Karachi}}
	{{main article\|List of Art Galleries of Karachi}}
	{{See also\|Culture of Pakistan\|Muhajir culture\|Sindhi culture}}

	===Museums and galleries===
	] is located in Karachi.]]
	] is now a museum open to the public.]]
	Karachi is home to several of Pakistan's most important museums. The ] and ] display artwork, while the city also has several private art galleries.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://theculturetrip.com/asia/pakistan/articles/10-stunning-contemporary-art-galleries-in-karachi-pakistan/\|title=10 Stunning Contemporary Art Galleries in Karachi, Pakistan\|work=The Culture Trip\|accessdate=18 December 2015}}</ref> The city is also home to the ] and ] are also located in the city. ], the birthplace of Pakistan's founder ] has also been preserved as a museum open to the public.

	===Theatre and cinema===
	Karachi is home to some of Pakistan's important cultural institutions. The ],<ref name="napa">{{cite web\|url=http://www.napa.org.pk\|title=Welcome to National Academy of Performing Arts\|author=National Academy of Performing Arts\|accessdate=17 April 2006}}</ref> located in the former ], offers diploma courses in performing arts that includes classical music and contemporary theatre. Karachi is home to groups such as , a professional youth-based, non-profit performing arts group, which works on theatre and arts activities in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.pakistanbusinessjournal.com/b2b-directory/thespianz-theater_95750.html\|title=Thespianz Theater\|work=PakistanBusinessJournal.com\|accessdate=18 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1134478\|title=Thespianz Theater brings string puppetry to PACC\|author=Entertainment Desk\|work=dawn.com\|accessdate=18 December 2015}}</ref>

	Though ] is considered to be home of Pakistan's film industry, Karachi is home to ] annually showcases independent Pakistani and international films and documentaries.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/951275/karawood-film-festival-to-kick-start-september-7/ \|title=Karawood film festival to kick start September 7\|work=]\|accessdate=18 December 2015 \|date=5 September 2015}}</ref>

	===Music===
	The ], linked to the 45-year-old similar institution in ], has been holding its annual music festival since its inception in 2004.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://apmc.info/ \|title=All Pakistan Music Conference \| Established in 1959 \|publisher=All Pakistan Music Conference \|date= \|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> The National Arts Council (''Koocha-e-Saqafat'') has musical performances and ].

	===Tourist attractions===
	{{Main article\|List of beaches in Karachi}}
	]
	]]]

	Karachi is a tourist destination for domestic and international tourists. Tourist attractions near Karachi city include:

	'''Museums:''' Museums located in Karachi include the ], ], and ].

	'''Parks:''' Parks located in Karachi include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].

	==Social issues==

	===Crime===
	Sometimes stated to be amongst the world's most dangerous cities,<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Khan\|first1=Taimur\|title=Cooking in Karachi\|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/09/03/cooking-in-karachi/\|accessdate=6 December 2016\|date=9 September 2013}}</ref> the extent of violent crime in Karachi is not as significant in magnitude as compared to other cities.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book\|last1=Jaffrelot\|first1=Christophe\|title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience\|date=2015\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=9780190613303\|pages=672}}</ref> According to the Numbeo Crime Index 2014, Karachi was the 6th most dangerous city in the world. By the middle of 2016, Karachi's rank had dropped to 31 following the launch of anti-crime operations.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Pakistan is winning its war on terror\|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/12/pakistan-is-winning-its-war-on-terror/\|accessdate=3 January 2017\|publisher=]\|date=December 31, 2016\|ref=Just three years ago, according to the Numbeo international crime index, Karachi was the sixth most dangerous city in the world. Today it stands at number 31 — and falling.}}</ref>

