Misplaced Pages

Haplogroup I-M170: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editNext edit →Content deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 20:23, 5 November 2006 editEbizur (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users13,185 editsmNo edit summary← Previous edit Revision as of 20:39, 5 November 2006 edit undoEbizur (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users13,185 editsmNo edit summaryNext edit →
Line 14: Line 14:
Another Paleolithic population of Europe seems to have weathered the last ice age in a refuge located somewhere in the ] or southern ], or perhaps the ]; after the end of the ice age, some of them headed northward and repopulated Northwest Europe and Scandinavia. This population appears to have carried haplogroups '''I1a''' and '''I1b2''' at significant frequencies, with a numerical superiority of Haplogroup I1a. Their descendants are primarily found among the ], ], and ] populations of Northern Europe, although almost always overshadowed by the more prevalent carriers of ] or ]. '''Haplogroup I1a''' displays a very clear frequency gradient, with a peak frequency of approximately 35% among the populations of southern ], southwestern ], and ], and rapidly decreasing frequencies toward the edges of the historically ]-influenced world. However, measures of intra-haplogroup diversity (STR diversity) of I1a Y-chromosomes are highest among the ] and the ], followed closely by the ], ], and ], which suggests that Haplogroup I1a may have been harbored by two distinct Paleolithic European populations, one inhabiting southern France or the Italian Peninsula and the other inhabiting some ice age refuge in Eastern Europe that was perhaps separate from the Balkan refuge that harbored Haplogroup I1b1*. The distribution of '''Haplogroup I1b2''' is closely correlated to that of Haplogroup I1a except in ], which suggests that it was probably harbored by at least one of the Paleolithic refuge populations that also harbored Haplogroup I1a; the lack of correlation between the distributions of I1a and I1b2 in Fennoscandia may be a result of Haplogroup I1b2's being more strongly affected by ] and ] due to its rarity, as Haplogroup I1b2 comprises less than 10% of the total Y-chromosome diversity of all populations outside of ]. Haplogroup I1b2 has been found in over 4% of the population only in ], the ], ], ], ] (not including ] or ]), ], and the southern tips of ] and ] in Northwest Europe; the provinces of ], ], ], and ] in northwestern ]; the province of ] in southeastern France; the regions of ], ], and ] in ]; and ] and the area around Russia's ] and ] in Eastern Europe. One subclade of Haplogroup I1b2, namely I1b2a1 (M284), has been found almost exclusively among the population of ], which has been taken to suggest that the clade may have a very long history in that island. It is notable, however, that the distributions of Haplogroup I1a and Haplogroup I1b2 seem to correlate fairly well with the extent of historical influence of ], although the punctual presence of both haplogroups at a low frequency in the area of the historical regions of ] and ] in ] rather suggests a connection with the ancient ] of ], several tribes of which are recorded to have immigrated to those parts of Anatolia at the invitation of ]. Another Paleolithic population of Europe seems to have weathered the last ice age in a refuge located somewhere in the ] or southern ], or perhaps the ]; after the end of the ice age, some of them headed northward and repopulated Northwest Europe and Scandinavia. This population appears to have carried haplogroups '''I1a''' and '''I1b2''' at significant frequencies, with a numerical superiority of Haplogroup I1a. Their descendants are primarily found among the ], ], and ] populations of Northern Europe, although almost always overshadowed by the more prevalent carriers of ] or ]. '''Haplogroup I1a''' displays a very clear frequency gradient, with a peak frequency of approximately 35% among the populations of southern ], southwestern ], and ], and rapidly decreasing frequencies toward the edges of the historically ]-influenced world. However, measures of intra-haplogroup diversity (STR diversity) of I1a Y-chromosomes are highest among the ] and the ], followed closely by the ], ], and ], which suggests that Haplogroup I1a may have been harbored by two distinct Paleolithic European populations, one inhabiting southern France or the Italian Peninsula and the other inhabiting some ice age refuge in Eastern Europe that was perhaps separate from the Balkan refuge that harbored Haplogroup I1b1*. The distribution of '''Haplogroup I1b2''' is closely correlated to that of Haplogroup I1a except in ], which suggests that it was probably harbored by at least one of the Paleolithic refuge populations that also harbored Haplogroup I1a; the lack of correlation between the distributions of I1a and I1b2 in Fennoscandia may be a result of Haplogroup I1b2's being more strongly affected by ] and ] due to its rarity, as Haplogroup I1b2 comprises less than 10% of the total Y-chromosome diversity of all populations outside of ]. Haplogroup I1b2 has been found in over 4% of the population only in ], the ], ], ], ] (not including ] or ]), ], and the southern tips of ] and ] in Northwest Europe; the provinces of ], ], ], and ] in northwestern ]; the province of ] in southeastern France; the regions of ], ], and ] in ]; and ] and the area around Russia's ] and ] in Eastern Europe. One subclade of Haplogroup I1b2, namely I1b2a1 (M284), has been found almost exclusively among the population of ], which has been taken to suggest that the clade may have a very long history in that island. It is notable, however, that the distributions of Haplogroup I1a and Haplogroup I1b2 seem to correlate fairly well with the extent of historical influence of ], although the punctual presence of both haplogroups at a low frequency in the area of the historical regions of ] and ] in ] rather suggests a connection with the ancient ] of ], several tribes of which are recorded to have immigrated to those parts of Anatolia at the invitation of ].


