Misplaced Pages

Germany: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editNext edit →Content deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 01:43, 27 October 2006 view sourceJossi (talk | contribs)72,880 editsm Reverted edits by Bobotea (talk) to last version by Omicronpersei8← Previous edit Revision as of 01:53, 27 October 2006 view source 24.83.202.35 (talk)No edit summaryNext edit →
Line 1: Line 1:
HITLER HITLER ACH TUUN
{{Infobox Country
|native_name = {{lang|de|''Bundesrepublik Deutschland''}}
|conventional_long_name = Federal Republic of Germany
|common_name = Germany
|national_motto = {{lang|de|'']''}}<br/>(] for "Unity and Justice and Freedom”)
|national_anthem = {{lang|de|'']''}} (3rd stanza)<br> <small>also called {{lang|de|''Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit''}}</small> <!--The official national anthem of Germany is ONLY the third stanza! Source: http://www.bundesregierung.de/Bundesregierung/-,8394/Nationalhymne.htm-->
|image_flag = Flag of Germany.svg
|image_coat = Coat of Arms of Germany.svg
|symbol_type = Coat of arms
|image_map = LocationGermany.png
|capital = ]
|latd=52 |latm=31 |latNS=N |longd=13 |longm=24 |longEW=E
|largest_city = Berlin
|official_languages = ] <sup>1</sup>
|government_type = ]
|leader_title1 = ]
|leader_title2 = ]
|leader_name1 = ] (])
|leader_name2 = ] (])
|sovereignty_type = ]
|established_event1 = ]
|established_event2 = ]
|established_event3 = ]
|established_event4 = ]
|established_date1 = ] (])
|established_date2 = ] ]
|established_date3 = ] ]
|established_date4 = ] ]
|accessionEUdate = ], ]<br><small>(])<small>
|area = 357,050
|areami² = 137,858 <!--Do not remove per ]-->
|area_rank = 63rd
|area_magnitude = 1 E11
|percent_water = 2.416
|population_estimate = 82,438,000
|population_estimate_year = 2005
|population_estimate_rank = 14th
|population_census = n/a
|population_census_year = 2000
|population_density = 230.9
|population_densitymi² = 598.5 <!--Do not remove per ]-->
|population_density_rank = 50th
|GDP_PPP_year = 2005
|GDP_PPP = $2.522 trillion
|GDP_PPP_rank = 5th
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $30,579
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 17th
|HDI_year = 2003
|HDI = 0.930
|HDI_rank = 20th
|HDI_category = <font color="#009900">high</font>
|currency = ] (])<sup>2</sup>
|currency_code = EUR
|time_zone = CET
|utc_offset = +1
|time_zone_DST = CEST
|utc_offset_DST = +2
|cctld = ] <sup>3</sup>
|calling_code = 49
|ISO_3166-1_alpha2 =
|ISO_3166-1_alpha3 = DEU
|ISO_3166-1_numeric =
|sport_code = GER
|vehicle_code = D
|footnotes = <sup>1</sup> ], ], ], ] and ] are officially recognised and protected as minority languages by the ].<br/><sup>2</sup> Prior to 1999: ].<br/><sup>3</sup> The ] domain is also used, as it is shared with other ] member states.</sup>
}}
'''Germany''' ({{lang-de|Deutschland}} {{IPA2|ˈdɔɪtʃlant}}), officially the '''Federal Republic of Germany''' ({{Audio-de|Bundesrepublik Deutschland|De-Bundesrepublik_Deutschland-pronunciation.ogg}}, {{IPA2|ˈbʊndəsrepubliːk ˈdɔɪtʃlant}}), is a ] in central ]. It is bordered to the north by the ], ], and the ], to the east by ] and the ], to the south by ] and ], and to the west by ], ], ] and the ]. Within its borders are a portion of the ], the famous ] and ] rivers, and the ]. Its ] is ]; many of the governmental institutions, ministries as well as embassies were moved in from the former capital of ], ] (now ] of Bonn) in 1999.

Germany is a ] parliamentary ] republic, made up of 16 ] ({{lang|de|''Länder''}}), which in certain spheres act independently of the federation. Historically consisting of several sovereign states with their own history, distinct German tribe dialects, culture and religious beliefs, Germany was ] as a ] amidst the ] in 1871.

The Federal Republic of Germany is a member state of the ], ], the ] and the ], and is a founding member of the ]. It is the European Union's most populous and most economically powerful member state.

==History==
{{main|History of Germany}}

The state now known as Germany was ] as a modern nation-state only in 1871, when the ], dominated by the ], was forged. This began the German '']'', usually translated as ''empire'', but also meaning ''kingdom'', ''domain'' or ''realm''.

===Early history of the Germanic tribes (100 BC &ndash; AD 300)===
{{main|Germanic peoples|Germania}}

The ] of the ] is assumed to have occurred during the ], or at the latest, during the ] in southern ] and northern Germany, from the first century BC expanding south, east and west, coming into contact with ]ic tribes of ] and ], ] and ] tribes in Eastern Europe. Little is known about early Germanic history, except through their interactions with the Roman Empire and archaeological finds.

Under ], the Roman General ] began to invade Germany, and it was from this period that the German tribes became familiar with Roman tactics of warfare while maintaining their national identity. In ], three Roman legions led by ] were crushed by the ] leader ] (Hermann) in the ]. Germany as far as the Rhine and the ] therefore remained outside the ]. By 100, the time of ]' '']'', Germanic tribes settled along the ] and the ] (the ]), occupying most of the area of modern Germany. The 3rd century saw the emergence of a number of large West Germanic tribes &mdash; ], ], ], ], ], ], ]. Around 260, the Germanic peoples broke through the Limes and the Danube frontier.

{{see also|List of meanings of countries' names}}

===The Holy Roman Empire of German Nation (843-1806)===
{{main|Holy Roman Empire}}

]s of the ]. From ''Bildatlas der Deutschen Geschichte'' by Dr Paul Knötel (1895)]]

The medieval empire stemmed from a division of the ] in 843, which was founded by ] on ] ], and existed in varying forms until 1806, its territory stretching from the river ''Eider'' in the north to the Mediterranean coast in the south. Often referred to as the '''Holy Roman Empire''' (or the ''Old Empire''), it was officially called the '''Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation''' ("Sacrum Romanum Imperium Nationis Germanicæ") since 1448 to adjust the title to its then reduced territory.