	The city's large population results in high numbers of homicides with a moderate homicide rate.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Karachi's homicide rates are lower than many ]n cities,<ref name="ReferenceA"/> and in 2015 was 12.5 per 100,000<ref>{{cite news\|title=Karachi world's 'most dangerous megacity': Report\|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Karachi-worlds-most-dangerous-megacity-Report/articleshow/22437484.cms\|accessdate=6 December 2016\|agency=Times of India\|date=9 September 2013}}</ref> – lower than the homicide rate of several American cities such as ] and ].<ref name="businessinsider.com">{{cite news\|title=The 50 most violent cities in the world\|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/most-violent-cities-in-the-world-2016-1/#10-cali-colombia-had-6427-homicides-per-100000-residents-41\|accessdate=6 December 2016\|agency=Business Insider\|date=26 January 2016}}</ref> The homicide rates in some Latin American cities such as ], ] and ], ] are in excess of 100 per 100,000 residents,<ref name="businessinsider.com"/> many times greater than Karachi's homicide rate.

	In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Karachi was rocked by political conflict while crime rates drastically increased with the arrival of weaponry from the ].<ref name=autogenerated2/> Several of Karachi's criminal mafias became powerful during a period in the 1990s described as "the rule of the mafias."{{sfn\|Marcello Balbo\|2005\|p=181}} Major mafias active in the city included land mafia, water tanker mafia, transport mafia and a sand and gravel mafia.{{sfn\|Newsline\|2006}}{{sfn\|Marcello Balbo\|2005\|p=181}}{{sfn\|Mohammad Shahid Alam\|1996\|p=49}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1035362/fair-warning-kwsb-installations-at-risk-due-to-heavy-excavation-in-malir-river/\|title=Fair warning: KWSB installations at risk due to heavy excavation in Malir River\|date=28 January 2016\|work=The Express Tribune\|accessdate=15 March 2016}}</ref> Karachi's highest death rates occurred in the mid 1990s when Karachi was much smaller. In 1995, 1,742 killings were recorded,<ref>{{cite news\|title=Karachi target killings, highest in 15 years\|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/69491/karachi-target-killings-highest-in-15-years/\|accessdate=6 December 2016\|agency=The Express Tirbune\|date=29 October 2010}}</ref> when the city had an estimated 6 to 14 million less residents.<ref>See Demographics section above.</ref>

	====Karachi Operation====
	Karachi had become widely known for its high rates of violent crime, but rates sharply decreased following a controversial crackdown operation against criminals, the MQM party, and Islamist militants initiated in 2013 by the ].<ref name="New York TImes"/> In 2015, 1,040 Karachiites were killed in either acts of terror or crime – an almost 50% decrease from the 2,023 deaths in 2014,<ref>{{cite news\|title=‘In 2015, Karachi the most violent region of Pakistan’\|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/85793-In-2015-Karachi-the-most-violent-region-of-Pakistan\|accessdate=6 December 2016\|agency=The News (Pakistan)\|date=2 January 2016\|quote=With 1,040 deaths – down from 2,023 in 2014 – recorded in Karachi this past year, the metropolis saw...}}</ref> and an almost 70% decrease from the 3,251 deaths recorded in 2013 – the highest ever recorded number in Karachi history.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Death toll rises: Over 3,200 killings in Karachi make 2013 deadliest year so far\|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/660098/death-toll-rises-over-3200-killings-in-karachi-make-2013-deadliest-year-so-far/\|accessdate=6 December 2016\|agency=The Tribune\|date=18 January 2014}}</ref> Despite a sharp decrease in violent crime, street crime remains high.<ref>{{cite news\|title=‘52,552 Karachiites fell victim to street crime in 2016’\|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1244433/frightening-situation-52552-karachiites-fell-victim-street-crime-2016/\|accessdate=6 December 2016\|agency=Express Tribune}}</ref>

