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| The term homoplasy was first used by ] (1870).<ref>Lankester, E. R. 1870. On the use of the term homology in modern zoology, and the distinction between homogenetic and homoplastic agreements. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4th Ser.) 6:34-43. | The term homoplasy was first used by ] (1870).<ref>Lankester, E. R. 1870. On the use of the term homology in modern zoology, and the distinction between homogenetic and homoplastic agreements. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4th Ser.) 6:34-43. | ||
| </ref> | </ref> | ||
| There are two types of homoplasy: | |||
| Parallel ] – derived trait presen in two groups or species without a common ancestor due to ].<ref>rchie, J. W. (1989). "HOMOPLASY EXCESS RATIOS : NEW INDICES FOR MEASURING LEVELS OF HOMOPLASY IN PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS AND A CRITIQUE OF THE CONSISTENCY INDEX". ''Systematic Zoology''. '''38''': 253–269. </nowiki>]]:</ref> | |||
| Reverse ] – trait present in an ancestor but not in direct descendants that reappears in later descendants.<ref>https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110224161512.htm</ref> | |||
| == References == | == References == | ||
Revision as of 20:49, 19 June 2018
Homoplasy in biological systematics is when a trait has been gained or lost independently in separate lineages during evolution. This convergent evolution leads to species independently sharing a trait that is different from the trait inferred to have been present in their common ancestor.
Homoplasy is identified by the observation that a given feature cannot be explained parsimoniously on a preferred phylogenetic hypothesis - that is, the feature in question arises (or disappears) at more than one point on the tree. It is the cladistic interpretation of the evolutionary phenomenon of convergent gain or loss of the feature. For example, the absence of wings in fleas is a homoplastic loss (wings are also lost in members of many other insect groups, including beetles, flies, moths, ants, etc.), and the presence of tympanic membranes on geometrid and noctuid moths represents two separate origins (on the abdomen in the former, and the thorax in the latter), probably evolved in response to the nocturnal echolocation calls of insectivorous bats. In DNA sequences, homoplasy may simply result from random nucleotide substitutions accumulating over time, and thus may not require an adaptationist evolutionary explanation. Definitions and discussion of homoplasy may be found in , and .
The term homoplasy was first used by Ray Lankester (1870).
There are two types of homoplasy:
Parallel Homoplasy – derived trait presen in two groups or species without a common ancestor due to convergent evolution.
Reverse Homoplasy – trait present in an ancestor but not in direct descendants that reappears in later descendants.
References
- Wiley, E. O. 1981. Phylogenetics. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
- Sanderson, M. J. and L. Hufford, eds. 1996. Homoplasy. Academic Press, San Diego.
- Schuh, R. T. and A. V. Z. Brower. 2009. Biological systematics: principles and applications. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
- Lankester, E. R. 1870. On the use of the term homology in modern zoology, and the distinction between homogenetic and homoplastic agreements. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4th Ser.) 6:34-43.
- rchie, J. W. (1989). "HOMOPLASY EXCESS RATIOS : NEW INDICES FOR MEASURING LEVELS OF HOMOPLASY IN PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS AND A CRITIQUE OF THE CONSISTENCY INDEX". Systematic Zoology. 38: 253–269. doi:10.2307/2992286
- https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110224161512.htm
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