Under the reign of the ] emperors (919&ndash;1024), the duchies of ], ], ], ], ] and ] were consolidated and in 962 the German king was crowned ]. Under the reign of the ] emperors (1024&ndash;1125), the Holy Roman Empire absorbed northern ] and ]. Under the ] emperors (1138&ndash;1254) the German princes were increasing their influence further south and east.

The edict of the ] in 1356 provided the basic constitution of the empire up to its dissolution. For three hundred years starting in 1438, the Emperors were elected nearly exclusively from the Austrian ] ].

In 1530, a separate Protestant church was acknowledged as the new state religion in many states of Germany. This led to inter-German dispute, the ] (1618&ndash;1648). From 1740 onwards the dualism between ] and ] dominated the Empire's history. In 1806 the ''Imperium'' was overrun and dissolved as a result of the ].

===Restoration and revolution (1814-71)===
{{main|German Confederation}}
]
]

Following Napoleon's fall and the end of the ], the ] convened in 1814 in order to restructure Europe. In Germany, the ] was founded, a loose league of ]. Disagreement with the ] politics partly led to the lifestyle called '']'' and to intellectual ] movements, which demanded unity and freedom during the ] epoch, each followed by a measure of ]'s repression of liberal agitation. The '']'', a tariff union, profoundly furthered economic unity in the ].

The ] had been stirred by the ideals of the ]. On October 18, 1817, students held a gathering to exchange ideas, the high point of which was the burning of works by authors like ], who were against a united German state. A second such meeting attracted 30,000 people from all social classes and from all regions to the ]. There for the first time, the colours of black, red and gold were chosen to represent the movement, which later became the national colours.

The states were also shaped by the ], which was the initial step of the growing ] in Europe and contributed to a wave of poverty, causing social uprisings. In light of a ], ] successfully established a republic, intellectuals and common people started ]. The monarchs initially yielded to the revolutionaries' liberal demands, and an intellectual ] was elected to draw up a constitution for the new Germany, completed in 1849. However, the Prussian king ], who was offered the title of Emperor but with a loss of power, rejected the crown and the constitution. This prompted the demise of the national assembly along with most of the changes from the revolution.

In 1862, conflict between the Prussian King ] and the increasingly liberal parliament erupted over military reforms. The king appointed ] the new ]. Bismarck solved the conflict with difficulty and used the desire for national unification to further the interests of the Prussian monarchy. In 1864 he successfully waged ]. Prussian victory in the ] of 1866 enabled him to create the ] and divide ], formerly the leading state of Germany, from the more western and northern parts.

===Second German Empire (1871-1918)===
{{main|German Empire}}
]

After the French defeat in the ], the ] (''Deutsches Kaiserreich'') was proclaimed in ] on ] ]. As a result, the new empire was a unification of all the scattered parts of Germany but without Austria &mdash; ]. Beginning in 1884 Germany established ]. The young emperor's foreign policy was opposed to that of Bismarck, who had established a system of alliances in the era called '']'', securing Germany's position as a great nation, isolating France with diplomatic means and avoiding war for decades. Under Wilhelm II, however, Germany took an ] course, ], but it led to friction with neighbouring countries. Most alliances in which Germany had been previously involved were not renewed, and new alliances excluded the country. Specifically, France established new relations by signing the ] with the United Kingdom, and got ties with Russia. Austria-Hungary and Germany became increasingly isolated.
]
]

Although not one of ], ] of ] triggered ] on ] ], which saw Germany as part of the unsuccessful ] in the ] conflict of all time against the ]. In November 1918, the second ] broke out, and Emperor Wilhelm II and all German ruling princes abdicated. ] on ], putting an end to the war. Germany was forced to sign the ] in 1919, whose unexpectedly high demands were perceived as humiliating in Germany, as a continuation of the war by other means and a breaking of traditional post-war diplomacy that included negotiations between the victors and vanquished.

===Weimar Republic (1919-33)===
{{main|Weimar Republic}}

After the ] in November 1918, a Republic was proclaimed. That year, the ] was established by ] and ], and in January 1919 the German Workers Party, later known as the ''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'' (], NSDAP, "Nazis"). On ] ], the ] came into effect, with the sign of the Reichspräsident Friedrich Ebert.

In a cool climate of economic hardship from both the world wide ] and the harsh peace conditions dictated by the ], and a long succession of more or less unstable governments, the political masses in Germany increasingly lacked identification with their political system of parliamentary democracy. This was exacerbated by a wide-spread right-wing (], ], and ]) '']'', a political myth which claimed the ] was the main reason why Germany had lost WWI. On the other hand, radical left-wing communists such as the ] had wanted to abolish what they perceived as a ] in favour of a ] and were thus also in opposition to the existing ]. During the years following the Revolution, German voters increasingly supported anti-democratic parties, both ] (], ]) and ] (]). At the beginning of the 1930s, Germany was not far from a civil war. Paramilitary troops were set up by several parties, there were thousands of politically motivated murders. They intimidated voters and seeded violence and anger among the public, who suffered from high unemployment and poverty. After a succession of unsuccessful cabinets, on ] ], ] ], seeing little alternative and pushed by advisors, appointed ] ].

===Third Reich (1933–45)===
{{main|Nazi Germany}}

<!-- politics -->
On ] ], the ]. Some basic democratic rights were quickly abrogated afterwards under an emergency decree. An ] gave Hitler's government full legislative power — only the ''Sozial Demokratische Partei, SPD'' voted against it; the communists could not because many had already been imprisoned or murdered. A centralised ] state was established by a series of moves and decrees making Germany a ]. Industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements in order to shift the economy towards a war production base. In 1936, German troops entered the demilitarised ] as ] ]'s ] policies proved inadequate. Emboldened, Hitler followed from 1938 onwards a policy of ] to establish ]. To avoid a two-front war, Hitler concluded the ] with the ], and broke it.