A distinct Western European Paleolithic population that bore Haplogroup I1b1b (M26) must have existed somewhere west of the ] in eastern ], southern ], or western ], from which it succeeded in the first substantial colonization of the island of Sardinia approximately 9,000 years ago. Despite the fact that the predominantly Sardinian Haplogroup I1b1b-M26 is derived from the predominantly Balkan Haplogroup I1b1*-P37.2, the derived Haplogroup I1b1b is practically absent east of ] and ], while it is found at low but significant frequencies outside of Sardinia in the ], ], the ], the ], southern and western France, and parts of the ], ], and ]. Thus, Haplogroup I1b1b appears to be strongly associated with Southwest Europeans of Paleolithic ancestry, and its carriers bear only a distant relictual relationship to the I1b1*-bearing populations of the Balkans. It is also interesting that, although the distributions of Haplogroup I1b1b and the predominantly Scandinavian Haplogroup I1a overlap in parts of western France and the British Isles, and both haplogroups appear to have a very long history in Southwest Europe (and particularly France), the populations bearing these two haplogroups appear to have differentiated at a very early date and have not extensively mixed since that time. A distinct Western European Paleolithic population that bore Haplogroup I1b1b (M26) must have existed somewhere west of the ] in eastern ], southern ], or western ], from which it succeeded in the first substantial colonization of the island of Sardinia approximately 9,000 years ago. Despite the fact that the predominantly Sardinian Haplogroup I1b1b-M26 is derived from the predominantly Balkan Haplogroup I1b1*-P37.2, the derived Haplogroup I1b1b is practically absent east of ] and ], while it is found at low but significant frequencies outside of Sardinia in the ], ], the ], the ], southern and western France, and parts of the ], ], and ]. Thus, Haplogroup I1b1b appears to be strongly associated with Southwest Europeans of Paleolithic ancestry, and its carriers bear only a distant relictual relationship to the I1b1*-bearing populations of the Balkans. It is also interesting that, although the distributions of Haplogroup I1b1b and the predominantly Scandinavian Haplogroup I1a overlap in parts of western France and the British Isles, and both haplogroups appear to have a very long history in Southwest Europe (and particularly France), the populations bearing these two haplogroups appear to have differentiated at a very early date and have not extensively mixed since that time. Haplogroup I1b1b appears to be the only subclade of Haplogroup I to be found among the ], although subclades of ] comprise the vast majority of the Y-chromosome diversity among the Basques. It is notable that Haplogroup I1b1b appears to be found at somewhat higher frequencies among the general populations of ] in Spain and ] in France than among the population of ethnic Basques.


There are also indications that Haplogroup I, or at least certain subclades of it, might be tied to the ] culture. The spread of Haplogroup I in Western Europe could be consistent with the Celtic expansion that occurred in the mid-first millennium BC; in this case, it is likely that Haplogroup I was not a haplogroup of the original Celtic people, but rather became associated with their descendants after they had absorbed many of the Paleolithic inhabitants of Central and Western Europe. There are also indications that Haplogroup I, or at least certain subclades of it, might be tied to the ] culture. The spread of Haplogroup I in Western Europe could be consistent with the Celtic expansion that occurred in the mid-first millennium BC; in this case, it is likely that Haplogroup I was not a haplogroup of the original Celtic people, but rather became associated with their descendants after they had absorbed many of the Paleolithic inhabitants of Central and Western Europe.

Revision as of 20:39, 5 November 2006

In human genetics, Haplogroup I (M170) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.

Haplogroup I (pronounced "eye") is native to the Middle East and Europe. It can be found in most European populations, most commonly in Scandinavia, Sardinia, Croatia, and Bosnia. Its initial spread is believed to be connected to migrations of people during the last glacial maximum (LGM).