	With 650 ]s in 2015, Karachi's homicide rate decreased by 75% compared to 2013.<ref name="Reuters"/> Extortion crimes decreased by 80%, while kidnappings decreased by 90% during the same period.<ref name="Reuters"/> As a result of the Karachi's improved security environment, real-estate prices in Karachi rose sharply in 2015.<ref name="reuters.com"/> In addition to increased land values, upmarket restaurants and cafés were described by '']'' as "overflowing."<ref>{{cite news\|title=Despite rising economy, Pakistan still hampered by image problem leftright 4/4leftright\|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-economy-idUSKCN0Z50XQ\|accessdate=5 December 2016\|agency=Reuters\|date=19 June 2016\|quote=A crime crackdown in Karachi, Pakistan's financial hub of 20 million people, has helped spur a real estate boom and new, upmarket seaside restaurants and cafés are overflowing.}}</ref>

	===Ethnic conflict===
	The 1970s saw major ] industrial estates. Violence originated in the city's university campuses, and spread into the city.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Gayer\|first1=Laurent\|title=Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City\|date=2014\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=9780190238063\|page=74<!--\|pages=256-->}}</ref> Conflict was especially sharp between ] and ethnic ], ], and ]. The party and its vast network of supporters were targeted by Pakistani security forces as part of the controversial ] in 1992, as part of an effort to restore peace in the city that lasted until 1994.<ref name="Minahan" />

	===Inadequate infrastructure===
	By 2015, 30,000 people were dying due to water-borne diseases annually.{{sfn\|Yamini Narayanan\|2015\|p=165}} Affordable housing is another major issue of Karachi as many poor people live in slums and shanty towns.

	==Architecture==
	<gallery mode=packed heights=120>
	File:Karachijahangir.jpg\|]
	File:Karachi St. Patricks Cathedral-2.jpg\|]
	</gallery>
	{{See also\|Architecture of Karachi\|Pakistani architecture\|List of tallest buildings in Karachi}}
	] – completed in 1865]]
	] was built by Hindus who migrated after the ], though the building was repurposed to house the ].]]
	Karachi has a collection of buildings and structures of varied ]s. The downtown districts of ] and ] contain early 20th-century architecture, ranging in style from the ] ] building to the ] Building. Karachi acquired its first neo-Gothic or Indo-Gothic buildings when ], ] and ] were completed. The ] architectural style was introduced in the ] and the Boat Club. ] was popular in the 19th century and was the architectural style for St. Joseph's Convent (1870) and the ] (1883).<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.historickarachi.com/heritage_revisited.htm \|title=Heritage Revisited\|publisher=Historickarachi.com\|accessdate=26 August 2010 \|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080822124715/http://www.historickarachi.com/heritage_revisited.htm \|archivedate = 22 August 2008}}</ref> The classical style made a comeback in the late 19th century, as seen in ] (1898)<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.historickarachi.com/public_arch_5.htm \|title=Public Arch 5\|publisher=Historickarachi.com\|accessdate=26 August 2010 \|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071024103906/http://www.historickarachi.com/public_arch_5.htm \|archivedate = 24 October 2007}}</ref> and the ]. While ] buildings remained popular, an eclectic blend termed ] or Anglo-Mughal began to emerge in some locations.{{sfn\|Laurent Gayer\|2014\|pp=34}}

	The local mercantile community began acquiring impressive structures. Zaibunnisa Street in the ] area (known as Elphinstone Street in British days) is an example where the mercantile groups adopted the ] and ] style to demonstrate their familiarity with Western culture and their own. The ] (1925) and ] are examples of Mughal revival buildings.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.historickarachi.com/public_arch_1.htm \|title=Public Architecture\|publisher=Historickarachi.com\|accessdate=26 August 2010 \|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174246/http://www.historickarachi.com/public_arch_1.htm \|archivedate = 15 April 2008}}</ref> The Sindh Wildlife Conservation Building, located in Saddar, served as a Freemasonic Lodge until it was taken over by the government. There are talks of it being taken away from this custody and being renovated and the Lodge being preserved with its original woodwork and ornate wooden staircase.<ref name="Daily Times">{{cite web\|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\09\30\story_30-9-2008_pg12_9 \|title=Culture department takes notice of Freemason Lodge Building \|work=Daily Times \|accessdate=16 January 2009 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805231747/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C09%5C30%5Cstory_30-9-2008_pg12_9 \|archivedate=5 August 2011}}</ref>
	]]]
	] is one of the prime examples of Architectural conservation and restoration where an entire Nusserwanjee building from ] area of Karachi has been relocated to Clifton for adaptive reuse in an art school. The procedure involved the careful removal of each piece of timber and stone, stacked temporarily, loaded on the trucks for transportation to the Clifton site, unloaded and re-arranged according to a given layout, stone by stone, piece by piece, and completed within three months.<ref name="Indus Valley Website">{{cite web\|url=http://www.indusvalley.edu.pk/nusserwanjeehistory.html\|title=Nusserwanjee Building (Relocation) Project\|work=Daily Times\|accessdate=26 February 2013}}</ref>

	Architecturally distinctive, even eccentric, buildings have sprung up throughout Karachi. Notable example of contemporary architecture include the ] Headquarters building. The city has examples of modern ], including the ] hospital, ], Faran Mosque, Bait-ul Mukarram Mosque, Quaid's Mausoleum, and the ]. One of the unique cultural elements of Karachi is that the residences, which are two- or three-story ]s, are built with the front yard protected by a high brick wall. ] features a range of extremely tall buildings. The most prominent examples include the ], PRC Towers and the ] which is the tallest skyscraper in ].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.mcb.com.pk/mcb/mcb_tower.asp\|title=MCB Tower, the tallest skyscraper of Karachi\|publisher=Mcb.com.pk\|accessdate=6 May 2010}}</ref>

	==Sports==
	{{Main article\|List of sports venues in Karachi}}
	{{Multiple image
	\|align = right
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	\|header_align = left/right/center
	\|header_background =
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	\|footer_background =
	\|width = 200
	\|image1 = Sindh Cricket team match with Australia in 1935.jpg\|thumb
	\|width1 = 200
	\|alt1 =
	\|caption1 = Match between Sindh & Australia in Karachi on 22 November 1935 was report by Daily Sydney Morning Herald
	}}

	{{Multiple image
	\|align = left
	\|direction = vertical
	\|header =
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	\|width = 200
	\|image1 = Nat Std01.JPG\|thumb
	\|width1 = 200
	\|alt1 =
	\|caption1 = ]
	\|image2 =\|thumb
	\|width2 = 200
	\|alt2 =
	\|caption2 = ], one of the largest golf clubs in the world<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.dhakarachi.org/clubs/da-golf-and-country-club.aspx\|title=Pakistan Defence Officers Housing Authority, Karachi\|first=MIS Dte, DHA\|last=Karachi\|work=dhakarachi.org\|accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref>
	}}

	When it comes to sports Karachi has a distinction, because some sources cite that it was in 1877 at Karachi in (British) India, where the first attempt was made to form a set of rules of badminton<ref>{{cite book \|title= Better Badminton for All \|last=Downey \|first=Jake \|page=13 \|year=2003 \|publisher=Pelham Books \|isbn=0720702283}}</ref> and likely place is said to Frere Hall.

	] in Pakistan has a history of even before the creation of the country in 1947. The first ever international cricket match in Karachi was held on 22 November 1935 between ] and Australian cricket teams. The match was seen by 5,000 Karachiites.<ref>. ''The Sydney Morning Herald'', 23 November 1935</ref>

	The inaugural first-class match at the National Stadium was played between Pakistan and India on 26 February 1955 and since then Pakistani national cricket team has won 20 of the 41 ] played at the National Stadium.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/22/1506_t.html\|title=Test matches played on National Stadium, Karachi\|publisher=Cricket Archive\|accessdate=26 August 2010}}</ref> The first ] at the National Stadium was against the West Indies on 21 November 1980, with the match going to the last ball.

	The national team has been less successful in such limited-overs matches at the ground, including a five-year stint between 1996 and 2001, when they failed to win any matches. The city has been host to a number of domestic cricket teams including Karachi,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/846/First-Class_Matches.html\|title=First-Class matches played by Karachi\|publisher=Cricket Archive\|accessdate=26 August 2010}}</ref> Karachi Blues,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/444/First-Class_Matches.html\|title=First-Class matches played by Karachi Blues\|publisher=Cricket Archive\|accessdate=26 August 2010}}</ref> Karachi Greens,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/446/First-Class_Matches.html\|title=First-Class matches played by Karachi Greens\|publisher=Cricket Archive\|accessdate=26 August 2010}}</ref> and Karachi Whites.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/445/First-Class_Matches.html\|title=First-Class matches played by Karachi Whites\|publisher=Cricket Archive\|accessdate=26 August 2010}}</ref> The National Stadium hosted two group matches (Pakistan v. South Africa on 29 February and Pakistan v. England on 3 March), and a quarter-final match (South Africa v. West Indies on 11 March) during the ].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/series/60981.html?template=fixtures\|title=Fixtures\|publisher=ESPNcricinfo\|accessdate=26 August 2010}}</ref>

	The city has hosted seven editions of the National Games of Pakistan, most recently in 2007.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.sports.gov.pk/Participation/National%20Games.htm#RPNG\|title=National Games\|publisher=Pakistan Sports Board\|accessdate=26 August 2010}}</ref>

	In 2005, the city hosted the ] at this ground, as well as the ], which attracted capacity crowds during the games. The popularity of golf is increasing, with clubs in Karachi like Dreamworld Resort, Hotel & Golf Club, ], DA Country & Golf Club. The city has facilities for ] (the ], UBL Hockey Ground), ] (KPT Sports Complex), ] (] Squash Complex), and ]. There are marinas and boating clubs. ] is ] venue and Multi-purpose sports facility in Karachi,

	;Professional Karachi teams
	{\|class="wikitable sortable"
	\|-
	! scope="col" \|Club
	! scope="col" \|League
	! scope="col" \|Sport
	! scope="col" \|Venue
	! scope="col" \|Established
	\|-
	! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" \|]
	\|]
	\|]
	\|]
	\|2015
	\|-
	! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" \|]
	\|]/]
	\|]
	\|]
	\|2004
	\|-
	! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" \|]
	\|]/]
	\|]
	\|]
	\|2004
	\|-
	! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" \|]
	\|]
	\|]
	\|]
	\|1975
	\|-
	! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" \|]
	\|]
	\|]
	\|]
	\|1913
	\|-
	! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" \|]
	\|]
	\|]
	\|KPT Football Stadium
	\|1887
	\|-
	! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" \|]
	\|]
	\|]
	\|KPT Football Stadium
	\|N/A
	\|-
	! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" \|]
	\|]
	\|]
	\|KPT Football Stadium
	\|1958
	\|}

	==Gallery==
	<gallery mode=packed heights=110>
	File:Chaukundi1.JPG\|]
	File:Larkana_(PB_157)-090309-N-4774B-055.jpg\|Boat Harbour, Karachi
	File:FishingshipsatKarachiHarbour.JPG\|Fishing boats at the ]
	File:Clifton beach karachi.jpg\|]
	File:Manora Beach 1100641.JPG\|Manora Beach
	</gallery>

	==See also==
	{{Div col\|2}}
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]

	{{Div col end}}
	{{portal bar\|Geography\|<!-- Eurasia -->\|Asia\|South Asia\|Pakistan\|Sindh\|Karachi}}

	==References==
	{{Reflist\|30em}}

	==Bibliography==
	:''See also: ]''
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	{{refend}}

	==External links==
	{{Sister project links\|Karachi\|commons=Category:Karachi\|s=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Karachi\|voy=Karachi}}
	* {{official website\|http://www.kmc.gos.pk/}}
	* {{dmoz\|Regional/Asia/Pakistan/Provinces/Sindh/Localities/Karachi/}}
	<!---THESE LINKS SHOULD BE ENOUGH!--->

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Revision as of 14:59, 30 June 2017