{{main|World War II}}
]. The picture was staged a few days after the outbreak of the war for use in ] propaganda]]

In 1939 the ] led to the Germans launching a ] on September 1st against ], followed two days later by war declarations against Britain and France, marking the beginning of ]. Germany quickly gained direct or indirect control of the majority of ]. On June 22, 1941, Hitler broke the pact with the Soviet Union by opening the ] and ]. Shortly after Japan ], Germany declared war on the United States. Although initially the German army rapidly advanced into the surprised ], the ] marked a major turning point in the war. Subsequently, the German army commenced retreating on the Eastern front, followed by the eventual defeat of Germany. On ] 1945, ] after the ] occupied ].

In what later became known as ], the Third Reich regime enacted governmental policies directly subjugating many parts of society: ]s, ], ], ], ], political dissidents, priests, preachers, religious opponents, and the ], amongst others. During the Nazi era about 11 million people were murdered in the Holocaust, including more than 6 million Jews.

===Division and reunification (1945-90)===
{{main|History of Germany since 1945}}

] (in the French zone) shown with stripes as it was not removed from Germany until 1947]]

The war resulted in the death of several million German soldiers and civilians, in total nearly ten million, ] and ] of the eastern provinces of Germany and various parts of Central and Eastern Europe with ethnic German population. All major and many smaller German cities lay in ruins. Germany and ] were occupied and partitioned by the ] into four military occupation zones controlled by ], the ], the ], and the ]. On ] ], the U.S, Britain and France united their individual sectors to form the democratic nation of the ] and on ] ] the Soviet Zone established the ], In English the two states were known informally as "]" and "]" (with ] having fallen to ] and the ]) respectively.

West Germany, established as a liberal parliamentary republic with a "]", was allied with the United States, the UK and France. After the ideological switch in U.S. occupation policy away from ] and towards reconstruction, which was heralded by the ] in September of 1946, the country eventually came to enjoy prolonged economic growth beginning in the early 1950's ('']''). The recovery was largely because of the previously forbidden currency reform of June 1948 and U.S. assistance through the ] aid. West Germany joined ] in ] and was a founding member of the ] in ]. Across the border, East Germany was at first occupied by and later (May 1955) allied with the USSR. An authoritarian country with a Soviet-style ], East Germany soon became the richest, most advanced country in the ], but many of its citizens looked to the West for political freedoms and economic prosperity. Relations between East Germany and West Germany remained icy until the Western Chancellor ] launched a highly controversial approchement policy with the East European communist states ('']'') in the early 1970s. This led to a form of mutual recognition between East and West Germany.
] that had partitioned ] in front of the ] shortly after the opening of the wall]]

During the summer of 1989, rapid changes took place in East Germany, which ultimately led to ]. Growing numbers of East Germans migrated to West Germany via ] and clandestinely through the border separating East from West Germany. The exodus generated demands within East Germany for political change, and mass demonstrations with eventually hundreds of thousands of people in several cities continued to grow. In the face of these events, East German authorities unexpectedly eased the border restrictions in ] 1989, allowing East German citizens to travel to the West. This led to the acceleration of the process of reforms in East Germany that ended with German reunification on ] ]. Under the terms of the treaty between West and East Germany, Berlin again became the capital of the reunited Germany.

==Administrative divisions==
{{main|States of Germany}}
]
Germany is divided into 16 ] (in German called ''Länder'', singular '']''; commonly ''Bundesländer'', singular ''Bundesland''). It is further subdivided into 439 districts ('']'') and cities (''kreisfreie Städte'') (2004). There is a list of all ].
]

The ten largest cities in Germany (population as of ], ]):

# ] (capital of Germany) with 3,396,990 inhabitants
# ] with 1,744,215 inhabitants
# ] (in German: München) with 1,397,537 inhabitants
# ] (Köln) with 975,907 inhabitants
# ] with 660,289 inhabitants
# ] with 591,548 inhabitants
# ] with 588,680 inhabitants
# ] with 588,084 inhabitants
# ] with 578,821 inhabitants
# ] with 546,932 inhabitants
]]]
]]]
The five largest ] in Germany (population as of ], ]) are listed below. Metro area populations are always controversial, and these figures are based on a broad interpretation of the term. They are better seen as being for metropolitan regions than metropolitan cities.

# ] with 11,785,196 inhabitants
# ] with 5,822,383 inhabitants
# ] with 4,262,480 inhabitants
# ] with 3,278,635 inhabitants
# ] with 2,344,989 inhabitants

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=3|]
!colspan=2|]
|-
!colspan=2|] !! ] !! Land !! Hauptstadt
|-
|'''1'''|| ]||]||Baden-Württemberg||Stuttgart
|-
|'''2'''|| ]||]||(Freistaat) Bayern||München
|-
|'''3'''|| ]|| ]
| |Berlin||Berlin
|-
|'''4'''|| ]||]||Brandenburg||Potsdam
|-
|'''5'''|| ]||]||(Freie Hansestadt) Bremen||Bremen
|-
|'''6'''|| ]|| ]
| |(Freie und Hansestadt) Hamburg||Hamburg
|-
|'''7'''|| ]<!--please do not change it to 'Hessen', it really is 'Hesse' in the English language-->||]||Hessen||Wiesbaden
|-
|'''8'''|| ]||]||Mecklenburg-Vorpommern||Schwerin
|-
|'''9'''|| ]||]||Niedersachsen||Hannover
|-
|'''10'''|| ]||]||Nordrhein-Westfalen||Düsseldorf
|-
|'''11'''|| ]||]||Rheinland-Pfalz||Mainz
|-
|'''12'''|| ]||]||Saarland||Saarbrücken
|-
|'''13'''|| ]||]||(Freistaat) Sachsen||Dresden
|-
|'''14'''|| ]||]||Sachsen-Anhalt||Magdeburg
|-
|'''15'''|| ]||]||Schleswig-Holstein||Kiel
|-
|'''16'''|| ]||]||(Freistaat) Thüringen||Erfurt
|}

==Geography==
{{main|Geography of Germany}}

Germany is located in ] and it shares borders with ] in the North, ], ], ] and ] in the West, ] and ] in the South and ] and the ] in the East. The ] and the ] represent additional National Borders in the North.

]: {{coor dm|51|00|N|9|00|E|type:country}}

===Area===
]
:* Total: ] ] (137,850 ])
:* Land: 349,223 km² (134,835 mi²)
:* Water: 7,798 km² (3,010 mi²)

===Territory===
Since ] Germany has resumed its role as a major centre country between ] in the north and the ] region in the south, as well as between the ] west and the countries of ] and ] Europe.

The territory of Germany stretches from the high mountains of the ] (highest point: the ] at 2,962&nbsp;m&nbsp;/&nbsp;9,718&nbsp;]) in the south to the shores of the ] (Nordsee) in the north-west and the ] (Ostsee) in the north-east. In between are the forested uplands of central Germany and the low-lying lands of northern Germany (lowest point: ]/] at 3.54 metres (11.6&nbsp;ft) below sea level), traversed by some of Europe's major ]s such as the ], ] and ].

Because of its central location, Germany shares borders with more European countries than any other country in Europe. Its neighbours are ] in the north, ] and the ] in the east, ] and ] in the south, ] and ] in the south-west and ] and the ] in the north-west.

===Climate===
]

(''→ see also ]'')

The greater part of Germany lies in the cool/temperate climatic zone in which humid westerly winds predominate.

The climate is influenced to some extent by the ], which promotes an unusually mild climate in areas adjacent to it. The climate in ], ], ] and ] is especially influenced by this stream and to a lesser extent the areas bordering on the ] including the peninsula of ] in north Germany and the area along the ] which flows into the ].

In the ''north-west'' and the ''north'' the climate is oceanic and rain falls all year round. Winters there are relatively mild and summers tend to be comparatively cool, even though temperatures can reach above 30 degrees ] (86 °]) for prolonged periods of time.
''Average temperatures: ]: January 0.3 °C (33 °]) / July&nbsp;17.1 °C (63°]); ]: January&nbsp;1.5 °C (35 °]) / July&nbsp;17.5 °C (64 °])''

In the ''east'' the climate shows clear continental features; winters can be very cold for long periods, and summers can become very warm. Here, too, long dry periods are often recorded. ''Average temperatures: ]: January −0.9 °C (30 °F) / July&nbsp;18.6 °C (65 °F)''

In the ''central part'' and the ''south'' there is a transitional climate which varies from moderately oceanic to continental, depending on the location. Hot summers with temperatures about 30 degrees Celsius (86 °F) are possible.
''Average temperatures: ]: January −2.2 °C (28 °F) / July&nbsp;17.6 °C (64 °F); ]: January&nbsp;1.2 °C (34 °F) / July&nbsp;19.4 °C (67 °F)''

==Demographics==
{{main|Demographics of Germany}}

The official statistics collect only nationality data:
*] 91.5%
*] 2.4%
*other 6.1% (mostly ], ], ], ], ], ], and ])
There are 2.2 million Turks in Germany, 139,000 of them in Berlin alone, making them the largest group of foreign workers.
] are combined. The federal statistics office estimates the population will shrink to approximately 75 million by 2050<ref name="p2300022"></ref>]]

Because of the country's federal and decentralised structure Germany has a number of larger cities. The most populous are ], ], ], ], ] and ]. By far the largest conurbation is the ] region, including the Düsseldorf-Cologne district and the cities of ], ], ] and ]. The federal structure has kept the population oriented towards a number of large cities, and has precluded the growth of any single city that would rival such European capitals as ], ] or ] for size.

As of December 2004, about 7 million foreign citizens are registered in Germany and 19% of the country's residents are of foreign or partially foreign descent, the majority are Turkish, or are from ], ], and other European states.<ref> Federal Statistical Office Germany: </ref> In its ''State of World Population 2006'' report, the United Nations Population Fund lists Germany with hosting the third-highest percentage of international migrants worldwide, about 5% or 10 million of all 191 million migrants.<ref> United Nations Population Fund: </ref>

Because of modifications to Germany's traditionally rather unrestricted laws on asylum and immigration in the years around 2000, the number of annual asylum seekers as well as on immigrants based on German ethnicity (mostly from the former Soviet Union) has been declining since then.

Germany faces major demographic change, as its birth rate being one of the lowest in the world. The federal statistics office estimates the population will shrink to approximately 75 million by 2050, with ethnic Germans risking displacement by foreigners with higher birthrates. Questions remain as to how Germany will pay for the sustenance of immigrants, in addition to its own aging population.<ref name="p2300022"/> ] is thought to be city with the lowest birth rate in the world.<ref></ref>
]

==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Germany}}

]
Featuring the ], symbol of division and reunification.]]

Germany is the largest ]an economy and the third largest economy in the world in real terms, placed behind the ] and ], and fifth behind the United States, ], ] and Japan counted by ]. According to the ], Germany is also the world's top exporter, ahead of the United States and number two in imports. It currently (2005) has the largest trade surplus in the world (160.6 billion euros). While it has positive trade balances with most of its EU-partners (+129.8 billion euros / 2005) and the United States (+28 billion euros / 2005), it runs trade deficits with China (-18.6 billion euros / 2005), Japan (-8.1 billion euros /2005) and Russia (-4.3 billion euros / 2005). With a net ] of 545.9 billion euros (US$682 billion) in Q2 2006 (Deutsche Bundesbank), Germany is the second largest international creditor behind Japan.

A major issue of concern remains the persistently high ] rate and weak domestic demand which slows down economic growth. Eastern Germany in particular suffers from a lack of a solid base of small and medium-sized companies, which provided the foundation for the Federal Republic's economic prosperity and is responsible in great measure for Germany's lag in economic growth. In spite of its extremely good performance in international trade domestic demand has stagnated for many years because of wage stagnation and zealous cost-cutting by the federal state. Insecurity among consumers has caused many of the prevalent economic problems. Germany's government runs a restrictive ] and has cut numerous regular jobs in the ]. Since reunification there has been a net loss of estimated 1 million such jobs. But while regular employment in the public sector shrank, "irregular" government employment like so called 1-Euro-Jobs, government supported self-employment (ICH-AG) and job training increased. Despite the tense situation in eastern Germany, total government employment in Germany remains lower than in other states such as the ] or ].

Economical and political discussion in Germany today concentrates on whether Germany needs more "market reforms" such as deregulation of the labour market, more low income jobs, lower social security contributions, lower taxes for enterprises and employers, or already passed too many reforms. In view of problematic socio-economic trends (fast growing inequality, rising poverty rates, stagnant wages, less social security, constant high unemployment) corporate profits and salaries of top managers soar. More and more people in Germany distrust the sense and direction of the reforms over the last years. A major reason is the pressure that unions and lobbyists exert on parliament. One third of the lower house (]) are themselves in one union or another. Many representatives of the upper house (]) and lower house are at the same time on the advisory council (]) of major concerns in the pharmaceutical, energy and automobile sectors leading to exploding costs for the consumer in these areas.

''See also below:'' ]

===Exports===
] &mdash; popularly referred to as "Mainhattan", drawing clear parallels to ] &mdash; is Germany's financial centre.]]

As mentioned above the exporting of goods is an essential part of the German ] and one of the most relevant reasons for Germany's wealth. Like many other ] oriented countries, Germany itself does not have the climate or the ] necessary to support a ]. Overtaking the ] in 2003, Germany is now the world's largest exporter of goods with $1.016 trillion exported in 2005 (Germany's exports to other euro zone countries are included in this total). In export of services (tourism, financial services, engineering...) it ranks third behind the United States and the United Kingdom. Altogether it's the second largest exporter behind the United States.

Although most of its exports are in advanced technology (cars, machinery, chemical goods, optics ...), Germany also has a strong position in the export of high tech products. According to the ] 15 per cent of German exports are high tech products. While this percentage is relatively low compared to other countries, given the huge amount of total exports, Germany sells nearly twice as many high tech products per capita than the United States, significantly more than Japan and nearly the same as the United Kingdom.

==Politics==
<!--Please add new information into relevant articles of the series-->
{{morepolitics|country=Germany}}

'''Politics of Germany''' takes place in a framework of a ] ] ] ], whereby the ] is the ], and of a pluriform multi-party system. ] is exercised by the government. Federal ] is vested in both the ] and the two chambers of parliament, ] and ]. While the Bundestag is elected in direct election the Bundesrat represents the governments of the 16 German States. Since 1949 the party system is dominated by the conservative ] and the ]. Smaller parties that have an important role are the liberal ], that has been in the Bundestag since 1949, as well as the ] that has had seats in the parliament since 1983.

The German ] is the ], elected by an institution consisting of Bundesrat and Bundestag (called '']'' which means ''federal convention''). The second highest official in the ] is the President of the Bundestag elected by the Bundestag itself. He is responsible for the parliaments sessions and the regularity of the institution. The third highest official is the ] as the ] recommended by the President of Germany, elected by the Bundestag and if necessary removed by a constructive ] of the Bundestag. Constructive motion meens that the Bundestag has to elect a successor.
{{seealso|List of German institutions}}

The ] is independent of the executive and the legislature. The political system is laid out in the 1949 ] under approval of the ] which wanted to assure among other restrictions that Germany's military forces are restricted exclusively to defence and that a dictatorship could not reoccur. It is known as the ] literally Basic Law. It is akin to the American ]. Changes in the ] require a majority of two thirds of the parliament. The ] remained in effect with minor amendments after 1990's ].

===Legal system===
{{main|Judiciary of Germany}}

Germany has a ] based ultimately on ] with some references to ]. Legislative power is divided between the Federation and the individual federated states. While ] and ] have seen codifications on the national level (in the '']'' and the '']'' respectively), no such unifying codification exists in ] where a lot of the fundamental matters remain in the jurisdiction of the individual federated states. In 1976, with the ''Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz'' (VwVfG), the main form of actions of administration was codified. Most federated states have followed this codification. There are a series of special supreme courts; for civil and criminal cases the highest court of appeal is the ] (Federal Court of Justice), located in ]. The ] is ].

The Federal Constitutional Court ('']''), also located in Karlsruhe, is the German Supreme Court responsible for constitutional matters, with power of ]. It acts as the highest legal authority and ensures that legislative and judicial practice conforms to the ]. It acts independently of the other state bodies, but cannot act on its own behalf.

===Foreign relations===
{{main|Foreign relations of Germany}}
] welcomes Chancellor ] to the ]]]

Germany plays a leading role in the ], having a strong alliance with ]. Germany is at the forefront of European states seeking to advance the creation of a more unified and capable European political, defence and security apparatus.

Since its establishment on ], ], the Federal Republic of Germany kept a notably low profile in international relations, because of both its recent history and its occupation by foreign powers. In 1999, however, on the occasion of the ], ]'s government broke convention by sending German troops into combat for the first time since ].

Germany and the ] have been close allies since the end of the ]. The ] and continued US support during the rebuilding process after World War II, as well as the significant influence American culture has had on German culture, have crafted a strong bond between Germany and the US that lasts to this day. Not only do the United States and Germany share many cultural similarities: they are also deeply economically interdependent. Of all German exports, 8.8% are US-bound, and US&ndash;German trade<!-- "according to the ]". This should be turned into a reference that cites the specific source. --> in 2004 totalled $108.2 billion. An illustration of the strong economic relations between the US and Germany may be the fact that 18.3% of all cars sold in the US were manufactured by German car makers. Other signs of the close ties between Germany and the US are the continuing status German-Americans as the largest ethnic group in the US and the status of ], close to the city of ], Germany, as the largest US community outside the US.

===Armed forces===
]A6.]]

Germany's military, the '']'', is a defence force with '']'' (German Army), '']'' (German Navy), '']'' (German Air Force), ] (Central Medical Services) and '']'' (Joint Service Support Command) branches. It employs some 250,000 soldiers (including women in active fighting branches since 2001) and 120,000 civilians (will be reduced to 75,000). 40,000 of the soldiers are 18&ndash;23-year-old men on national duty, currently for at least 9 months. In peacetime, the Bundeswehr is commanded by the Minister of Defence, currently ]. If Germany goes to war, which according to the constitution is allowed only for defensive purposes, the Chancellor becomes commander in chief of the German ''Bundeswehr''.

Currently, the German military has about 1,180 troops stationed in ]; 2,650 Bundeswehr soldiers are serving in ]; 780 soldiers are stationed as a part of ] in the ]; 2,400 soldiers are serving in a navy battle group off the coast of the ] as a part of ] and 3,900 Bundeswehr troops are assisting the ] anti-terrorism operation called ] off the Horn of Africa. 4,500 German troops currently make up the largest contingent of the NATO-led ] force in ].

===Energy policy===
]

In 2000, the German ]-led government along with Bündnis 90/Die Grünen (]), officially announced its intention to ]. ] as the Minister of Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, reached an agreement with energy companies on limiting the life span of the existing nuclear power plants and an end to the civil usage of ] by 2020. See also: ]

In 1999, electricity production in Germany was powered by ] (47%), ] (30%), ] (14%), ] (including ], wind and ]) (6%), and ] (2%) (). As for energy consumption, oil accounted for 41% of the total. At the ], the German government announced a ] reduction target of 25% by the year 2005 as compared to 1990, to ].<ref> (, pdf)</ref> Note however, that the 1990 numbers included former industrial facilities in eastern Germany, most of which soon expired in post-1990-Germany.

In 2005, the German government reached an agreement with ] in building a gas pipeline along the bottom of the Baltic Sea directly from Russia to Germany. Bypassing Poland and other Baltic countries lead to controversy.

Due in part to generous subsidies Germany leads Europe by having the greatest capacity on the continent to generate electricity from sun and wind.<ref>. This achievement was boosted by the Renewable Energies Act (EEG), introduced on April 1, 2000, aimed at achieving a minimum 12% market share for renewable energy by 2010 (compared to 3.4% in 1990). By 2005 German ] capacity had reached 794 MWp (78.6% of total European capacity) , while ] capacity had reached 16,629 MWp (48.4% of European capacity) . It is estimated that the renewable industries now employ, directly or indirectly, more than 120,000 people. Germany has committed to a 21% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions from 1990 levels by 2012.</ref> In terms of total installed capacity to generate electricity from windpower Germany is No.1 in the world. By 2005 it had a capability to generate 18,427.5 MW (in comparison: 2nd place Spain &mdash; 10,027 MW; 3rd place; USA &mdash; 9,141 MW). Because of the whims of wind and sun and the reluctance of the conventional energy companies to transmit renewable energy on their transmission lines the power actually generated seldom reaches the capacity to produce it. Since the environmentalistists have been voted out of government and the end of subsidies in 2006 the number of new wind generators to be installed in Germany has dropped dramatically. However, Germany's emphasis on renewable energy sources has resulted in the founding of numerous high-tech companies developing such technologies. Germany is also the main exporter of wind turbines, the demand greatly exceeding capacity.<ref>Article in ]</ref>

{{See also|Nuclear power phase-out|Nuclear energy policy}}

==Society==
===Religion===
{{main|Religion in Germany}}
], Father of the Protestant ] and reformer of the German language, 1529]]

Germany is the home of the ] launched by ] in the early 16th century. Today, ] (particularly in the north and east) comprise about 33% of the population and ]s (particularly in the south and west) also 33%. The current ] ], ], was born in ]. In total more than 55 million people officially belong to a ] denomination.

The third largest religious identity in Germany, after the two Christian groups, is that of non-religious people (including ] and ] (especially in former GDR)), who amount to a total of 28.5% of the population (23.5 million).

Approximately 3 million ] (predominantly from ] and some from the former ]) live in Germany. Most are ] and ] from ] but there are a small number of ].

{{seealso|Islam in Germany}}

Today's Germany has Western Europe's third-largest ]ish population. In 2004, twice as many Jews from former ] republics settled in Germany as in ], bringing the total influx to more than 200,000 since 1991. About half joined a settled Jewish community, of which there are now more than 100, with a total of 100,000 members &mdash; up from 30,000 before reunification. Some German cities have seen a revival of Jewish culture, particularly in ], where there are also 3,000 Israelis. Jews have a strong voice in German public life through the ] (Central Council of Jews in Germany). Other cities with significant Jewish populations are Frankfurt and Munich.

{{seealso|History of the Jews in Germany}}

===Social issues===
{{main|Social issues in Germany}}
]]]

The German social market economy (]: ''soziale Marktwirtschaft'') helped bring about the "economic miracle" (the German "'']''") that rebuilt Germany from rubble after World War II to one of the most impressive economies in Europe. Still today, ], minister of economics in the ] administration (1949&ndash;1963) and later chancellor (1963&ndash;1966), is widely recognised as having been the "father" of this profound rise in the country's economic and social wealth.

Germany continues to struggle with a number of social issues, although problems created by the ] of 1990 have begun to diminish. The standard of living is higher in the western half of the country, but easterners now share a reasonably high standard of living. Germans continue to be concerned about a relatively high level of unemployment, especially in the former East German states. The country has passed several reforms to curb unemployment. Recent polls have indicated a growing poverty in the country. In spring of 2006 it had reached 8% of the population, in the easten part as high as 20% according to the FES (Friedrich-Ebert Stiftung).

For centuries, a woman's role in German society was summed up by the three words: Kinder (children), Küche (kitchen), and Kirche (church) &mdash; ]. Throughout the twentieth century, however, women have gradually won victories in their quest for equal rights. Despite significant gains, discrimination remains in united Germany. Women are noticeably absent in the top tiers of German business. They only hold 9.2% of jobs in Germany's upper and middle management positions.<ref>Hoppenstedt business databank 2002</ref> Until 2001 women were barred from serving in combat units in the Bundeswehr, being restricted to the medical service and the administration. The first woman to become chancellor is Angela Merkel, who was elected in 2005.
]]]

Since World War II, Germany has experienced intermittent turmoil from various groups. In the 1970s leftist terrorist organisations like the ] engaged in a string of assassinations and kidnappings against political and business figures and there has been a recent surge in right-wing nationalist crimes. According to former Interior Minister ], the number of these crimes rose 8.4% to 12,553 cases in 2004, which the minister attributed to such crimes as the display of illegal ] symbols being reported more frequently.{{citation needed}}

As mentioned elsewhere in this article population growth is burdened with an extremely low fertility/birthrate. Currently Germany's average birth rate has plunged to less than 1.4 children per mother, a situation which would lead to the demise of any species if nothing is undertaken to relieve it. Lawmakers ask what the state can do to encourage women to have more children. According to provisional figures from the Federal Statistics Office, 680,000 babies were born in Germany in 2005, down from a peak of 1.36 million in 1964 and fewer even than in 1945, when nearly all the country lay in rubble.

Germany has failed to implement EU laws prohibiting racial discrimination. The European Court of Justice ruled on ] ], that Germany had breached EU law by failing to transpose fully the 'Racial Equality Directive' prohibiting discrimination on the grounds of race or ethnic origin (Directive 2000/43/EC). Immigrants to Germany may generally face integration issues and other difficulties. In addition to the challenges of adapting to a new language and culture, they may be subject to security-related police inquiries and violence from right-wing nationalist groups.

Some German states have banned Muslim teachers from wearing ] in class and all except Bavaria have ] from the classroom as well, generally by prohibiting the use of all ]s by teachers. This is legitimate by combining the German states' privilege of educational laws with the principle of separation of church and state, both provided for in the German federal constitution: According to this legal view, teachers in their vocational function within a state administered educational system are obliged to maintain and publicly exhibit religious neutrality when on duty. As this status of employment does not hold for pupils, whose constitutional right to religious freedom thus remains unencumbered by these provisions, this ban cannot legally be extended to them as it is in ].

===Education===
{{main|Education in Germany}}
] is one of the most renowned universities in the world]]

Germany has one of the world's highest levels of education and many famous universities. The most important foreign languages taught at school are ], ], ], ] and ]. Some languages, such as ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] are taught less widely. Since the end of ], the number of youths entering ] has more than tripled, but university attendance still lags behind many other European nations because of its very high standards. In the annual league of top-ranking universities compiled by ] in 2004, Germany came 4th overall, with 7 universities in the top 100 (to compare, the ] had 51 in the top 100, but a lot of more universities generally, so that the proportional comparison precipates very well). The highest ranking university, at #45, was the ]. Most German universities are state-owned and were free of charge, however a recently passed education reform calls for fees between €300 and €500 per semester from each student, started in 2006 in the first state (Niedersachsen). Additionally university students are often supported by the so called BAföG, a federal subsidy, running as high as €290 per month as interest free credit plus €290 as direct payment.

German educational ideals differ considerably from Anglo-Saxon educational ideals, emphasising socialisation, debate, vocal participation in class and critical faculties. Consequently the results of the ], that revealed comprehension of the respective subject matters only, were a shock to the German public but no surprise to many educational experts. In the test of 31 countries in year 2000 Germany ranked 21st in reading and 20th in both Mathematics and in the ].

Participation in the official school system is compulsory; however, home-schooling is still practised by a number of people. There has been some publicity to government prosecution of this practice.

==Culture==
{{main|Culture of Germany}}
] was a significant German poet]]
Germany's contributions to the world's cultural heritage are numerous, and the country is often known as ''das Land der Dichter und Denker'' (the land of poets and thinkers). German '''literature''' can be traced back to the Middle Ages, in particular to such authors as ] and ], considered some of the most important poets of medieval Europe. The fairy tales by ] are world famous and the ], whose author is not known, is also a major contribution to German literature. The ] with similar sources is more based in the north european area. Theologian ], who translated the Bible into German, is widely credited for having set the basis for modern "High German" language. The most admired German poets and authors are ], ], ], ] and ]. Other poets include ], ], ], ], ] and authors of the 20th century include ] winners ], ], ] and ]. Other famous authors are ] and ]. Germany's influence on world '''philosophy''' was significant as well, as exemplified by ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. In the field of '''sociology''' influential German thinkers were ], ], ], ], ] and ].

Many historical figures, though not citizens of Germany in the modern sense, were important and influential figures in German culture, such as ], ] and ].

===German language===
{{main|German language}}

The ''']''' was once the ] of central, eastern and northern Europe. Within the ], German is the language with the most native speakers, with more than English, French, Spanish and Italian, because the borders of the German language reach through ], ], ], ], ], the ] and into ]. As a foreign language, German is the third most taught worldwide. It is also the second most used language on the ] after ]. The language has its origin in ] which is related to old English. There are numerous ]s of , many of which are not intelligible to speakers of standard German or a different dialect. Some consider ] to be a different language from High German; Low German has been given the status of a minority language by the ], although it is less used today in the traditionally Low German-speaking areas of northern Germany. Other dialects, which are very different from standard German are spoken in ], ], ] and ].
The ], spoken by the Amishe is derived from the dialect spoken in the Rhineland-Palatinate.

===Music===
{{main|Music of Germany}}
] was an influential German composer and pianist]]

In the field of '''music''', Germany's influence is noted through the works of, among others, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ].

==Science and technology==
Germany is a leading nation in scientific research and the production of innovative technological products. Some of the most important industrial contributions include ]s, ], ], and chemical products.

As in physics and chemistry, Germans are a leading nation in the Nobel Prizes for ] or ]. In spite of past achievements of their ideals young scientists are currently emigrating at the rate of over 2000 per month (26,000 in 2005). Assumed reasons are overwhelming bureaucracy and a bleak outlook for their future.

Germany has been the homeland of many great '''scientists''' like ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].

It has been the home of many '''inventors''' and '''engineers''' such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ],
], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].

Important '''mathematicians''' were born in Germany such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].

With the construction of the first laboratory for psychology at the ] in 1879 , ] established '''psychology''' as an independent empirical science. Important psychologists were born in Germany such as ], ], ], ], ].

==Transport==
{{main|Transport in Germany}}
]
] next to the ]]]

Because of its central situation in Europe, the volume of traffic, especially goods transit, in Germany is very high. In the past decades, much of the freight traffic shifted from rail to road transport, which led the Federal Government to introduce a motor toll for trucks in 2005. In addition, individual traffic increased to an extent that on German roads, traffic densities are very high by international comparison. For the future, a further strong increase of traffic is expected.

High speed vehicular traffic has a long tradition in Germany, not only owing to the automobile industry, but also, because the first motorway (]) in the world, the ], and the world's first ] were developed and built by ] in Germany. Germany possesses one of the densest road systems of the world. It covers 12,037 ]s (7,479&nbsp;]) of federal "Autobahn" motorways and 41,386 kilometres (25,716&nbsp;mi) of federal highways. In contrast to other European countries, German motorways partially have no blanket ]. However, signposted limits are in place on many dangerous or congested stretches, and where traffic noise or pollution poses a nuisance; some of these limits apply only at night or only in wet conditions.
] train (generation III), ]]]

Another way to travel is via rail. ] (German Rail) is the major German railway infrastructure and service operator. For commuter and regional services, franchises of various sizes are granted by the individual states, though largely financed from the federal budget. Unsubsidised long-range service operators can compete freely all over the country, at least in theory. Actually, Deutsche Bahn holds a de facto monopoly on long-range services.

The ] or ICE is a type of high-speed train operated by Deutsche Bahn in Germany and neighbouring countries, for example to Zürich, Switzerland or Vienna, Austria. ICE trains also serve Amsterdam (The Netherlands) as well as Liège and Brussels (Belgium). In spite of branch lines progressively being closed for at least the last seven decades, the rail network throughout Germany is still very extensive and provides excellent services in most areas. On regular lines, at least one train every two hours will call even in the smallest of villages. Nearly all larger metropolitan areas are being served by an ] heavy rail metro system. A large proportion of towns feature underground and/or tram systems. Good urban and overland bus services are ubiquitous.

] is a major international airport and European transportation hub. Frankfurt Airport ranks among the world's top ten airports and serves 304 flight destinations in 110 countries. Depending whether total passengers, flights or cargo traffic are used to measure, it ranks as the busiest, second busiest and third busiest in Europe alongside London Heathrow Airport and Paris' Charles de Gaulle.

Germany's second important international airport is ], other major airports are ], ], ] and ]. Travelling by plane within Germany is generally considered less common due to the extensive network of motorways as well as railway services.

==International rankings==
''For an explanation of the ratings, see the corresponding article.''

===Political and economic rankings===
* ] &mdash; Free; political rights and civil liberties both rated 1 (the highest score available)
* ] &mdash; 18th freest in the world at 4.00
* ] &mdash; 17th highest in the world at ]30,579
* ] &mdash; 20th highest in the world at 0.930
* ] &mdash; 14th most equal income at 28.3 (])
* ] &mdash; Equal 1st with 99.9%
* ] &mdash; 80th lowest with 10.60%
* ] &mdash; 16th lowest with a rating of 8.2
* ] &mdash; Equal 19th freest with a rating of 1.96

===Health rankings===
* ] &mdash; 171st most fertile country with a rating of 1.39 per woman
* ] &mdash; 192nd most births per capita at 8.33 per 1000 people
* ] &mdash; 11th least infant deaths with a rating of 4.16 per 1000 births
* ] &mdash; 55th highest with a rating of 10.55 deaths per 1000 people
* ] &mdash; 23rd highest with 78.80 years
* ] &mdash; 28th highest with 20.4 for men, 7.0 for women and 13.5 total

===Other rankings===
* ] &mdash; 34th highest with 9.8 metric tons per capita
* ] &mdash; 7th highest with 510,400,000,000 kWh
* ] &mdash; 18th highest with 13.0%
* ] &mdash; 3rd largest with 115.8 L per capita

==Miscellaneous topics==
{{sisterlinks|Germany}}
{{portal}}
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] &mdash; ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ].
* '']''

==References==
<!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags-->
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>
==External links==
{{cookbook}}
<!-- Misplaced Pages is not a link list nor a Web directory. If your link points to a site that does not cover many subjects about Germany, it's most likely in the wrong place here and you should go and search for a more specific article. -->

<!-- General -->
* &mdash; Official German portal
*
* &mdash; Germany's international broadcaster - its media visiting card throughout the world
*
* Facts and a quiz about Germany

<!-- Germany facts and figures -->
* &mdash; by the German Federal Foreign Office
* &mdash; by the German Government Representative for Migration, Refugees and Integration
* &mdash; Federal Statistical Office Germany (in English)
* (pdf)

<!-- Travel -->
* &mdash; by Wikitravel.org
* &mdash; by the German National Tourist Office

<!-- Misc -->
* and &mdash; Essays about German ], from ].

== Further reading ==
* ], ''Germany Beyond The Wall: People, Politics, and Prosperity'', Boston: Little, Brown, & Company, 1969.
* ], ''Lucius D. Clay: An American Life'', New York: Henry, Holt, & Company, 1990.
* ], ''The Defense Of Berlin'', Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1963.
* ], ''The Papers Of Lucius D. Clay'', 2 Vols., Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1974.
* ], ''Germany: A Complete History.'', New York: Gotham Books, 1985.
* ]. ''A MODERN HISTORY OF GERMANY''; Princeton University Press;
** '''''Volume I: The Reformation'''''; 1959/1982; LCC 82-0126
::: ISBN 0-691-05357-X (Hardcover).
::: ISBN 0-691-00795-0 (Softcover).
** '''''Volume II: 1648&ndash;1840'''''; 1964/1982; LCC 82-0126
::: ISBN 0-691-05358-8 (Hardcover).
::: ISBN 0-691-00796-9 (Softcover).
** '''''Volume III: 1840&ndash;1945'''''; 1969/1982; LCC 82-0126
::: ISBN 0-691-05359-6 (Hardcover).
::: ISBN 0-691-00797-7 (Softcover).

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| title=Government of Germany
| before=]
----
Concurrent with:
] ]-]
| after=Current
| years=1990&ndash;Present }}
{{end box}}

{{States of Germany}}
{{G8}}
{{EU countries and candidates}}
{{NATO}}
{{Europe}}
{{Baltic}}
{{coor title dms|51|31|48|N|9|55|12|E|type:country_scale:9000000_region:EN}}

]
]
]
]
]

{{Link FA|sr}}
{{Link FA|vi}}

]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

Revision as of 01:53, 27 October 2006

HITLER HITLER ACH TUUN