Origins

Haplogroup I is most closely related to Haplogroup J, as both Haplogroup I and Haplogroup J are descendants of Haplogroup IJ (S2, S22). Haplogroup IJ is in turn derived from Haplogroup F.

According to current theories, Haplogroup I first arrived in Europe around 20,000-25,000 years ago from the Middle East. It is believed to be associated with the Gravettian culture. Although Haplogroup I occurs at only very low frequencies among modern populations of the Middle East, its oldest branches, which are classified as Haplogroup I*, seem to be found at a higher frequency among the modern population of Turkey than anywhere else, which may indicate an ultimate origin of Haplogroup I in a Paleolithic population of Anatolia, or at least an origin in a population of some region of Europe from which Anatolia could have been colonized at a very early date.

At present, the highest frequencies of Haplogroup I can be found in Scandinavia, Sardinia, and Slavic populations of the Western Balkans.

The high frequency and diversity of Haplogroup I1b1* (P37.2) among populations of the Western Balkans lends support to the hypothesis that the Adriatic region of modern-day Croatia served as a refuge for populations bearing Haplogroup I1b1* during the last glacial maximum. These groups seem to be the ancestors of about 38% of modern day Croats (75% of Bosnian Croats).

Another Paleolithic population of Europe seems to have weathered the last ice age in a refuge located somewhere in the Iberian Peninsula or southern France, or perhaps the Italian Peninsula; after the end of the ice age, some of them headed northward and repopulated Northwest Europe and Scandinavia. This population appears to have carried haplogroups I1a and I1b2 at significant frequencies, with a numerical superiority of Haplogroup I1a. Their descendants are primarily found among the Germanic, Uralic, and Celtic populations of Northern Europe, although almost always overshadowed by the more prevalent carriers of Haplogroup R or Haplogroup N. Haplogroup I1a displays a very clear frequency gradient, with a peak frequency of approximately 35% among the populations of southern Norway, southwestern Sweden, and Denmark, and rapidly decreasing frequencies toward the edges of the historically Germanic-influenced world. However, measures of intra-haplogroup diversity (STR diversity) of I1a Y-chromosomes are highest among the French and the Italians, followed closely by the Swedes, Estonians, and Hungarians, which suggests that Haplogroup I1a may have been harbored by two distinct Paleolithic European populations, one inhabiting southern France or the Italian Peninsula and the other inhabiting some ice age refuge in Eastern Europe that was perhaps separate from the Balkan refuge that harbored Haplogroup I1b1*. The distribution of Haplogroup I1b2 is closely correlated to that of Haplogroup I1a except in Fennoscandia, which suggests that it was probably harbored by at least one of the Paleolithic refuge populations that also harbored Haplogroup I1a; the lack of correlation between the distributions of I1a and I1b2 in Fennoscandia may be a result of Haplogroup I1b2's being more strongly affected by founder effects and genetic drift due to its rarity, as Haplogroup I1b2 comprises less than 10% of the total Y-chromosome diversity of all populations outside of Lower Saxony. Haplogroup I1b2 has been found in over 4% of the population only in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, England (not including Wales or Cornwall), Scotland, and the southern tips of Sweden and Norway in Northwest Europe; the provinces of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Perche in northwestern France; the province of Provence in southeastern France; the regions of Tuscany, Umbria, and Latium in Italy; and Moldavia and the area around Russia's Ryazan Oblast and Republic of Mordovia in Eastern Europe. One subclade of Haplogroup I1b2, namely I1b2a1 (M284), has been found almost exclusively among the population of Great Britain, which has been taken to suggest that the clade may have a very long history in that island. It is notable, however, that the distributions of Haplogroup I1a and Haplogroup I1b2 seem to correlate fairly well with the extent of historical influence of Germanic peoples, although the punctual presence of both haplogroups at a low frequency in the area of the historical regions of Bithynia and Galatia in Turkey rather suggests a connection with the ancient Gauls of Thrace, several tribes of which are recorded to have immigrated to those parts of Anatolia at the invitation of Nicomedes I of Bithynia.

A distinct Western European Paleolithic population that bore Haplogroup I1b1b (M26) must have existed somewhere west of the Apennines in eastern Iberia, southern France, or western Italy, from which it succeeded in the first substantial colonization of the island of Sardinia approximately 9,000 years ago. Despite the fact that the predominantly Sardinian Haplogroup I1b1b-M26 is derived from the predominantly Balkan Haplogroup I1b1*-P37.2, the derived Haplogroup I1b1b is practically absent east of France and Italy, while it is found at low but significant frequencies outside of Sardinia in the Balearic Islands, Castile, the Basque Country, the Pyrenees, southern and western France, and parts of the Maghreb, England, and Ireland. Thus, Haplogroup I1b1b appears to be strongly associated with Southwest Europeans of Paleolithic ancestry, and its carriers bear only a distant relictual relationship to the I1b1*-bearing populations of the Balkans. It is also interesting that, although the distributions of Haplogroup I1b1b and the predominantly Scandinavian Haplogroup I1a overlap in parts of western France and the British Isles, and both haplogroups appear to have a very long history in Southwest Europe (and particularly France), the populations bearing these two haplogroups appear to have differentiated at a very early date and have not extensively mixed since that time. Haplogroup I1b1b appears to be the only subclade of Haplogroup I to be found among the Basques, although subclades of Haplogroup R1b comprise the vast majority of the Y-chromosome diversity among the Basques. It is notable that Haplogroup I1b1b appears to be found at somewhat higher frequencies among the general populations of Castile in Spain and Béarn in France than among the population of ethnic Basques.

There are also indications that Haplogroup I, or at least certain subclades of it, might be tied to the Celtic culture. The spread of Haplogroup I in Western Europe could be consistent with the Celtic expansion that occurred in the mid-first millennium BC; in this case, it is likely that Haplogroup I was not a haplogroup of the original Celtic people, but rather became associated with their descendants after they had absorbed many of the Paleolithic inhabitants of Central and Western Europe.


Recently (Rootsi et al. 2004), haplogroup I was divided into several subclades that show unique distribution in certain parts of Europe.


Subclade I1a (M253, M307) is present especially in Scandinavia, with a moderate distribution throughout Northwest Europe and Eastern Europe. Of the subclades of the other major branch of Haplogroup I, the potentially paraphyletic I1b1* (P37) is prevalent in the Dinaric Alps, while a subclade of I1b1, I1b1b (M26), makes up the largest percentage of Y-chromosome haplogroups in Sardinia. Another subclade of the I1b branch, I1b2a (M223), is found at a rather low frequency among populations of Northwest Europe. More work is needed to elucidate the relationships between the subclades of Haplogroup I and the migration processes in which bearers of subclades of Haplogroup I took part.



Subgroups

The subclades of Haplogroup I with their defining mutation, according to the 2006 ISOGG tree:

  • I (M170, M258, P19)
    • I*
    • I1 (P38)
      • I1*
      • I1a (M253, M307, P30, P40) Typical of populations of Scandinavia and Northwest Europe, with a moderate distribution throughout Eastern Europe
        • I1a*
        • I1a1 (M227) Appears to be limited to a marginally low frequency of approximately 1% among Slavic and Uralic peoples of Eastern Europe; also detected in a single Lebanese man
        • I1a2 (M21)
        • I1a3 (M72)
      • I1b (S31)
        • I1b*
        • I1b1 (P37.2) Typical of the South Slavic peoples of the Balkans, especially the populations of Bosnia and Croatia; also found with high haplotype diversity values, but lower overall frequency, among the West Slavic populations of Slovakia and the Czech Republic; a node of elevated frequency in Moldavia correlates with that observed for Haplogroup I1b2 (but not for Haplogroup I1a)
          • I1b1*
          • I1b1a (P41.2 (M359.2))
          • I1b1b (M26) Typical of the population of the so-called "archaic zone" of Sardinia; also found at low frequencies among populations of Southwest Europe, particularly in Castile, Béarn, and the Basque Country
            • I1b1b*
            • I1b1b1 (M161)
        • I1b2 (S23, S30, S32, S33) Occurs at a moderate frequency among populations of Northwest Europe, with a peak frequency in the region of Lower Saxony in central Germany; minor offshoots appear in Moldavia and Russia (especially around Vladimir, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, and the Republic of Mordovia)
          • I1b2*
          • I1b2a (M223, S24)
            • I1b2a*
            • I1b2a1 (M284) Generally limited to a low frequency in Great Britain
            • I1b2a2 (M379)
            • I1b2a3 (P78)
            • I1b2a4 (P95)

References

External links

Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2021)
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T 
A0 A1 
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1  F-Y27277   F3  GHIJK
G HIJK
IJK H
IJ K
I   J     LT        K2 
I1   I2  J1   J2  L     T  K2e K2d K2c K2b   K2a
K2b1    P  K-M2313 
S   M     P1   NO1
P1c P1b P1a N O
R Q
Footnotes
  1. Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809. S2CID 23291764.
  2. International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
  3. Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).
  4. Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
  5. F-Y27277, sometimes known as F2'4, is both the parent clade of F2 and F4 and a child of F-M89.
  6. Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
  7. Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.
  8. Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
  9. Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
  10. Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.
  11. K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)
  12. Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)
  13. Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)
Category: